Physics:High-resolution audio

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Short description: Audio exceeding CD capability


High-resolution audio (high-definition audio or HD audio) is a term for audio files with greater than 44.1 kHz sample rate or higher than 16-bit audio bit depth. It commonly refers to 96 or 192 kHz sample rates. However, 44.1 kHz/24-bit, 48 kHz/24-bit and 88.2 kHz/24-bit recordings also exist that are labeled HD Audio.

Research into high-resolution audio began in the late 1980s and high-resolution audio content started to become available on the consumer market in 1996.[1]

Definitions

Approximate dynamic range and bandwidths of some high-resolution audio formats

High-resolution audio is generally used to refer to music files that have a higher sampling frequency and/or bit depth than that of Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA), which operates at 44.1 kHz/16-bit.[2]

The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), in cooperation with the Consumer Electronics Association, DEG: The Digital Entertainment Group, and The Recording Academy Producers & Engineers Wing, formulated the following definition of high-resolution audio in June 2014: "lossless audio capable of reproducing the full spectrum of sound from recordings which have been mastered from better than CD quality (48 kHz/20-bit or higher) music sources which represent what the artists, producers and engineers originally intended."[3] Previously, the Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JEITA) in March 2014 and the Japan Audio Society (JAS) in June 2014 published definitions, requiring at least 96 kHz/24-bit with the inclusion that a “Listening evaluation process is required by each applicant.”[4]

File formats capable of storing high-resolution audio include FLAC, ALAC, WAV, AIFF, MQA and DSD (the format used by SACD).[5]

History

Super Audio CD
DVD-Audio

One of the first attempts to market high-resolution audio was High Definition Compatible Digital in 1995, an encoding/decoding technique using standard CD audio.[6] This was followed by two more optical disc formats claiming sonic superiority over CD-DA: SACD in 1999, and DVD-Audio in 2000. These formats offer additional benefits such as multi-channel surround sound. Following a format war, none of these achieved widespread adoption.[7]

Following the rise in online music retailing at the start of the 21st century, high-resolution audio downloads were introduced by HDtracks starting in 2008.[7][8]

Further attempts to market high-resolution audio on optical disc followed with Pure Audio Blu-ray in 2009, and High Fidelity Pure Audio in 2013.[9] Competition in online high-resolution audio retail stepped-up in 2014 with the announcement of Neil Young's Pono service.[10]

Official logo for products meeting JEITA/JAS's "Hi-Res Audio" specification.

In 2014, the Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JEITA) announced a specification and accompanying "Hi-Res AUDIO" logo for consumer audio products, administered by the Japan Audio Society (JAS). The standard sets minimums of 96 kHz sample rate and 24-bit depth, and for analog processes, 40 kHz.[4] The related "Hi-Res Audio Wireless" standard additionally requires support for the LDAC, LHDC, LC3plus and MQair codecs.[4] Sony reaffirmed its commitment towards the development in the high-resolution audio segment by offering a slew of Hi-Res Audio products.[11][failed verification]

Streaming services

(As of 2021), some music streaming services such as Tidal, Qobuz, Amazon Music, Deezer and Apple Music have options to enable the playback of high-resolution audio files.[12]

Controversy

Whether there is any benefit to high-resolution audio over CD-DA is controversial, with some sources claiming sonic superiority:

  • "The DSD process used for producing SACDs captures more of the nuances from a performance and reproduces them with a clarity and transparency not possible with CD."[13]—The Mariinsky record label of the Mariinsky Ballet (formerly Kirov Ballet), St. Petersburg, Russia , that sells Super Audio CDs (SACDs)
  • "The claimed main-benefit of high-resolution audio files is superior sound quality [...] 24-bit/96 kHz or 24-bit/192 kHz files should, therefore, more closely replicate the sound quality that the musicians and engineers were working with in the studio."—What Hi-Fi?[5]
  • "...music professionals with access to first generation data have widely reported subjectively better sound, and a meta-analysis of previously published listening tests comparing high resolution to CD found a clear, though small, audible difference that significantly increased when the listening tests included standard training (i.e., with experience in listening)."—Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, Volume 67, Issue 5[1]

...and with other opinions ranging from skeptical to highly critical:

  • "If [the music business] cared about sound quality in the first place, they would make all of the releases sound great in every format they sell: MP3, FLAC, CD, iTunes, or LP."—cnet[14]
  • "Impractical overkill that nobody can afford"—Gizmodo[2]
  • "A solution to a problem that doesn't exist, a business model based on willful ignorance and scamming people."—Xiph.org[15]

Business magazine Bloomberg Businessweek suggests that caution is in order with regard to high-resolution audio: "There is reason to be wary, given consumer electronics companies' history of pushing advancements whose main virtue is to require everyone to buy new gadgets."[16]

High-resolution files that are downloaded from niche websites that cater to audiophile listeners often include different mastering in the release – thus many comparisons of CD to these releases are evaluating differences in mastering, rather than bit depth.[17]

Most early papers using blind listening tests concluded that differences are not audible by the sample of listeners taking the test.[18] Blind tests have shown that musicians and composers are unable to distinguish higher resolutions from 16-bit audio at 48 kHz.[19] One 2014 paper showed that dithering using outdated methods[lower-alpha 1] produces audible artifacts in blind listening tests.[20]

Joshua Reiss performed a meta-analysis on 20 of published tests, saying that trained listeners could distinguish between hi-resolution recordings and their CD equivalents under blind conditions.[21] Hiroshi Nittono pointed out that the results in Reiss's paper showed that the ability to distinguish hi resolution audio from CD quality audio "was only slightly better than chance".[22] However for perspective, the same is true of blind tests between lossy compression (mp3 or equivalent) and lossless CD quality audio, which are widely accepted as audibly different but dependent upon the playback equipment and listening skill (training) of the participants.[23]

Some technical explanations for sonic superiority cite the improved time domain impulse response of the anti-aliasing filter allowed by higher sample rates. This reduces the energy spread in time from transient signals such as plucking a string or striking a cymbal. [24][25]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Rectangular unshaped dither, rather than the industry-standard triangular or shaped dither.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Melchior, Vicki R. (2019-05-03). "High Resolution Audio: A History and Perspective". Journal of the Audio Engineering Society (J. Audio Eng. Soc.) 67 (5): 246–257. doi:10.17743/jaes.2018.0056. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Aguilar, Mario (June 2013). "What Is High-Resolution Audio?". Gizmodo. Gawker Media. https://gizmodo.com/what-is-high-resolution-audio-1252637824. "High-resolution audio is a new industry marketing term" 
  3. ↑ "High Resolution Audio Initiative Gets Major Boost with New "Hi-Res MUSIC" Logo and Branding Materials for Digital Retailers". 2015-06-23. https://www.riaa.com/high-resolution-audio-initiative-gets-major-boost-with-new-hi-res-music-logo-and-branding-materials-for-digital-retailers/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Japan Audio Society - Hi-Res Audio Logo". https://www.jas-audio.or.jp/english/hi-res-logo-en. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "High-resolution audio: everything you need to know". What Hi-Fi?. Haymarket Publishing. http://www.whathifi.com/news/high-resolution-audio-everything-you-need-to-know. 
  6. ↑ "Home Technology eMagazine - Classic Home Toys Installment #19 The Final CD Format: HDCD". HomeToys. http://hometoys.com/emagazine.php?url=/ezine/08.12/russo/index.htm. "HDCD is capable of higher quality sound reproduction because HDCD encodes the equivalent of 20 bits worth of data" 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Definition of:high-resolution audio". PCMag. Ziff Davis. https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/57530/high-resolution-audio. "HDtracks (http://www.hdtracks.com) pioneered high-resolution audio via download" 
  8. ↑ Lander, David (2014-10-21). "Norman Chesky of HDtracks and Chesky Records". https://www.stereophile.com/content/norman-chesky-hdtracks-and-chesky-records. 
  9. ↑ "Universal Music bets on consumer longing for quality with hi-fi Pure Audio". DVD & Beyond. Globalcom Limited. http://www.dvd-and-beyond.com/display-article.php?article=1935. 
  10. ↑ O'Malley Greenburg, Zack. "How Neil Young's Pono Music Raised $2 Million in Two Days". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2014/03/13/how-neil-youngs-pono-music-raised-2-million-in-two-days/. "He’ll have some competition. Already, services like HDtracks.com have seen triple-digit growth in downloads of top-notch digital files" 
  11. ↑ "Archived copy". https://discoverhiresaudio.com/#productsNav. 
  12. ↑ Cohen, Simon (2021-05-18). "What is hi-res audio and how can you experience it right now?". digitaltrends. https://www.digitaltrends.com/music/what-is-high-resolution-audio/. Retrieved 2021-11-13. 
  13. ↑ "What are the benefits of SACD?". Mariinsky Label FAQ (Press release). Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2014. this album is available to buy on SACD
  14. ↑ Guttenberg, Steve. "What's up with Neil Young's Pono high-resolution music system?". c|net. CBS Interactive Inc.. http://news.cnet.com/8301-13645_3-57608168-47/whats-up-with-neil-youngs-pono-high-resolution-music-system/. 
  15. ↑ Christopher "Monty" Montgomery (25 March 2012). "24/192 Music Downloads and why they make no sense". Xiph.Org Foundation. https://people.xiph.org/~xiphmont/demo/neil-young.html. 
  16. ↑ Brustein, Joshua. "Music Snobs, Neil Young Has a Product for You". BLOOMBERG BUSINESSWEEK. BLOOMBERG L.P.. http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-03-17/neil-youngs-ponos-service-and-player-is-for-moneyed-audiophiles. 
  17. ↑ "Nine Inch Nails' "Hesitation Marks" - Audiophile, or AudioFAIL ?". 4 September 2013. http://productionadvice.co.uk/nine-inch-nails/. 
  18. ↑ "Audibility of a CD-Standard A/D/A Loop Inserted into High-Resolution Audio Playback". J. Audio Eng. Soc.. http://drewdaniels.com/audible.pdf. 
  19. ↑ Nicolas Six (21 August 2015). "We tested ... the music in high definition". Le Monde.fr. http://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2015/08/21/on-a-teste-la-musique-en-haute-definition_4711583_4408996.html. 
  20. ↑ Jackson, Helen M.; Capp, Michael D.; Stuart, J. Robert. "The Audibility of Typical Digital Audio Filters in a High-Fidelity Playback System". J. Audio Eng. Soc.. https://secure.aes.org/forum/pubs/conventions/?ID=416. 
  21. ↑ Reiss, Joshua D. (2016-06-27). "A Meta-Analysis of High Resolution Audio Perceptual Evaluation". Journal of the Audio Engineering Society (J. Audio Eng. Soc.) 64 (6): 364–379. doi:10.17743/jaes.2016.0015. 
  22. ↑ Hiroshi Nittono (2020). "High-frequency sound components of high-resolution audio are not detected in auditory sensory memory". Scientific Reports (Nature) 10 (1): 21740. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78889-9. PMID 33303915. Bibcode: 2020NatSR..1021740N. 
  23. ↑ Fischer, Tyler (9 June 2015). "Audio Quality Quiz Results: You Did Slightly Better Than Guessing Randomly". NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2015/06/09/412271433/audio-quality-quiz-results-you-did-slightly-better-than-guessing-randomly. 
  24. ↑ Story, Mike (September 1997). "A Suggested Explanation For (Some Of) The Audible Differences Between High Sample Rate And Conventional Sample Rate Audio Material". dCS Ltd. http://sdg-master.com:80/lesestoff/aes97ny.pdf. 
  25. ↑ Robjohns, Hugh (August 2016). "MQA Time-domain Accuracy & Digital Audio Quality". Sound On Sound. https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/mqa-time-domain-accuracy-digital-audio-quality. 



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