Physics:Giant birefringence

From HandWiki

When values of birefringence are very high, the property is termed giant birefringence which more generically is called giant optical anisotropy. Values for giant birefringence exceed 0.3. Much bigger numbers (over 2.0) are termed "colossal birefringence" which are achieved using nanostructures.[1]

Some oxides, for example borate or iodate can have high birefringence. Also compounds containing C=O bonds have higher levels. These include oxalates, squarates and cyanurates. One trade-off is with band gap. If the band gap is small, then the material is not transparent to visible light, but can be transparent for infrared. Chalgogenides may have high birefringence, but only in the infrared. Halide perovskites such as CsPbBrxCl3−x have fairly high birefringence that varies significantly in the optical spectrum.[2]

Polar organic π-conjugated molecules can have a strong response to electric fields and also form flat molecules that can stack to form anisotropic crystals with high birefringence.[3]

Some transition metal oxyhalides: MoOCl4, WOCl4, have birefringence in the giant category and MoO2Br2, WOBr4, NbOBr2, and NbOI2 are predicted to have birefringence over 0.6 at 1065 nm.[4]

Applications

Applications of materials with high birefringence include beam splitters, waveplates, optical circulators, and in some nonlinear optics systems.[3]

List

substance formula birefringence band

gap eV

comment reference
copper indium thiophosphate CuInP2S6 0.3@647 nm

0.5@280 nm

2.8 pyroelectric [5]
4-aminopyridinium difluoroiodate (C5N2H7)IO2F2 0.30 @ 550 nm 4.06 [6]
H2biim = 2,2′-biimidazole; 2,2′-biimidazolium bromide tribromogermanate(II) (H4biimBr)GeBr3 0.302@546 [7]
bis(1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium) hexabromotellurate (C12H9N2)2TeBr6 0.31@546 nm [8]
isoquinolinium-3-carboxylic acid chloride [C10H8NO2]Cl 0.31@550 nm [9]
Rb2Sn2F5Cl 0.31@532 nm [10]
melaminium methylsulfonate hdyrate (C3N6H7)SO3CH3·H2O 0.31@546 UV edge 233 nm [11]
dipotassium trithiocyanurate sesqihydrate K2HC3N3S3·1.5H2O 0.31@550 nm [12]
potassium 3-pyridinesulfonate K(3-C5H4NSO3) 0.312@546 4.26 UV edge 275 nm [13]
guanidinium hydrogen squarate C(NH2)3(HC4O4) 0.313@546 nm [14]
NbSe2I2 0.313 [15]
2,7-diazapyrene:1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3,6-diiodobenzene 0.316@546 nm 3.00 blue edge 414 nm [16]
LiBF2C2O4 0.317@546 nm [17]
CN4H7)H2C3N3S3 0.319@546.1 nm UV edge 336 nm [18]
barium cyanurate Ba3(C3N3O3)2 0.32@800 nm [19]
pentazinc dicyanurate tetrahydroxide Zn5(OH)4(C3N3O3)2 0.32@400 nm [20]
magnesium tetrazinc dicyanurate tetrahydroxide MgZn4(OH)4(C3N3O3)2 0.32@400 nm [20]
pyridinium antimony oxalate difluoride hydrate [C(NH2)3]Sb(C2O4)F2·H2O 0.323@546 nm [21]
Cs2Sb2(C2O4)2-F4·H2O 0.325@546 nm [22]
3-bromoquinolinium bromide C9H7NBrBr 0.328@546 nm [23]
potassium cadmium tricyanate K[Cd(NCO)3] 0.329@546 nm UV edge 228 nm [24]
melaminium chloride hemihydrate β-(C3H7N6)2Cl2·H2O 0.33@550 nm [25]
isoquinolinium-3-carboxylic acid nitrate [C10H8NO2]NO3 0.33@550 nm [9]
methylguanidine nitrite [C2N3H8]NO2 0.331@546 [26]
magnesium pyridine dicarboxylate octahydrate [Mg(H2O)6][(C7H4NO4)·H2O]2 0.34@546 [27]
zinc disulfosalicylate octahydrate (C7H5O6S)2Zn(H2O)6·2H2O 0.34@546 [28]
melaminium sulfamate C3N6H7SO3NH2 0.340@546 nm UV edge 206 nm [29]
1,3-diazapyrene:1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3,6-diiodobenzene 0.340@546 nm [16]
isoquinolinium-1-carboxylic acid chloride C10H10ClNO3 0.345@550 nm [30]
lithium 3-pyridinesulfonate 0.345@546 nm [31]
(C2N5H8)3(H2C3N3S3)(HC3N3S3)·H2O 0.347@550 nm [32]
scandium diiodate nitrate Sc(IO3)2(NO3) 0.348 at 546 nm [33]
potassium indium tetra(iso-cyamelurate) octadecahydrate K0.5In0.5(H2C6N7O3)2·9H2O 0.35@1064 nm 4.05 [34]
calcium squarate CaC4O4 0.35@1064 [35]
tristrontium dicyanurate β-Sr3(C3N3O3) 0.35 [35]
Hg4InS2Cl5 0.35@546 nm 3.10 [36]
protonated 3,5-dipicolinic acid iodate C7H4NO4(IO3) 0.35@546 nm 4.12 SHG 3.6 × KDP [37]
RbHg5Br11 0.35@546 nm 3.73 [38]
potassium indium tetraiso-cyamelurate : octadecahydrate K0.5In0.5(H2C6N7O3)2·9H2O 0.35@1064 nm 4.05 [39]
potassium tetraiodatoiodate(III) iodate(V) K2[IIII(IVO3)4]IVO3 0.358@543 nm SHG 21.6 × KDP at 1.064 μm; UV edge 370 nm [40]
4-cyanopyridinium mercury trichloride (C6H5N2)HgCl3 0.36 at 546 nm SHG 3.04 × KDP at 1.064 μm [41][42]
isoquinolinium-1-carboxylic acid bromide C10H8BrNO2 0.36@550 nm [43]
sodium tricyanomethanide NaC(CN)3 0.36@550 nm 3.88 triclinic; density 1.526 [44]
cerium difluoride sulfate CeF2(SO4) 0.361 [45]
lithium nitrate monohydrate : 4-hydroxypyridine 0.362@546 nm [46]
CdCl2(4-Aminopyridine)2 0.368 @ 546 nm 4.26 SHG 5 × KDP [47]
Na4Ba3(S2)4S3 0.37 at 1064 nm [48]
1,4-dimethylpiperazinium cadmium trithiocyanate (C6N2H15)Cd(SCN)3 0.37@550 stable be;ow 519K [49]
melaminium tetrafluoroborate hydrate (C3N6H7)BF4·H2O 0.37@546 UV edge 244 nm [11]
Zn(C6H4NO2)2·4H2O 0.37@550 UV edge 274 nm [50]
guanidinium hydrogen oxalate hydrate [C(NH2)3]HC2O4·H2O 0.371@532 nm [51]
urea nitrate C(OH)(NH2)2NO3 0.372@546 nm [52]
magnesium nitrate hexahydrate:4-hydroxypyridine [Mg(NO3)2·6H2O]·(4HP)2 0.376@532 nm [46]
4-aminopyridinium zinc hydrogenphosphite dichloride (C5H7N2)[Zn(H2PO3)Cl2] 0.378@546 nm space group Pccn [53]
trifluoromethyl(melamine sulfonate) C3N6H7SO3CF3 0.38@532 nm [54]
melaminium fluoride hydrate (C3H7N6)F·H2O 0.38@550 nm [25]
ammonium antimony oxalate difluoride hydrate NH4Sb(C2O4)F2·H2O 0.381@546 [55]
cadmium diiodide:nicotinic acid 1:2 Cd(C6H5NO2)2I2 0.388@550 nm 3.94 UV edge 284 nm [56]
AgHg3I3.2Cl1.8(SO4) 0.39@546 nm SHG 11.8 × KH2PO4@ 1064 nm [57]
(C7H10N)3Bi2I9·I2 0.39@589 nm [58]
Cs2Pb4Br10 0.392 @ 550 nm [59]
4,9-diazapyrene:1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene 0.394@546 2.92 blue edge 425 nm [16]
sodium 5-hydroxy-2-pyridinecarboxylate hemihydrate Na2(C6H4NO3)2·H2O 0.394@546 SHG 6.2 × KDP; UV cutoff 282 nm [60]
bis(3-bromoquinolinium) hexafluorosilicate (C9H7BrN)2SiF6 0.398@550 nm [61]
RbNH4(H2C3N3O3)2·2H2O 0.40 @ 1064 nm 5.24 [62]
diantimony difluoride bis(pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate) dihydrate (C7H3NO4)2Sb2F2·2H2O 0.40@550 nm [63]
bis(2-amino-5-nitropyridine)zinc dichloride (C5H5N3O2)2ZnCl2 0.40 @514 nm 2.9 NLO χ(3) = 4.442 × 10–9 esu; transparent 415–1400 nm; stable < 260°; [64]
rubidium 2-amino-4,6-dimercapto-S-triazine hemihydrate Rb2(H2C3N4S2)2•H2O 0.400@546 UV edge 318 nm [65]
3-bromoquinolinium nitrate C9H7NBrNO3 0.401 @546 nm [23]
dipotasium hydrogen trithiocyanate hemihydrate K4(HC3N3S3)2·H2O 0.402 @550 nm [66]
biuret:cyanuric acid:water [H5C2N3O2][H3C3N3O3]·0.43H2O 0.403@546 nm UV edge 208 nm [67]
(C2N5H8)(H2C3N3S3)·H2O 0.403@550 nm [32]
K1.03(NH4)0.97(I5O12)(IO3) 0.405 @546 nm SHG 19.5 × KDP @1064 nm [68]
LCHCY hydroisocyanurate Li2Ca(H2C3N3O3)4·6H2O 0.407@800 nm [69]
4,9-diazapyrene:1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene 0.407@546 2.63 vis edge 471 nm [16]
Na2Sn2F5I 0.408@546 Space group P21/c [70]
isoquinolinium-1-carboxylic acid bromide water C10H8BrNO2·H2O 0.41@550 nm [43]
1,3-diazapyrene:1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene 0.411@546 3.01 blue edge 411 nm [16]
guanylurea formate [C2N4H7O]COOH 0.413@546 nm [26]
ammonium 2-amino-4,6-dimercapto-S-triazine hemihydrate (NH4)2(H2C3N4S2)2•H2O 0.413@546 nm 3.65 UV edge 313 nm; Space group P21/n (birefrince could be as high as 0.510) [65]
potassium 2-amino-4,6-dimercapto-S-triazine hemihydrate K2(H2C3N4S2)2•H2O 0.416@546 nm UV edge 317 nm [65]
4, 5-dichocyanimidazole C5N4H2 0.417@546 nm [71]
guanidinium dihydrogen cyanurate C(NH2)3(H2C3N3O3) 0.419@400 nm UV cutoff 238 nm [72]
melamine (C6N10H8)Pb2Br6 0.42 at 550 nm [41][73]
benzoguanaminium chloride hydrate (C9H10N5)Cl·H2O, 0.42 at 550 nm [74]
caesium 2-amino-4,6-dimercapto-S-triazine hemihydrate Cs2(H2C3N4S2)2•H2O 0.421@546 nm UV edge 317 nm [65]
pyrazine:oxalic acid (C4N2H4)(H2C2O4) 0.422 at 550 nm [75]
guanidinium molybdenyl iodate C(NH2)2MoO3IO3 0.426@546 nm 3.33 [76]
(NH4)2(I5O12)(IO3) 0.431 @546 nm SHG 16 × KDP @1064 nm [68]
melaminium tetrafluoroborate (C3N6H7)BF4 0.44@546 nm [77]
melaminium tetrafluorohydroxytriborate [C3N6H7]2[B3O3F4(OH)] 0.440@546 UV edge 240 nm [78]
magnesium pyridine dicarboxylatedihydrate Mg(C7H3NO4)(H2O)2 0.440@546 [27]
4-hydroxypyridine:4-hydroxypyridinium 3-pyridinesulfonate [(4-HP)(4-H2P)][3-pySO3] 0.443 @546 nm [79]
HgI2HgII(Te2O4)2(HPO4)2 0.444 @546 nm [80]
tripotassium cyamelurate dihydrate K3C6N7O3·2H2O 0.446@1064 nm [81]
potassium terephthalate K2C8H4O4 0.45@546 nm stable to 580°C [82]
nicotinamide sulfamate (C6H7N2O)(NH2SO3) 0.452@535 nm UV edge 274 nm [83]
[H2C6N7(NH2)3]SO4·2H2O 0.46@550 [84]
2,7-diazapyrene:1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene 0.464@546 nm 2.89 blue edge 429 nm [16]
Al4(P2S6)3 0.47 @ 2050 nm [85]
2-bromo-pyridinium-4-boronic acid nitrate [HPyBrB(OH)2]·(NO3) 0.477@546 nm [86]
bis(4-hydroxypyridine)zinc sulfate monohydrate (C5H5NO)2ZnSO4·H2O 0.48@546 nm [87]
bis(4-hydroxypyridine)zinc chloride (p-C5H5NO)2ZnCl2 0.482@546 nm [88]
disodium (deprotonated 5-hydroxy-2-pyridinecarboxylate) hydrate Na2(C6H3NO3)·H2O 0.487@546 nm UV edge 321 nm; SHG 14.0 × KDP [89]
3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid 0.49@546 nm [90]
benzoguanaminium bromide (C9H10N5)Br 0.49@550 nm [74]
phenyl thiourea mercury dichloride (C7H8N2S)HgCl2 0.49@546 3.23 UV edge 328 nm [91]
bis-(3-cyanoquinolinium)hexachlorostannate (C10H9N2O)2SnCl6 0.50 at 550nm [41][92]
Amidinothiourea tetrafluoroborate (C2N4H7S)BF4 0.500 at 546 nm [93]
4-cyanopyridnium hexafluorosilicate (C6H5N2)2SiF6 0.505@546 nm [94]
4-aminopyridinium barbiturate [C5H7N2]+[C4H3N2O3]− 0.507 at 546 nm [41]
9-acridiniumcarboxylic acid bromide C14H10BrNO2 0.507 at 550 nm [95]
dipotassium cadmium tetracyanate K2[Cd(NCO)4] 0.511@546 nm UV edge 229 nm [24]
sodium hydrogen squarate hydrate NaHC4O4·H2O 0.52 at 1064 nm [96]
Sr4(VO4)2S3 0.52@550 nm [97]
HgB2S4 0.52 at 1064 nm [98]
tricaesium tricyanomelaminate hydrate Cs3C6N9•H2O 0.52@550 nm [99]
lithium nitrate monohydrate : 4-hydroxypyridine 1:2 0.522@546 nm [46]
dipotassium mercuric tetracyanate K2[Hg(NCO)4] 0.524@546 UV edge 253 nm [24]
Pyrazinamide iodine monobromide C5H5N3OIBr 0.524@546 2.32 [100]
molybdenum(VI) pyrotellurite hydrate Mo(H2O)Te2O7 0.528@546 nm UV edge 366 nm; SHG 5.4 × KDP [101]
Ba2La2Sb4S10(S2) 0.53 at 1064 nm 1.86 [102]
2-chloro-pyridinium-4-boronic acid nitrate [HPyClB(OH)2]·(NO3) 0.533@546 nm [86]
sodium terephthalate Na2C8H4O4 0.54@546 nm stable to 580°C [82]
Hg4(Te2O5)(SO4) 0.542@546 nm [103]
caesium [4,6-Bis(cyanoamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]iminomethylideneazanide CsH2C6N9⋅H2O 0.55@550 nm [104]
barium dithioselenotellurite BaTeSeS2 0.55@550 nm Optical edge 500-25,000 nm [105]
6-iodoquinazolinium nitrate C8H6IN3O4 0.55@550 nm [106]
aminoguanidine trithiocyanurate (CH7N4)(H2C3N3S3) 0.558@546 [107]
CrSbSe3 0.56 at 650 nm [108]
formamidinium hydrogensquarate (CH5N2)+(HC4O4)− 0.568@546 nm 3.44 [109]
benzoguanaminium tetrafluoroborate hydrate (C9H10N5)BF4·H2O 0.57 at 550 nm [74]
Cs2S6 0.58@1064 nm [48]
trithiocyanurate Cs2Mg(H2C3N3S3)4·8H2O 0.58@800 nm UV cutoff 374 nm [72]
ZrTe5 0.58 @ 942 nm [110]
2,2'-bipyrdinium hexafluorosilicate (C10H10N2)SiF6 0.583@546 [94]
bis[dimethylammonium] dichlorohypoiodite chloride [HDMA]2[ICl2]·Cl 0.585@546 nm [111]
4-hydroxypyridinium nitrate (C5H6ON)+(NO3)− 0.593 at 546 nm SHG 9.55 × KDP; space group P21/c [41][112][113]
cadmium dicyanurate octahydrate Cd(H2C6N7O3)2·8H2O 0.60 @ 550 nm [114]
Rb3[C6N7(NCN)3]·3H2O >0.60 @ 546 SHG 9×KDP [115]
Cs3[C6N7(NCN)3]·3H2O >0.60 @ 546 SHG 9×KDP [115]
diberyllium dihydroxide pyridine-2,5-carboxylate dihydrate [Be2(μ-OH)2(C7H3NO4)(H2O)]·H2O 0.6@270nm 4.75 UV edge 261 nm [116]
tripotassium hydronium tetrathiocyanurate tetrahydrate K3(H2C3N3S3)4(H3O)·4H2O 0.604@546 nm [107]
melem phosphate C6N7(NH2)3·H3PO4 0.609@1064 SHG × 8.9 KDP [117]
4, 5-dichocyanimidazole hydrate C5N4H2·H2O 0.618@546 nm [71]
strontium thiocyanurate undecahydrate Sr(H2C3N3S3)2·11H2O 0.627@546 nm [107]
4-dimethylaminopyridinium 4,5-dicyanoimidazolide monohydrate [(C7N2H11)+(C5N4H)−]·H2O 0.629@546 nm 3.79 [118]
2,5,8-triamino-s-heptazine 2,4-guanidino-6-amino-1,3,5-triazine lead nonaiodide (C6N10H6)2(C5N10H10)2PbI9 0.64@546 nm 3.38 trigonal; UV edge 367 nm [119]
Ba2HgTe5 0.643@2090 nm 1.28 [120]
4-aminopyridinium dichlorohypoiodite [H-4AP][ICl2] 0.647@546 nm [111]
mercury hexathiodiphosphate Hg2P2S6 0.65@546 nm,

0.50 @ 1064 nm,

0.48 @2050 nm

[85]
phenazine lead trichloride 0.65@546 nm
Ba6Sb6O2S13 0.66 at 2050 nm black; thermal conductivity of 0.25 W m−1 K−1 at 700 K [121]
Sn2PO4I 0.664@546 nm [122]
2-amino-5-chloropyridinium dichloroiodate(V) (C5H6N2Cl)(IO2Cl2) 0.67@546 3.38 [123]
5-Iodocytosine:protonated 5-Iodocytosine:dichorohypoiodate (C4H4.5N3OI)(ICl2)0.5 0.675@546 nm [124]
Na2BP2 0.68 [35]
3,5-diiodopyridine-4-carboxylic acid with iodine 3,5-I2Py-COOI 0.69 [90]
Barium thiocyanurate 4.5 hydrate Ba(H2C3N3S3)2·4.5H2O 0.692@546 nm [107]
hexagonal boron nitride h-BN 0.7 [125]
BaTiSe3 0.7 [126]
zinc dichloride:1,10-phenanthroline (C12H8N2)ZnCl2 0.70@546 nm UV edge 368 nm; stable up to 431 °C [127]
protonated 5-Iodocytosine triichorodiiodate dihydrate (C4H5N3OI)I2Cl3·2H2O 0.712@546 nm [124]
CsICl2 0.719 @1064 nm UV edge 367 nm [128]
protonated 5-Iodocytosine dichorohypoiodatee hydrate (C4H5N3OI)ICl2·H2O 0.746@546 nm [124]
BaTiS3 0.76 [126][129]
2,7-bis(2-phosphonomethyl)-1,3,6,8-tetraoxo-2,7-diazapyrene : water (HOFBC-1) 0.763@546 nm [130]
iodine nicotinate I+(C6H4NO2)− 0.778@550 nm [131]
bis[dimethylammonium] dibromohypoiodite bromide [HDMA]2[IBr2]·Br 0.782@546 nm [111]
Ortho phenanthroline antimony trifluoride (C12H8N2)SbF3 0.79@546 nm density 2.065 [132]
bis(isoquinolinium-3-carboxylic acid) hexafluorosilicate dihydrate [C10H8NO2]2SiF6·2H2O 0.79@550 nm UV edge 354 nm [9]
bis(protonated 1,10‒phenanthroline) tetrachlorozincate:ethylene glycol (C12H8N2H)2ZnCl4·C2H6O2 0.80@546 nm [133]
[(1,3,6,8-tetraoxo-1,3,6,8-tetrahydrobenzo[lmn][3,8]phenanthroline-2,7-diyl)bis(methylene)]bis(phosphonic acid) 0.800@546 nm [130]
disodium bis-(4-hydroxypyridinium) 1,3,6,8-pyreneterasulfonate monohydrate Na2(4-HPyH)2(PTS)·H2O 0.811@546 [134]
(C5H7N2)I·I3 0.829@1064 nm [135]
4-aminopyridinium dibromohypoiodite [H-4AP][IBr2] 0.836@546 nm [111]
1,3-diazapyrene:1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene 0.836@546 nm 2.68 blue edge 463 nm [16]
diprotonated 1,10‒phenanthroline tetrachlorozincate (C12H8N2H2)ZnCl4 0.84@546 nm [133]
dipotassium (NCN)3-heptazine K2HC9N13·3H2O 0.87 @ 550 nm 3.52 [136]
bis(quinoline-2-carboxylate)antimony fluoride (C10H6NO2)2SbF 0.87 @ 546 nm [137]
3,5-diiodopyridine:iodine monochloride 3,5-I2Py-ICl 0.87@546 [90]
K2HC9N13·3H2O 0.87 3.52 [138]
Hg18Ga8Se8Cl32 0.871@546 transparent 400-25000; space group C2/c [139]
(C5H6NO)2I4 0.891@1064 nm [135]
disodium croconate trihydrate Na2C5O5·3H2O 0.893@546 nm 2.55 yellow [140]
vanadium dioxide VO2 >0.9 in thin film [141]
4-aminopyrdinium tetrachloriodite C5H7N2ICl4 0.94@546 2.29 yellow; UV edge 360 nm [142]
BaSbBS4 0.952@546 nm 2.7 eV [143]
3,5-dichloropyridine:iodine monochloride 3,5-Cl2Py-ICl 0.97@546 [90]
diprotonated 2,2′-biquinoline cadmium tetracloride C18H14N2CdCl4 1.017@546 nm [144]
Li3(C9N13)·6H2O 1.031 3.62 UV edge 325 nm [145]
disodium croconate dihydrate Na2C5O5·2H2O 1.062@546 nm 2.67 yellow [140]
1,3-diazapyrene:water 1.169@546 2.93 blue edge 423 nm [16]
2,7-diazapyrene 1.223@546 2.94 blue edge 422 nm [16]
1,3-diazapyrene 1.269@546 2.97 blue edge 418 nm [16]
sodium rhodizonate Na2C6O6 1.35@2500 1.6 brown [35]
C4H6N3I2 1.384@1064 nm [135]
molybdenum ditelluride MoTe2 1.54 mid IR [146]
tungsten disulfide WS2 1.95 refractive indexes 4.96, 3.01 [147]
Sr9/8TiS3 2.1 in mid IR ne = 4.5 no = 2.4 [1]
melamine di(triiodide) C3H8N6I6·3H2O 2.8 @650 nm pink-black; birefringence changes rapidly through visible spectrum [148]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mei, Hongyan; Ren, Guodong; Zhao, Boyang; Salman, Jad; Jung, Gwan-Yeong; Chen, Huandong; Thind, Arashdeep S.; Cavin, John et al. (2023-05-07). "Colossal Birefringence from Periodic Structural Modulations" (in EN). CLEO 2023 (2023), Paper STh4H.4 (Optica Publishing Group). doi:10.1364/CLEO_SI.2023.STh4H.4. ISBN 978-1-957171-25-8. https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?uri=CLEO_SI-2023-STh4H.4. 
  2. ↑ Ermolaev, Georgy; Pushkarev, Anatoly P.; Zhizhchenko, Alexey; Kuchmizhak, Aleksandr A.; Iorsh, Ivan; Kruglov, Ivan; Mazitov, Arslan; Ishteev, Arthur et al. (12 April 2023). "Giant and Tunable Excitonic Optical Anisotropy in Single-Crystal Halide Perovskites". Nano Letters 23 (7): 2570–2577. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04792. PMID 36920328. Bibcode: 2023NanoL..23.2570E. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bai, Zhiyong; Zhao, Sangen; Ok, Kang Min; Luo, Junhua (March 2026). "Organic π-conjugated units as versatile building blocks for high-performance birefringent crystals". Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry 45 (3). doi:10.1016/j.cjsc.2025.100802. Bibcode: 2026ChJSC..4500802B. 
  4. ↑ Pan, Xueting; Huang, Junben; Huang, Yineng (2024-01-14). "Screening Large Birefringent Materials via Halogen Regulation in Ternary d 0 -Transition Metal Oxyhalides" (in en). The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 128 (3): 1518–1526. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07641. ISSN 1932-7447. 
  5. ↑ El Mrabet Haje, Houssam; van der Kolk, Roald J.H.; Kyrk, Trent M.; Grytsiuk, Sergii; Rösner, Malte; Ali, Mazhar N. (December 2025). "Anomalous Refractive Index Modulation and Giant Birefringence in 2D Ferrielectric CuInP 2 S 6" (in en). Advanced Optical Materials 13 (35). doi:10.1002/adom.202502291. ISSN 2195-1071. https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adom.202502291. 
  6. ↑ Yuan, Si; Hu, Chun-Li; Mao, Jiang-Gao (2025). "(C 5 N 2 H 7 )IO 2 F 2 and (C 3 N 6 H 8 )(IO 2 F 2 ) 2: two new organic–inorganic hybrid fluoroiodate birefringent crystals" (in en). Dalton Transactions 54 (21): 8667–8672. doi:10.1039/D5DT00524H. ISSN 1477-9226. PMID 40326631. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D5DT00524H. 
  7. ↑ Wang, Tiantian; Liu, Lu; Yi, Gangji; Han, Xiangyu; Dong, Xuehua; Zeng, Hongmei; Lin, Zhien; Zou, Guohong (2026-03-18). "V-Shaped Pseudo-Chains Coupled with Lone-Pair-Distorted [GeX 3 − Units Enable Large Birefringence in Ge(II) Hybrid Halides"] (in en). Crystal Growth & Design 26 (6): 2511–2518. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.5c01808. ISSN 1528-7483. Bibcode: 2026CrGrD..26.2511W. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c01808. 
  8. ↑ Wang, Shiyi; Zhang, Yingzi; Yan, Yuxin; Dong, Xuehua; Cao, Liling; Huang, Ling; Zou, Guohong (2025-10-13). "From (C 12 H 9 N 2 ) 2 TeBr 6 ·2H 2 O to (C 12 H 9 N 2 ) 2 TeBr 6: Dehydration-Driven Crystal Reorganization for Birefringence Optimization" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 64 (40): 20490–20497. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c03583. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 40997793. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c03583. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Shen, Yaoguo; Yang, Yiman; Xiong, Jiajia; Wang, Xinyi (2026-04-07). "Structural Anion Geometry-Regulated Molecular Alignment in [C 10 H 8 NO 2 -Based Crystals for Enhancing Ultraviolet Birefringence"] (in en). Crystal Growth & Design 26 (9). doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.6c00270. ISSN 1528-7483. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.6c00270. 
  10. ↑ Wang, Junbo; Zhu, Mengmeng; Chu, Yaoqing; Tian, Jindan; Liu, Lili; Zhang, Bingbing; Halasyamani, P. Shiv (April 2024). "Rational Design of the Alkali Metal Sn-Based Mixed Halides with Large Birefringence and Wide Transparent Range" (in en). Small 20 (17). doi:10.1002/smll.202308884. ISSN 1613-6810. PMID 38098344. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.202308884. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Jia, Hangwei; Xu, Die; Li, Zijian; Arif, Muhammad; Jiang, Yansheng; Hou, Xueling (2024). "(C 3 N 6 H 7 )BF 4 ·H 2 O and (C 3 N 6 H 7 )SO 3 CH 3 ·H 2 O with large birefringence induced by coplanar π-conjugated [C 3 N 6 H 7 + groups"] (in en). Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 11 (23): 8331–8338. doi:10.1039/D4QI01061B. ISSN 2052-1553. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D4QI01061B. 
  12. ↑ Song, Yipeng; Huang, Weiqi; Zhou, Yang; Li, Yanqiang; Xu, Qianting; Wang, Han; Li, Minjuan; Kuang, Xiaojun et al. (2023-03-01). "α-BBO-like π-Conjugated Crystal with Large Birefringence" (in en). Crystal Growth & Design 23 (3): 1330–1335. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00064. ISSN 1528-7483. Bibcode: 2023CrGrD..23.1330S. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00064. 
  13. ↑ Bai, Zhiyong; Ok, Kang Min (2024-01-22). "Designing Sulfate Crystals with Strong Optical Anisotropy through π-Conjugated Tailoring" (in en). Angewandte Chemie 136 (4). doi:10.1002/ange.202315311. ISSN 0044-8249. Bibcode: 2024AngCh.136E5311B. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ange.202315311. 
  14. ↑ Wang, Hongmei; Wang, Qiang; Wang, Qin; Cao, Liling; Huang, Ling; Gao, Daojiang; Bi, Jian; Zou, Guohong (2022-07-06). "Yin–Yang Complementarity Strategy Achieving Giant Optical Anisotropy in a Metal-free Birefringent Material C(NH 2 ) 3 (HC 4 O 4 )" (in en). Crystal Growth & Design 22 (7): 4236–4242. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00255. ISSN 1528-7483. Bibcode: 2022CrGrD..22.4236W. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00255. 
  15. ↑ Natarajan, Arul Raj; Ponvijayakanthan, L; Sharma, Vineet Kumar; Pujari, Bhalchandra S; Vaitheeswaran, G; Kanchana, V (2021-12-01). "Anisotropic transport and optical birefringence of triclinic bulk and monolayer NbX 2 Y 2 (X = S, Se and Y = Cl, Br, I)". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 33 (48): 485501. doi:10.1088/1361-648X/ac2116. ISSN 0953-8984. PMID 34433138. Bibcode: 2021JPCM...33V5501N. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-648X/ac2116. 
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 Sun, Lingyan; Yi, Gangji; Zou, Guohong; Zhang, Cheng (2026-03-02). "Programmable Anisotropic in Diazapyrene Cocrystals With Birefringence Exceeding 1.2" (in en). Angewandte Chemie 138 (10). doi:10.1002/ange.202524207. ISSN 0044-8249. Bibcode: 2026AngCh.13824207S. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ange.202524207. 
  17. ↑ Cheng, Meng; Jin, Congcong; Jin, Wenqi; Hou, Xueling (2023-06-12). "Target-Oriented Synthesis of Borate Derivatives Featuring Isolated [B 3 O 3 Six-Membered Rings as Structural Features"] (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 62 (23): 9209–9216. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01112. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 37257153. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01112. 
  18. ↑ Hao, Xia; Su, Yueyue; Lin, Chensheng; Luo, Min; Wu, Lingli; Wang, Ruijie; Wen, Xin; Ye, Ning (2025-09-01). "(CN 4 H 7 )H 2 C 3 N 3 S 3: Trithiocyanurate Exhibiting Giant Optical Anisotropy via Weak Interaction-Mediated Functional Module Alignment" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 64 (34): 17427–17435. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c02743. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 40829780. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c02743. 
  19. ↑ Tang, Jian; Liang, Fei; Meng, Xianghe; Kang, Kaijin; Yin, Wenlong; Zeng, Tixian; Xia, Mingjun; Lin, Zheshuai et al. (2019-02-06). "Ba 3 (C 3 N 3 O 3 ) 2: A New Phase of Barium Cyanurate Containing Parallel π-Conjugated Groups as a Birefringent Material Replacement for Calcite" (in en). Crystal Growth & Design 19 (2): 568–572. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.8b01782. ISSN 1528-7483. Bibcode: 2019CrGrD..19..568T. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.8b01782. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Liu, Xiaomeng; Gong, Pifu; Lin, Zheshuai (2021-08-02). "AZn 4 (OH) 4 (C 3 N 3 O 3 ) 2 (A = Mg, Zn): Two Zn-Based Cyanurate Crystals with Various Cation Coordination and Large Birefringence" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 60 (15): 10890–10894. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01808. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 34269585. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01808. 
  21. ↑ Zhang, Die; Wang, Qiang; Ren, Liying; Cao, Liling; Huang, Ling; Gao, Daojiang; Bi, Jian; Zou, Guohong (2022-08-08). "Sharp Enhancement of Birefringence in Antimony Oxalates Achieved by the Cation–Anion Synergetic Interaction Strategy" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 61 (31): 12481–12488. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02262. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 35894629. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02262. 
  22. ↑ Zhang, Die; Wang, Qiang; Zheng, Ting; Cao, Liling; Ok, Kang Min; Gao, Daojiang; Bi, Jian; Huang, Ling et al. (November 2022). "Cation-anion synergetic interactions achieving tunable birefringence in quasi-one-dimensional antimony(III) fluoride oxalates" (in en). Science China Materials 65 (11): 3115–3124. doi:10.1007/s40843-022-2088-0. ISSN 2095-8226. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Shen, Yaoguo; Ding, Mingliang; Chen, Gang; Luo, Yingjie; Zhao, Sangen; Luo, Junhua (September 2024). "C 9 H 7 NBrX (X = Cl, Br, NO 3 ): Three Excellent Birefringent Crystals with Distinct Optical Anisotropy Regulated by Anions" (in en). Small 20 (37). doi:10.1002/smll.202400549. ISSN 1613-6810. PMID 38726954. Bibcode: 2024Small..2000549S. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.202400549. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Chen, Chong-An; Li, Yang; Jin, Congcong; Lee, Sooyeon; Yang, Zhihua; Ok, Kang Min (2026-03-18). "Density-Compensated Polarizability Anisotropy for Record Birefringence in Short-Wavelength Ultraviolet Inorganic Crystals" (in en). Journal of the American Chemical Society 148 (10): 11187–11195. doi:10.1021/jacs.5c23008. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 41785295. Bibcode: 2026JAChS.14811187C. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.5c23008. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Shen, Yaoguo; Ma, Liang; Dong, Guofa; Yu, Hualiang; Luo, Junhua (2023). "β-(C 3 H 7 N 6 ) 2 Cl 2 ·H 2 O and (C 3 H 7 N 6 )F·H 2 O: two UV birefringent crystals induced by uniformly aligned structural groups" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 10 (7): 2022–2029. doi:10.1039/D2QI02535C. ISSN 2052-1553. http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D2QI02535C. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Wen, Xin; Kong, Dequan; Lu, Jingyao; Chen, Jindong; Yu, Haohai; Zhang, Huaijin; Hu, Zhanggui; Wang, Jiyang et al. (2026-02-23). "Unit Symmetry-Breaking and Layered Linear Ordering Enabling Superior Short-Wave Ultraviolet Birefringent Crystal" (in en). Angewandte Chemie 138 (9). doi:10.1002/ange.202526093. ISSN 0044-8249. Bibcode: 2026AngCh.13826093W. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ange.202526093. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Xu, Miao-Bin; Yu, Ning; Li, Jia-Jia; Wang, Ming-Chang; Zhuo, Mo-Fan; Du, Ke-Zhao; Chen, Jin; Chen, Yan (2025-04-07). "Tuning Birefringence in Supramolecular Mg-PDA Frameworks: Modulating Bonding and Layer Connectivity" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 64 (13): 6761–6767. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c00690. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 40117204. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c00690. 
  28. ↑ Zhang, Yu-Mei; Yao, Wen-Dong; Fu, Yi-Fan; Wu, Zhen-Cheng; Li, Ruo-Nan; Liu, Wenlong; Wu, Jiajing; Guo, Sheng-Ping (November 2025). "π-Conjugated unit bridge for giant second-harmonic generation and birefringence in hybrid materials with dual heteroleptic polyhedra" (in en). Chinese Chemical Letters. doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2025.112047. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1001841725012240. 
  29. ↑ Dou, Danyang; Shi, Qi; Bai, Yunjie; Chen, Cheng; Zhang, Bingbing; Wang, Ying (2023). "C 3 N 6 H 7 SO 3 NH 2: non-π-conjugated tetrahedra decoupling π-conjugated groups achieving large optical anisotropy and wide band gap" (in en). Materials Chemistry Frontiers 7 (23): 5924–5931. doi:10.1039/D3QM00811H. ISSN 2052-1537. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D3QM00811H. 
  30. ↑ Chen, Hao; Zhang, Shaobin; Chen, Bo; Shen, Yaoguo; Luo, Junhua (2023). "C 10 H 10 ClNO 3: exploration of birefringent crystals in an isoquinoline system" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 10 (11): 3293–3296. doi:10.1039/D3QI00320E. ISSN 2052-1553. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D3QI00320E. 
  31. ↑ Wang, Zichang; Liu, Qingyu; Yang, Zhihua; Hou, Xueling; Gai, Minqiang (June 2025). "Metal Cation Engineered UV Birefringent Crystals in π-Conjugated Sulfonates with Record-High Optical Anisotropy" (in en). Small 21 (21). doi:10.1002/smll.202502594. ISSN 1613-6810. PMID 40191875. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.202502594. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Sun, Zhiwei; Wu, Bingbing; Yu, Zihao; Ding, Qingran; Wang, Yuling; Zhong, Ming; Zhao, Sangen; Luo, Junhua (2025). "Realizing large birefringence via S-substitution and anisotropic arrangement optimization" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 12 (24): 8086–8094. doi:10.1039/D5QI01600B. ISSN 2052-1553. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D5QI01600B. 
  33. ↑ Wu, Chao; Jiang, Xingxing; Wang, Zujian; Lin, Lin; Lin, Zheshuai; Huang, Zhipeng; Long, Xifa; Humphrey, Mark G. et al. (2021-02-15). "Giant Optical Anisotropy in the UV-Transparent 2D Nonlinear Optical Material Sc(IO 3 ) 2 (NO 3 )" (in en). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 60 (7): 3464–3468. doi:10.1002/anie.202012456. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 33146456. Bibcode: 2021ACIE...60.3464W. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202012456. 
  34. ↑ Zhang, Limei; Wang, Fangyan; Zhang, Xinyuan; Liang, Fei; Hu, Zhanggui; Wu, Yicheng (2024-01-08). "Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Iso-cyamelurate K 0.5 In 0.5 (H 2 C 6 N 7 O 3 ) 2 ·9H 2 O with Large Birefringence" (in en). Crystal Growth & Design 24 (2): 627–631. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01248. ISSN 1528-7483. Bibcode: 2024CrGrD..24..627Z. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01248. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Tong, Tinghao; Zhang, Wenyao; Yang, Zhihua; Pan, Shilie (2021-01-18). "Series of Crystals with Giant Optical Anisotropy: A Targeted Strategic Research" (in en). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 60 (3): 1332–1338. doi:10.1002/anie.202011006. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 33025703. Bibcode: 2021ACIE...60.1332T. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202011006. 
  36. ↑ Ren, Qixian; Chu, Yu; Jin, Wenqi; Chen, Mengmeng; Cui, Chen; Wu, Yabo; Pan, Shilie (January 2025). "Hg 4 InS 2 Cl 5: Achieving Giant Optical Anisotropy by Introducing Well-Aligned Linear [Hg 2 S 2 Units"] (in en). Advanced Optical Materials 13 (3). doi:10.1002/adom.202402170. ISSN 2195-1071. https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adom.202402170. 
  37. ↑ Xu, Miao-Bin; Chen, Qian-Qian; Li, Bing-Xuan; Du, Ke-Zhao; Chen, Jin (November 2025). "π-Lone pair synergy in (C7H4NO4)(IO3): Optimal balance among SHG, birefringence, and bandgap performance" (in en). Chinese Chemical Letters 36 (11). doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110513. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1001841724010325. 
  38. ↑ Du, Yinxia; Che, Wangfei; Shi, Yunfei; Lu, Juanjuan; Zhou, Xiaodong; Liu, Ting; Pan, Shilie; Li, Junjie (December 2025). "[HgX 2 Linear Group Enabled Ultraviolet Birefringent Crystal RbHg 5 Br 11 with Strong Optical Anisotropy and Wide Bandgap"] (in en). Advanced Science 12 (45). doi:10.1002/advs.202514304. ISSN 2198-3844. PMID 40923400. Bibcode: 2025AdvSc..1214304D. 
  39. ↑ Zhang, Limei; Wang, Fangyan; Zhang, Xinyuan; Liang, Fei; Hu, Zhanggui; Wu, Yicheng (2024-01-17). "Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Iso-cyamelurate K 0.5 In 0.5 (H 2 C 6 N 7 O 3 ) 2 ·9H 2 O with Large Birefringence" (in en). Crystal Growth & Design 24 (2): 627–631. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01248. ISSN 1528-7483. Bibcode: 2024CrGrD..24..627Z. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01248. 
  40. ↑ Lin, Min-Quan; Hu, Chun-Li; Duan, Meng-Fan; Li, Bing-Xuan; Mao, Jiang-Gao; Yang, Bing-Ping (2025-06-02). "Potassium Tetraiodatoiodate(III) Iodate(V): A Nonlinear Optical Crystal with Exceptional Second-Harmonic Generation and Full-Wavelength Phase Matching" (in en). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 64 (23). doi:10.1002/anie.202504673. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 40163014. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202504673. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 Yang, Die-Xue; Tang, Ru-Ling; Lv, Yi-Lei; Miao, Bing-Wei; Liu, Wenlong; Guo, Sheng-Ping (October 2025). "A novel metal-free crystal demonstrating superior birefringence attributed to the synergistic interaction of dual π-conjugated units" (in en). Science China Materials 68 (10): 3600–3606. doi:10.1007/s40843-025-3443-1. ISSN 2095-8226. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40843-025-3443-1. 
  42. ↑ Tang, Ru-Ling; Yang, Die-Xue; Ma, Liang; Lv, Yi-Lei; Liu, Wenlong; Guo, Sheng-Ping (April 2025). "(C 6 H 5 N 2 )HgCl 3: Discovery of a Polar Hg-Based Hybrid Halide as Preeminent Nonlinear Optical and Birefringent Material Activated by π-Conjugated Organic Cation Substitution" (in en). Advanced Optical Materials 13 (11). doi:10.1002/adom.202403044. ISSN 2195-1071. https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adom.202403044. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Shen, Yaoguo; Zhou, Yingwu; Xue, Xiaoling; Dong, Guofa (2023-06-05). "Naphthalene-Like Unit That Induces Strong Optical Anisotropy in C 10 H 8 NO 2 Br and C 10 H 8 NO 2 Br·H 2 O" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 62 (22): 8482–8486. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01197. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 37204340. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01197. 
  44. ↑ Chen, Bin; Li, Yanqiang; Huang, Weiqi; Qi, Ji; Song, Xianyu; Song, Yipeng; Bai, Zhiyong; Zhou, Yang et al. (2026-03-24). "Linear Cyano Substitution Unlocks Highly Birefringent Tricyanomethanide" (in en). ACS Materials Letters. doi:10.1021/acsmaterialslett.6c00027. ISSN 2639-4979. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.6c00027. 
  45. ↑ Wu, Chao; Wu, Tianhui; Jiang, Xingxing; Wang, Zujian; Sha, Hongyuan; Lin, Lin; Lin, Zheshuai; Huang, Zhipeng et al. (2021-03-24). "Large Second-Harmonic Response and Giant Birefringence of CeF 2 (SO 4 ) Induced by Highly Polarizable Polyhedra" (in en). Journal of the American Chemical Society 143 (11): 4138–4142. doi:10.1021/jacs.1c00416. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 33625206. Bibcode: 2021JAChS.143.4138W. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.1c00416. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Li, Yang; Ok, Kang Min (2024). "Crystal clear: unveiling giant birefringence in organic–inorganic cocrystals" (in en). Chemical Science 15 (26): 10193–10199. doi:10.1039/D4SC02569E. ISSN 2041-6520. PMID 38966371. 
  47. ↑ Zhu, Qingwen; Gou, Jie; Wang, YunJie; Zhu, Yaolong; Wu, Qi (2026-01-19). "[CdCl 2 (4-Aminopyridine) 2 n: Synergistic Enhancement of Second-Harmonic Generation and Birefringence Enabled by a π-Conjugated Ligand for UV Nonlinear Optics"] (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 65 (2): 1708–1714. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c05440. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 41493284. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c05440. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Li, Guangmao; Yang, Zhihua; Hou, Xueling; Pan, Shilie (2023-05-22). "Chain-like [S x ( x =2–6) Units Realizing Giant Birefringence with Transparency in the Near-Infrared for Optoelectronic Materials"] (in en). Angewandte Chemie 135 (22). doi:10.1002/ange.202303711. ISSN 0044-8249. Bibcode: 2023AngCh.135E3711L. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ange.202303711. 
  49. ↑ Yao, Yao; Li, Yanqiang; Chen, Bin; Song, Yipeng; Huang, Weiqi; Bai, Zhiyong; Luo, Junhua; Zhao, Sangen (2026). "Molecular pseudo-halogen engineering enables remarkable birefringence enhancement in hybrid perovskites" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 13 (10): 4309–4317. doi:10.1039/D5QI02592C. ISSN 2052-1553. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D5QI02592C. 
  50. ↑ Shen, Yaoguo; Wang, Yu; Chen, Zixiang; Lu, WenCheng (2024-06-05). "Zn(C 6 H 4 NO 2 ) 2 ·4H 2 O: A Solar-Blind Birefringent Crystal" (in en). Crystal Growth & Design 24 (11): 4288–4292. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01537. ISSN 1528-7483. Bibcode: 2024CrGrD..24.4288S. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01537. 
  51. ↑ Xia, Ming; Mutailipu, Miriding; Li, Fuming; Yang, Zhihua; Pan, Shilie (2021-03-03). "Finding Short-Wavelength Birefringent Crystals with Large Optical Anisotropy Activated by π-Conjugated [C(NH 2 ) 3 Units"] (in en). Crystal Growth & Design 21 (3): 1869–1877. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00024. ISSN 1528-7483. Bibcode: 2021CrGrD..21.1869X. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00024. 
  52. ↑ Jiang, Peng; Qin, Yuqi; Feng, Junwei; Gai, Minqiang; Pan, Shilie (2026-04-14). "Hydrogen-Bond-Directed Assembly of Urea Derivatives: Exceptional Birefringence Achieved by π -Conjugated Unit Alignment" (in en). Small. doi:10.1002/smll.73374. ISSN 1613-6810. PMID 41979121. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.73374. 
  53. ↑ Tang, Ru-Ling; Yue Wang; Lv, Yi-Lei; Miao, Bing-Wei; Liu, Wenlong; Guo, Sheng-Ping (2025). "Significant enhancement in the birefringence of metal phosphite halides via the introduction of π-conjugated cations" (in en). Chemical Science 16 (46): 22021–22028. doi:10.1039/D5SC04977F. ISSN 2041-6520. PMID 41122485. 
  54. ↑ Jia, Hangwei; Jin, Yaqi; An, Shuai; Liu, Xu; Yang, Zhihua; Hou, Xueling; Pan, Shilie (2025-09-24). "Anionic Group Trimming Strategy: Oriented Fabrication of Sulfonate UV Birefringent Crystals with High Optical Anisotropy" (in en). ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 17 (38): 53808–53815. doi:10.1021/acsami.5c14918. ISSN 1944-8244. PMID 40955436. Bibcode: 2025AAMI...1753808J. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.5c14918. 
  55. ↑ Zhang, Yunxiao; Xu, Guangsheng; Li, Ke; Jia, Wei; Dong, Xiaoyu (2025). "Structural chemistry of antimony( iii ) oxalates with lone pairs: polyhedral distortion [SbO 4 F 2 , π-conjugation [C 2 O 4 ], and birefringence tuning"] (in en). Dalton Transactions 54 (28): 11078–11083. doi:10.1039/D5DT01253H. ISSN 1477-9226. PMID 40600962. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D5DT01253H. 
  56. ↑ Wang, Ming-Chang; Wu, Huai-Yu; Xu, Miao-Bin; Li, Jia-Jia; Du, Ke-Zhao; Chen, Jin (2025). "Strategically designed anisotropic organic–inorganic metal halides (OIMHs) with superior balance between bandgap and birefringence" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 12 (3): 1234–1243. doi:10.1039/D4QI02883J. ISSN 2052-1553. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D4QI02883J. 
  57. ↑ Chen, Qian-Qian; Zhang, Ming-Zhi; Chen, Jin; Li, Bing-Xuan; Hu, Chun-Li; Mao, Jiang-Gao (August 2025). "From AgHgI(SO 4 ) to AgHg 3 I 3.2 Cl 1.8 (SO 4 ): Symmetry Breaking of the Belousovite-Type Topology by Mixed Halides to Achieve Strong Nonlinear Optical Effect" (in en). Laser & Photonics Reviews 19 (16). doi:10.1002/lpor.202500417. ISSN 1863-8880. Bibcode: 2025LPRv...1900417C. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lpor.202500417. 
  58. ↑ Zhao, Dingxuan; Ma, Shihui; Wang, Jiajia; Liang, Fei; Lu, Dazhi; Wu, Kui; Ye, Ning; Hu, Zhanggui (2025-10-13). "(C 7 H 10 N) 3 Bi 2 I 9 ·I 2: Synergistic Cooperation of π-Conjugated Cations and Distorted [BiI 6 Octahedra Enabling a Large Infrared Birefringence"] (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 64 (40): 20459–20466. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c03848. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 41025296. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c03848. 
  59. ↑ Chen, Bo; Chen, Hao; Zhang, Shaobin; Shen, Yaoguo (November 2023). "Cs2Pb4Br10: A layered perovskite shows large birefringence" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry Communications 157. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111234. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1387700323008468. 
  60. ↑ Pang, Xuan; Nian, Leyan; Wang, Yongzhang; Huang, Chunmei (April 2026). "Na2(C6H4NO3)2·H2O: A promising ultraviolet nonlinear optical crystal with strong second-harmonic generation effect and large birefringence" (in en). Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry 45 (4). doi:10.1016/j.cjsc.2025.100847. Bibcode: 2026ChJSC..4500847P. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S025458612500337X. 
  61. ↑ Shen, Yaoguo; Wu, Mengqing; Xiong, Jiajia; Lin, Yingshi; Li, Mengcai (2025-07-16). "(C 9 H 7 BrN)BF 4 and (C 9 H 7 BrN) 2 SiF 6: Two Birefringent Crystals with Distinct Optical Anisotropy Regulated by Anions" (in en). Crystal Growth & Design 25 (14): 5134–5138. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00637. ISSN 1528-7483. Bibcode: 2025CrGrD..25.5134S. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00637. 
  62. ↑ Aibibula, Mukeremu; Wang, Li (October 2020). "A UV birefringent crystal: RbNH4(H2C3N3O3)2·2H2O" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry Communications 120. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108149. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1387700320307395. 
  63. ↑ Shen, Yaoguo; Xiong, Jiajia; Yang, Yiman; Tang, Zhifeng (2025). "(C 7 H 3 NO 4 ) 2 Sb 2 F 2 ·2H 2 O: a pyridine-based compound shows large optical anisotropy" (in en). Dalton Transactions 54 (21): 8420–8424. doi:10.1039/D5DT00698H. ISSN 1477-9226. PMID 40358377. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D5DT00698H. 
  64. ↑ Vediyappan, Sivasubramani; Chen, Zilong; Die, Xu; Yang, Zhihua; Zhang, Luyong; Hou, Xueling; Zhang, Fangfang; Muthu, Senthil Pandian et al. (2025-09-01). "Giant Birefringence and Strong Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Response in a Hybrid Crystal Templated by a Push–Pull π-Conjugated System" (in en). ACS Materials Letters 7 (9): 3087–3094. doi:10.1021/acsmaterialslett.5c00786. ISSN 2639-4979. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.5c00786. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Zhao, Shuang; Jia, Fei; Zhan, Kaibei; Wang, Rui-Xi; Tan, Pengfei; Shen, Lin; Wu, Li-Ming; Chen, Ling (March 2026). "Amino substitution strategy achieves significant blue shift while preserving high optical anisotropy: A2(H3C3N4S2)2•H2O (A =NH4, K, Rb, Cs)" (in en). Chinese Chemical Letters 37 (3). doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110625. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1001841724011422. 
  66. ↑ Xu, Qianting; Liu, Youchao; Wu, Qingchen; Hou, Linxi; Li, Yanqiang; Li, Lina; Lin, Zheshuai; Zhao, Sangen et al. (August 2023). "A BBO-like trithiocyanate with significantly enhanced birefringence and second-harmonic generation" (in en). Science China Materials 66 (8): 3271–3277. doi:10.1007/s40843-023-2439-8. ISSN 2095-8226. 
  67. ↑ Chen, Ziqi; Mutailipu, Miriding (October 2025). "Achieving the birefringence-bandgap trade-off: Hydrogen-bond engineered biuret-cyanurate" (in en). Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry 44 (10). doi:10.1016/j.cjsc.2025.100695. Bibcode: 2025ChJSC..44j0695C. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0254586125001850. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Ma, Nan; Chen, Jin; Li, Bing-Xuan; Hu, Chun-Li; Mao, Jiang-Gao (2023-07-25). "(NH 4 ) 2 (I 5 O 12 )(IO 3 ) and K 1.03 (NH 4 ) 0.97 (I 5 O 12 )(IO 3 ): Mixed-Valent Polyiodates with Unprecedented I 5 O 12 − Unit Exhibiting Strong Second-Harmonic Generation Responses and Giant Birefringence" (in en). Small 19 (47). doi:10.1002/smll.202304388. ISSN 1613-6810. PMID 37490526. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.202304388. 
  69. ↑ Meng, Xianghe; Liang, Fei; Tang, Jian; Kang, Kaijin; Yin, Wenlong; Zeng, Tixian; Kang, Bin; Lin, Zheshuai et al. (2019). "LiO 4 tetrahedra lock the alignment of π-conjugated layers to maximize optical anisotropy in metal hydroisocyanurates" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 6 (10): 2850–2854. doi:10.1039/C9QI01047E. ISSN 2052-1553. http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9QI01047E. 
  70. ↑ Liu, Hongkun; Yi, Gangji; Lv, Jiarong; Dong, Xuehua; Zeng, Hongmei; Huang, Ling; Lin, Zhien; Zou, Guohong (2025-02-03). "Design and Synthesis of Two Sn-Centered Mixed Halide Crystals with Enhanced Birefringence" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 64 (4): 2140–2145. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c05378. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 39835776. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c05378. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Qiu, Lin; Ma, Liang; Liu, Wenlong; Sun, Yuanyuan; Tang, Ru-Ling (June 2025). "Unearthing Hydrogen Bonded Metal-Free Crystal with Remarkable Optical Anisotropy" (in en). Advanced Optical Materials 13 (16). doi:10.1002/adom.202500149. ISSN 2195-1071. https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adom.202500149. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Hao, Xia; Lin, Chensheng; Luo, Min; Zhou, Yuqiao; Ye, Ning; Shangguan, Enbo (2023-05-22). "Cs 2 Mg(H 2 C 3 N 3 S 3 ) 4 ·8H 2 O: An Excellent Birefringent Material with Giant Optical Anisotropy in π-Conjugated Trithiocyanurate" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 62 (20): 7611–7616. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00802. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 37167341. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00802. 
  73. ↑ Xu, Qianting; Huang, Weiqi; Wang, Han; Li, Yanqiang; Zhou, Yang; Hou, Linxi; Zhao, Sangen; Luo, Junhua (December 2023). "Designing a Dimension Reduced Hybrid Perovskite with Robust Large Birefringence by Expanding Cationic π-Delocation" (in en). Small 19 (50). doi:10.1002/smll.202304333. ISSN 1613-6810. PMID 37616508. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.202304333. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 Shen, Yaoguo; Yan, Lingxin; Wang, Xinyi; Tang, Zhifeng; Ma, Liang; Dong, Guofa (2025-08-04). "Four Benzoguanamine-Based Birefringent Crystals with Excellent Optical Anisotropy" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 64 (30): 15581–15587. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c01932. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 40682784. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c01932. 
  75. ↑ Xie, Yan-Zhen; Huang, Hua; Ding, Qingran; Lei, Jian; Wang, Yu-Ling; Liu, Qing-Yan (February 2026). "Achieving large birefringence in oxalate crystals by a hydrogen bond-directed strategy" (in en). Science China Chemistry 69 (2): 709–715. doi:10.1007/s11426-025-2793-6. ISSN 1674-7291. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11426-025-2793-6. 
  76. ↑ Zeng, Wei; Tian, Yao; Dong, Xuehua; Huang, Ling; Zeng, Hongmei; Lin, Zhien; Zou, Guohong (2024-02-27). "C(NH 2 ) 3 MoO 3 (IO 3 ): A Molybdenyl Iodate with Giant Birefringence Designed via a Cation–Anion Synergetic Interaction Strategy" (in en). Chemistry of Materials 36 (4): 2138–2146. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c03296. ISSN 0897-4756. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c03296. 
  77. ↑ Jia, Hangwei; Song, Xiangrong; Arif, Muhammad; Jin, Yaqi; Yu, Feng; Hou, Xueling (2025-11-17). "Effect of Multiple Hydrogen Bonding on the π-Conjugated Groups and Optical Properties in Molecular Crystals" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 64 (45): 22393–22401. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c03643. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 41185098. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c03643. 
  78. ↑ Jin, Congcong; Li, Fuming; Yang, Zhihua; Pan, Shilie; Mutailipu, Miriding (2022). "[C 3 N 6 H 7 2 [B 3 O 3 F 4 (OH)]: a new hybrid birefringent crystal with strong optical anisotropy induced by mixed functional units"] (in en). Journal of Materials Chemistry C 10 (17): 6590–6595. doi:10.1039/D2TC01123A. ISSN 2050-7526. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D2TC01123A. 
  79. ↑ Lu, Jiachen; Ok, Kang Min (2025). "Synergistic engineering of ultraviolet metal-free crystals with exceptional birefringence via pyridine-derived dimers" (in en). Chemical Science 16 (11): 4703–4709. doi:10.1039/D5SC00112A. ISSN 2041-6520. PMID 39935502. 
  80. ↑ Li, Peng-Fei; Hu, Chun-Li; Mao, Jiang-Gao; Kong, Fang (February 2025). "A Giant Optically Anisotropic Phosphate Driven by Mixed Valence Mercury Units" (in en). Laser & Photonics Reviews 19 (3). doi:10.1002/lpor.202401488. ISSN 1863-8880. Bibcode: 2025LPRv...1901488L. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lpor.202401488. 
  81. ↑ Zhang, Xinyuan; Du, Xiaoguang; Wang, Jinhui; Wang, Fangyan; Liang, Fei; Hu, Zhanggui; Lin, Zheshuai; Wu, Yicheng (30 November 2022). "K 3 C 6 N 7 O 3 ·2H 2 O: A Multifunctional Nonlinear Optical Cyamelurate Crystal with Colossal π-Conjugated Orbitals". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14 (47): 53074–53080. doi:10.1021/acsami.2c15835. PMID 36379003. Bibcode: 2022AAMI...1453074Z. 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Wang, Ping; Huang, Qiya; Meng, Xiaoli; Liu, Lehui; Wu, Qi; Liu, Hongming (2026). "Truss bridge-like anhydrous stacking in hybrid crystals triggers ultra-high stability and robust birefringence" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 13 (7): 2843–2853. doi:10.1039/D5QI02396C. ISSN 2052-1553. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D5QI02396C. 
  83. ↑ Cen, Zhenkai; Li, Zunyu; Peng, Guang; Han, Dandan; Gong, Junbo (January 2026). "Hydrogen-Bond-Driven Metal-Free Crystal (C 6 H 7 N 2 O)(NH 2 SO 3 ) with Giant Birefringence and Solar-Blind Ultraviolet Transmission" (in en). Advanced Optical Materials 14 (3). doi:10.1002/adom.202503213. ISSN 2195-1071. https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adom.202503213. 
  84. ↑ Yang, Kun; Bai, Zhiyong; Huang, Weiqi; Qi, Ji; Xie, Kaijie; Li, Yanqiang; Zhao, Sangen; Luo, Junhua et al. (2026-02-14). "An UV Transparent Metal-Free Sulfate With Giant Birefringence Enabled by Optimal Structural Anisotropy" (in en). Laser & Photonics Reviews. doi:10.1002/lpor.202503228. ISSN 1863-8880. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lpor.202503228. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Yao, Li-Jia; Hu, Chun-Li; Fang, Zhi; Mao, Jiang-Gao (November 2022). "Hg2P2S6: A layered mercury hexathiodiphosphate (IV) with large birefringence" (in en). Journal of Solid State Chemistry 315. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123433. Bibcode: 2022JSSCh.31523433Y. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022459622005588. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Li, Jia-Jia; Xu, Miao-Bin; Wang, Ming-Chang; Lin, Zhi; Lin, Yuan; Hu, Yun-Xia; Lian, Jia-Min; Chen, Jin et al. (2025-08-20). "Breaking the Birefringence Barrier in B–O Crystals via B–C π-scaffolding" (in en). Journal of the American Chemical Society 147 (33): 29864–29874. doi:10.1021/jacs.5c06328. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 40611523. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.5c06328. 
  87. ↑ Li, Qinghe; Yang, Lilin; Sha, Hongyuan; Yang, Dongling; Wang, Zujian; Yang, Xiaoming; Su, Rongbing; Su, Bin et al. (2026-03-16). "The Achievement of a Strong Second Harmonic Generation Response and a Large Birefringence in Sulfates" (in en). Advanced Functional Materials. doi:10.1002/adfm.74891. ISSN 1616-301X. https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.74891. 
  88. ↑ Li, Yang; Ok, Kang Min (2024-09-16). "Breaking Boundaries: Giant Ultraviolet Birefringence in Dimension-Reduced Zn-Based Crystals" (in de). Angewandte Chemie 136 (38). doi:10.1002/ange.202409336. ISSN 0044-8249. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ange.202409336. 
  89. ↑ Huang, Chunmei; Pang, Xuan; Li, Fuming; Cao, Shumei; Pan, Shilie; Mutailipu, Miriding (2026-01-04). "Confinement-assembled ultraviolet nonlinear optical crystal from pyridine-expanded π-systems with exhibiting strong SHG and birefringence" (in en). Science China Chemistry 69 (5): 2316–2321. doi:10.1007/s11426-025-2995-2. ISSN 1674-7291. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11426-025-2995-2. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 Xu, Miao-Bin; Hu, Yun-Xia; Wang, Ming-Chang; Li, Jia-Jia; Lian, Jia-Min; Chen, Jin; Du, Ke-Zhao (March 2026). "Halogen-Bond Coupled Halogenated-π-Conjugation Enables Giant Birefringence in Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks" (in en). Advanced Science 13 (17). doi:10.1002/advs.202600006. ISSN 2198-3844. PMID 41532668. Bibcode: 2026AdvSc..1300006X. 
  91. ↑ Lv, Yi-Lei; Tang, Ru-Ling; Ma, Liang; Chen, Cheng; Liu, Wenlong; Guo, Sheng-Ping (September 2025). "Controlling d 10 Metal in Phenylthiourea-Based Hybrid Metal Halides to Actualize Dimensional Transformation and Significantly Improve the Birefringence" (in en). Advanced Optical Materials 13 (27). doi:10.1002/adom.202501839. ISSN 2195-1071. https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adom.202501839. 
  92. ↑ Xu, Qianting; Wang, Ziyi; Zhou, Yang; Huang, Weiqi; Song, Yipeng; Zheng, Jieyu; Li, Yanqiang; Hou, Linxi et al. (March 2025). "A Highly Optical Anisotropic Hybrid Metal Halide for Modulation and Generation of Polarized Light" (in en). Advanced Functional Materials 35 (12). doi:10.1002/adfm.202417431. ISSN 1616-301X. Bibcode: 2025AdvFM..3517431X. https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.202417431. 
  93. ↑ Zhang, Wenjing; Cui, Yumeng; Li, Siyu; Zhang, Bingbing; Wang, Ying (2026). "Synergism of [C 2 N 4 H 7 S cations and anionic modulators: tailoring second-order nonlinear optics and birefringence in organic–inorganic crystals"] (in en). Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 13 (5): 1877–1884. doi:10.1039/D5QI02445E. ISSN 2052-1553. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D5QI02445E. 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 Tang, Ru-Ling; Miao, Bing-Wei; Zhu, Guo-Ren; Liu, Wenlong; Guo, Sheng-Ping (December 2025). "Exceptional Enhancement of Optical Anisotropy Achieved via the Strategy of Combining Rigid Groups with High Symmetry and π-Conjugated Organic Groups in Hybrid Fluorides" (in en). Advanced Science 12 (48). doi:10.1002/advs.202515170. ISSN 2198-3844. PMID 41051281. Bibcode: 2025AdvSc..1215170T. 
  95. ↑ Shen, Yaoguo; Chen, Zixiang; Dong, Guofa; Luo, Junhua (2023-09-06). "C 14 H 10 BrNO 2: A Birefringent Crystal with an Expanded π-Conjugated Group" (in en). Crystal Growth & Design 23 (9): 6233–6237. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00368. ISSN 1528-7483. Bibcode: 2023CrGrD..23.6233S. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00368. 
  96. ↑ Zhang, Xiaodong; Cao, Dongxu; Yang, Daqing; Wang, Ying; Wu, Kui; Lee, Ming-Hsien; Zhang, Bingbing (2022-04-04). "Finding the First Squarates Nonlinear Optical Crystal NaHC 4 O 4 ·H 2 O with Strong Second Harmonic Generation and Giant Birefringence" (in en). ACS Materials Letters 4 (4): 572–576. doi:10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00114. ISSN 2639-4979. Bibcode: 2022ACSML...4..572Z. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00114. 
  97. ↑ Zhou, Jie; Li, Yanqiang; Qi, Ji; Huang, Weiqi; Zhu, Liangmeng; Bai, Zhiyong; Zhou, Yang; Luo, Junhua et al. (2026-03-26). "Rigid-Flexible Coupling Units Enable Robust Large Birefringence" (in en). Advanced Science. doi:10.1002/advs.74948. ISSN 2198-3844. PMID 41884968. 
  98. ↑ Huang, Yi; Zhang, Yong; Chu, Dongdong; Yang, Zhihua; Li, Guangmao; Pan, Shilie (2023-06-13). "HgB 2 S 4: A d 10 Metal Thioborate with Giant Birefringence and Wide Band Gap" (in en). Chemistry of Materials 35 (11): 4556–4563. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00937. ISSN 0897-4756. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00937. 
  99. ↑ Li, Yanqiang; Wu, Qingchen; Lin, Zheshuai; Liu, Youchao; Zhou, Yang; Chen, Xin; Li, Minjuan; Hong, Maochun et al. (April 2022). "Maximizing the linear and nonlinear optical responses of alkaline tricyanomelaminate" (in en). Fundamental Research 3 (6): 974–978. doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2022.04.009. PMID 38932999. 
  100. ↑ Duan, Meng-Fan; Mao, Jiang-Gao; Yang, Bing-Ping (2026). "Pyrazinamide–IBr: an organic–inorganic hybrid crystal exhibiting giant optical anisotropy" (in en). Dalton Transactions 55 (15): 6002–6007. doi:10.1039/D6DT00414H. ISSN 1477-9226. PMID 41906992. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D6DT00414H. 
  101. ↑ Wu, Tianhui; Jiang, Xingxing; Duanmu, Kaining; Wu, Chao; Lin, Zheshuai; Huang, Zhipeng; Humphrey, Mark G.; Zhang, Chi (March 2024). "Giant Optical Anisotropy in a Covalent Molybdenum Tellurite via Oxyanion Polymerization" (in en). Advanced Science 11 (12). doi:10.1002/advs.202306670. ISSN 2198-3844. PMID 38288532. Bibcode: 2024AdvSc..1106670W. 
  102. ↑ Yan, Jingdong; Kong, Xiangran; Cheng, Shichao; Liu, Tao; Leng, Hongwei; Shang, Yunfei; Lei, Zuotao; Yang, Chunhui (2025). "Stereochemically active lone pair-induced large optical anisotropy in a novel infrared birefringent crystal Ba 2 La 2 Sb 4 S 10 (S 2 )" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 12 (23): 7706–7715. doi:10.1039/D5QI01364J. ISSN 2052-1553. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D5QI01364J. 
  103. ↑ Li, Peng-Fei; Hu, Chun-Li; Li, Ya-Feng; Mao, Jiang-Gao; Kong, Fang (2024-03-20). "Hg 4 (Te 2 O 5 )(SO 4 ): A Giant Birefringent Sulfate Crystal Triggered by a Highly Selective Cation" (in en). Journal of the American Chemical Society 146 (11): 7868–7874. doi:10.1021/jacs.4c01740. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 38457655. Bibcode: 2024JAChS.146.7868L. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.4c01740. 
  104. ↑ Li, Yanqiang; Zhang, Xu; Zhou, Yang; Huang, Weiqi; Song, Yipeng; Wang, Han; Li, Minjuan; Hong, Maochun et al. (2022-09-19). "An Optically Anisotropic Crystal with Large Birefringence Arising from Cooperative π Orbitals" (in en). Angewandte Chemie 134 (38). doi:10.1002/ange.202208811. ISSN 0044-8249. Bibcode: 2022AngCh.13408811L. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ange.202208811. 
  105. ↑ Zhang, Bo; Huang, Wei-Qi; Zhang, Jia-Xiang; Wu, Xin-Tao; Lin, Hua; Zhu, Qi-Long (2025-08-11). "[TeSeS 2 2−: The First Heterotriple-Chalcogenide Motifs Decode Giant Mid-Far Infrared Birefringence"] (in en). Angewandte Chemie 137 (33). doi:10.1002/ange.202508555. ISSN 0044-8249. Bibcode: 2025AngCh.13708555Z. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ange.202508555. 
  106. ↑ Chen, Zixiang; Wu, Qiong; Hong, Jinquan; Dong, Guofa; Ma, Liang (2024). "C 8 H 6 IN 3 O 4: a birefringent crystal induced by uniformly aligned hybrid groups" (in en). Journal of Materials Chemistry C 12 (16): 5696–5700. doi:10.1039/D3TC04666D. ISSN 2050-7526. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D3TC04666D. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 Arif, Muhammad; Liu, Xu; Jia, Hangwei; Yang, Zhihua; Hou, Xueling; Pan, Shilie (April 2026). "Achieving Ultra-High Optical Anisotropy via Structural Regulation and Coplanar Engineering of Extended π-Conjugated [H 2–x C 3 N 3 S 3 (x = 1, 2) Groups"] (in en). Advanced Functional Materials 36 (30). doi:10.1002/adfm.202526914. ISSN 1616-301X. Bibcode: 2026AdvFM..3626914A. https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.202526914. 
  108. ↑ Sujith, C.P.; Joseph, Saji; Mathew, Thomas; Mathew, Vincent (August 2022). "Exploring the electronic and optical anisotropy of quasi-one-dimensional ternary chalcogenide CrSbSe3: a DFT study" (in en). Solid State Sciences 130. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2022.106926. Bibcode: 2022SSSci.13006926S. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1293255822001212. 
  109. ↑ Yang, Yi-Chang; Wang, Rui-Xi; Liu, Xin; Guo, Jingyu; Wu, Li-Ming; Chen, Ling (2026-03-01). "Crystal Engineering Breakthrough: van der Waals Volume-Dense Formamidinium Units Enable Record Δ n in Hydrogen-Bonded Squarates" (in en). CCS Chemistry 8 (3): 1350–1359. doi:10.31635/ccschem.025.202505981. ISSN 2096-5745. 
  110. ↑ Guo, Zhengfeng; Gu, Honggang; Fang, Mingsheng; Song, Baokun; Wang, Wei; Chen, Xiuguo; Zhang, Chuanwei; Jiang, Hao et al. (2021-05-03). "Complete Dielectric Tensor and Giant Optical Anisotropy in Quasi-One-Dimensional ZrTe 5" (in en). ACS Materials Letters 3 (5): 525–534. doi:10.1021/acsmaterialslett.1c00026. ISSN 2639-4979. Bibcode: 2021ACSML...3..525G. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.1c00026. 
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 111.2 111.3 Chen, Chong-An; Li, Yang; Huang, Hongbo; Jin, Congcong; Zhang, Bingbing; Ok, Kang Min (July 2025). "Giant Birefringence Enabled by the Highly Anisotropic Linear IX 2 − (X = Cl, Br) Building Blocks" (in en). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 64 (27). doi:10.1002/anie.202506625. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 40240280. Bibcode: 2025ACIE...64E6625C. 
  112. ↑ Yin, Jian-Ping; Guo, Jingyu; Huo, Hao; Liu, Xin; Cheng, Xue-Jie; Lin, Zheshuai; Wu, Li-Ming; Chen, Ling (2025-01-27). "Enhanced Coplanarity and Giant Birefringence in Hydroxypyridinium Nitrate via Hydrogen Bonding between Planar Donors and Planar Acceptors" (in en). Angewandte Chemie 137 (5). doi:10.1002/ange.202417579. ISSN 0044-8249. Bibcode: 2025AngCh.137E7579Y. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ange.202417579. 
  113. ↑ Li, Yang; Lee, Jihyun; Ok, Kang Min (2025-05-19). "Designed Metal-Free Quasi-1D Crystals with Giant Birefringence" (in en). Chemistry – A European Journal 31 (28). doi:10.1002/chem.202500849. ISSN 0947-6539. PMID 40192468. 
  114. ↑ Li, Yanqiang; Zhang, Xu; Zheng, Jieyu; Zhou, Yang; Huang, Weiqi; Song, Yipeng; Wang, Han; Song, Xianyu et al. (2023-09-25). "A Hydrogen Bonded Supramolecular Framework Birefringent Crystal" (in en). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 62 (39). doi:10.1002/anie.202304498. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 37161839. Bibcode: 2023ACIE...62E4498L. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202304498. 
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 Dou, Danyang; Zhang, Bingbing; Yang, Daqing; Wang, Ying (2024). "Large second harmonic generation and birefringence from extended octupolar π-conjugated structures" (in en). Chemical Science 15 (46): 19496–19503. doi:10.1039/D4SC05756B. ISSN 2041-6520. PMID 39568907. 
  116. ↑ Guo, Peng-Hui; Zhang, Xia; Guo, Yao; Zhang, Nan; Chen, Yi-Gang; Jiang, Xingxing; Lin, Zheshuai; Zhang, Xian-Ming (2025-08-04). "Giant Birefringence and Solar-Blind Ultraviolet Transmission by Coordination-Induced Assembly of π-Conjugated Pyridine–Carboxylate" (in en). Angewandte Chemie 137 (32). doi:10.1002/ange.202508997. ISSN 0044-8249. Bibcode: 2025AngCh.13708997G. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ange.202508997. 
  117. ↑ Wei, Ruqing; Huang, Hongbo; Yang, Daqing; Wang, Ying; Zhang, Bingbing (December 2024). "C 6 N 7 (NH 2 ) 3 ·H 3 PO 4: Strong Second Harmonic Generation and Giant Birefringence Benefiting from Amino Substitution Strategy" (in en). Advanced Optical Materials 12 (35). doi:10.1002/adom.202401814. ISSN 2195-1071. https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adom.202401814. 
  118. ↑ Qiu, Lin; Li, Xing-Yu; Miao, Bing-Wei; Yu, Hongjian; Liu, Wenlong; Sun, Yuanyuan; Tang, Ru-Ling (2026-04-13). "Overcoming the Bandgap-Birefringence Trade-Off: Proton-Transfer Engineering of High-Performance Ultraviolet-Transparent Organic Crystal" (in en). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 65 (16). doi:10.1002/anie.202524424. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 41778467. Bibcode: 2026AngCh..6524424Q. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202524424. 
  119. ↑ Huang, Weiqi; Ahmed, Belal; Song, Yipeng; Chen, Xu; Zhou, Yang; Xu, Qianting; Wang, Kunpeng; Li, Yanqiang et al. (May 2025). "Achieving high symmetry and significant optical anisotropy in a hybrid metal halide" (in en). Newton 1 (3). doi:10.1016/j.newton.2025.100094. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2950636025000866. 
  120. ↑ Sun, Mengran; Yao, Jiyong (2022). "Ba 2 HgTe 5: a Hg-based telluride with giant birefringence induced by linear [HgTe 2 units"] (in en). Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 9 (19): 5024–5031. doi:10.1039/D2QI01387H. ISSN 2052-1553. http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D2QI01387H. 
  121. ↑ Shi, Yong-Fang; Zhou, Sheng-Hua; Liu, Peng-Fei; Wu, Xin-Tao; Lin, Hua; Zhu, Qi-Long (2023). "A unique [Sb 6 O 2 S 13 12− finite chain in oxychalcogenide Ba 6 Sb 6 O 2 S 13 leading to ultra-low thermal conductivity and giant birefringence"] (in en). Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 10 (15): 4425–4434. doi:10.1039/D3QI00850A. ISSN 2052-1553. http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D3QI00850A. 
  122. ↑ Guo, Jingyu; Tudi, Abudukadi; Han, Shujuan; Yang, Zhihua; Pan, Shilie (2021-11-15). "Sn 2 PO 4 I: An Excellent Birefringent Material with Giant Optical Anisotropy in Non π-Conjugated Phosphate" (in en). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 60 (47): 24901–24904. doi:10.1002/anie.202111604. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 34523205. Bibcode: 2021ACIE...6024901G. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202111604. 
  123. ↑ Chen, Qian-Qian; Hu, Chun-Li; Zhang, Ming-Zhi; Mao, Jiang-Gao (2023). "(C 5 H 6.16 N 2 Cl 0.84 )(IO 2 Cl 2 ): a birefringent crystal featuring unprecedented (IO 2 Cl 2 ) − anions and π-conjugated organic cations" (in en). Chemical Science 14 (48): 14302–14307. doi:10.1039/D3SC05770D. ISSN 2041-6520. PMID 38098716. 
  124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 124.2 Zhao, Jing-Jing; Li, Shu-Fang; Chen, Jin; Huang, Hongbo; Zhang, Bingbing; Yan, Dong (February 2026). "Cationic-Dual-Modulated Linear and V-Shaped Birefringent-Active Unit Generates Remarkable Birefringence" (in en). Advanced Optical Materials 14 (5). doi:10.1002/adom.202503184. ISSN 2195-1071. https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adom.202503184. 
  125. ↑ Segura, A.; Artús, L.; Cuscó, R.; Taniguchi, T.; Cassabois, G.; Gil, B. (6 February 2018). "Natural optical anisotropy of h-BN: Highest giant birefringence in a bulk crystal through the mid-infrared to ultraviolet range". Physical Review Materials 2 (2). doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.024001. Bibcode: 2018PhRvM...2b4001S. 
  126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 Mathew, Thomas; Rahul K, Suseel; Joseph, Saji; Mathew, Vincent (May 2021). "Density functional study of structural, electronic and optical properties of quasi-one-dimensional compounds BaTiX 3 ( X = S , Se )" (in en). Superlattices and Microstructures 153. doi:10.1016/j.spmi.2021.106859. Bibcode: 2021SuMi..15306859M. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749603621000574. 
  127. ↑ Li, Siyu; Zhang, Yakun; Sun, Dongxue; Gao, Baoli; Zhang, Bingbing; Yang, Daqing; Wang, Ying (October 2025). "Low-Dimensional Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Metal Halide with Large Optical Anisotropy" (in en). Advanced Optical Materials 13 (28). doi:10.1002/adom.202501501. ISSN 2195-1071. https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adom.202501501. 
  128. ↑ Chen, Chong-An; Li, Yang; Jin, Congcong; Ok, Kang Min (2025-07-30). "CsICl 2: A Record-Birefringent Inorganic Crystal with Ultrawide Infrared Transparency Enabled by Linear Interhalogen ICl 2 – Units" (in en). Journal of the American Chemical Society 147 (30): 26133–26138. doi:10.1021/jacs.5c10200. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 40690329. Bibcode: 2025JAChS.14726133C. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.5c10200. 
  129. ↑ Niu, Shanyuan; Joe, Graham; Zhao, Huan; Zhou, Yucheng; Orvis, Thomas; Huyan, Huaixun; Salman, Jad; Mahalingam, Krishnamurthy et al. (July 2018). "Giant optical anisotropy in a quasi-one-dimensional crystal" (in en). Nature Photonics 12 (7): 392–396. doi:10.1038/s41566-018-0189-1. ISSN 1749-4885. Bibcode: 2018NaPho..12..392N. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-018-0189-1. 
  130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 Sun, Yayong; Sha, Hongyuan; Li, Yanqiang; Yan, Yayu; Huang, Weiqi; Ouyang, Tao; Qin, Liyang; Zhang, Siwen et al. (November 2025). "Giant Birefringence Induced by Intermolecular Aromatic Interactions in Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks" (in en). Advanced Materials 37 (47). doi:10.1002/adma.202509171. ISSN 0935-9648. PMID 40878547. https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202509171. 
  131. ↑ Chen, Jin; Xu, Miao-Bin; Wu, Huai-Yu; Wu, Jun-Yan; Du, Ke-Zhao (2024-10-24). "Halogen Bond Unlocks Ultra-High Birefringence" (in en). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 63 (44). doi:10.1002/anie.202411503. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 38985723. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202411503. 
  132. ↑ Zhang, Pu; Dong, Xuehua; Huang, Ling; Lin, Zhien; Zhou, Yuqiao; Zou, Guohong (2025-05-19). "Double Sb-N Coordination Enables Record-High Birefringence in UV-Transparent Crystals" (in en). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 64 (21). doi:10.1002/anie.202424756. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 40062869. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202424756. 
  133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 Li, Ruo-Nan; Wu, Zhen-Cheng; Yao, Wen-Dong; Fu, Yi-Fan; Zhang, Yu-Mei; Liu, Wenlong; Wu, Jiajing; Guo, Sheng-Ping (March 2026). "Hybrid Zinc‒Based Halides with Giant Optical Anisotropy via Protonation‒Engineered π ‒Conjugated Organic Group" (in en). Advanced Functional Materials 36 (26). doi:10.1002/adfm.202525860. ISSN 1616-301X. Bibcode: 2026AdvFM..3625860L. https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.202525860. 
  134. ↑ Jin, Congcong; Li, Yang; Chen, Chong-An; Lee, Jihyun; Ko, Chanhee; Lee, Sooyeon; Ok, Kang Min (2025-10-29). "Sulfonated Module Aggregation for Ultrahigh Birefringence in Aqueous-Processable Crystals" (in en). Journal of the American Chemical Society 147 (43): 39964–39973. doi:10.1021/jacs.5c15741. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 41086094. Bibcode: 2025JAChS.14739964J. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.5c15741. 
  135. ↑ 135.0 135.1 135.2 Han, Mingye; Huang, Hongbo; Li, Siyu; Xiao, Yan; Zhang, Bingbing; Wang, Ying (2025). "Exploring ultra-high optical anisotropy in polyiodides" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 12 (23): 7581–7589. doi:10.1039/D5QI01440A. ISSN 2052-1553. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D5QI01440A. 
  136. ↑ Li, Yanqiang; Song, Xianyu; Chen, Bin; Song, Yipeng; Huang, Weiqi; Luo, Junhua; Zhao, Sangen (August 2025). "A transparent crystal with giant birefringence arising from π-electron anisotropy" (in en). Materials Today 87: 29–35. doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2025.04.008. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S136970212500166X. 
  137. ↑ Zhang, Pu; Dong, Xuehua; Huang, Ling; Lin, Zhien; Zhou, Yuqiao; Zou, Guohong (September 2025). "Dual-Sided Multidentate Coordination Strategy Enables Record Birefringence in UV-Transparent Antimony-Based Hybrid Crystals" (in en). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 64 (36). doi:10.1002/anie.202513511. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 40637601. Bibcode: 2025ACIE...6413511Z. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202513511. 
  138. ↑ Li, Yanqiang; Song, Xianyu; Chen, Bin; Song, Yipeng; Huang, Weiqi; Luo, Junhua; Zhao, Sangen (August 2025). "A transparent crystal with giant birefringence arising from π-electron anisotropy" (in en). Materials Today 87: 29–35. doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2025.04.008. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S136970212500166X. 
  139. ↑ Ren, Qixian; Cui, Chen; Chen, Xinchen; Wu, Yabo; An, Ran; Yang, Zhihua; Pan, Shilie (2026-01-06). "[Hg3Se22- cluster drives giant optical anisotropy and broad infrared transparency"] (in en). Nature Communications 17 (1). doi:10.1038/s41467-025-66148-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 41495024. 
  140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 Lu, Jiachen; Li, Yang; Ok, Kang Min (2025-09-24). "Five-Membered [C 5 O 5 2 – Rings as Birefringence-Active Genes for Ultrabirefringent Crystals"] (in en). Journal of the American Chemical Society 147 (38): 35081–35089. doi:10.1021/jacs.5c12128. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 40954963. Bibcode: 2025JAChS.14735081L. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.5c12128. 
  141. ↑ John, Jimmy; Slassi, Amine; Sun, Jianing; Sun, Yifei; Bachelet, Romain; Pénuelas, José; Saint-Girons, Guillaume; Orobtchouk, Régis et al. (2022-08-23). "Tunable optical anisotropy in epitaxial phase-change VO 2 thin films" (in en). Nanophotonics 11 (17): 3913–3922. doi:10.1515/nanoph-2022-0153. ISSN 2192-8614. PMID 39635168. Bibcode: 2022Nanop..11..153J. 
  142. ↑ Liu, Yi-Chen; Zhang, Ming-Zhi; Hu, Chun-Li; Mao, Jiang-Gao (2026). "[ICl 4 −: A large anisotropic planar anion group produces giant birefringence"] (in en). Chemical Communications 62 (28): 7394–7398. doi:10.1039/D6CC00713A. ISSN 1359-7345. PMID 41885499. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D6CC00713A. 
  143. ↑ Zhang, Ming-Zhi; Zhao, Yue; Hu, Chun-Li; Mao, Jiang-Gao (2025). "BaSbBS 4: a record-high-performance birefringent crystal identified by a target-driven closed-loop strategy" (in en). Chemical Science 16 (27): 12577–12586. doi:10.1039/D5SC01983D. ISSN 2041-6520. PMID 40510313. 
  144. ↑ Xie, Kaijie; Bai, Zhiyong; Huang, Weiqi; Qi, Ji; Lin, Tingjuan; Zeeshan, Muhammad; Li, Yanqiang; Zhou, Yang et al. (2026-03-02). "Unveiling the Superior Birefringence Property of a Record-Birefringent Crystal with Unique Building Block" (in en). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 65 (10). doi:10.1002/anie.202524729. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 41589886. Bibcode: 2026ACIE...6524729X. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202524729. 
  145. ↑ Dou, Danyang; Wei, Chao; Zhang, Bingbing; Yang, Daqing; Wang, Ying (2025-05-26). "Ultra-High Optical Anisotropy with UV Transmission Achieved by Rational Arrangement of Extended π-Conjugated Groups" (in en). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 64 (22). doi:10.1002/anie.202504761. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 40133208. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202504761. 
  146. ↑ Munkhbat, Battulga; Wróbel, Piotr; Antosiewicz, Tomasz J.; Shegai, Timur O. (2022-07-20). "Optical Constants of Several Multilayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Measured by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry in the 300–1700 nm Range: High Index, Anisotropy, and Hyperbolicity" (in en). ACS Photonics 9 (7): 2398–2407. doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00433. ISSN 2330-4022. PMID 35880067. Bibcode: 2022ACSP....9.2398M. 
  147. ↑ Deng, Nan; Long, Hua; Wang, Kun; Han, Xiaobo; Wang, Bing; Wang, Kai; Lu, Peixiang (2022-08-20). "Giant optical anisotropy of WS 2 flakes in the visible region characterized by Au substrate assisted near-field optical microscopy". Nanotechnology 33 (34): 345201. doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ac6c96. ISSN 0957-4484. PMID 35508119. Bibcode: 2022Nanot..33H5201D. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6528/ac6c96. 
  148. ↑ Zhou, Yang; Guo, Zhengfeng; Gu, Honggang; Li, Yanqiang; Song, Yipeng; Liu, Shiyuan; Hong, Maochun; Zhao, Sangen et al. (September 2024). "A solution-processable natural crystal with giant optical anisotropy for efficient manipulation of light polarization" (in en). Nature Photonics 18 (9): 922–927. doi:10.1038/s41566-024-01461-8. ISSN 1749-4885. Bibcode: 2024NaPho..18..922Z. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01461-8. 

Extra reading



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Physics:Giant_birefringence&oldid=4370156"