Physics:Intima–media thickness

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Intima–media thickness (IMT), also called intimal medial thickness, is a measurement of the thickness of tunica intima and tunica media, the innermost two layers of the wall of an artery. The measurement is usually made by external ultrasound and occasionally by internal, invasive ultrasound catheters. Measurements of the total wall thickness of blood vessels can also be done using other imaging modalities.

Carotid IMT is used to detect the presence of atherosclerosis in humans and, more contentiously, to track the regression, arrest or progression of atherosclerosis.[1] Ultrasound measurements of carotid IMT were first proposed and validated in vitro by Paolo Pignoli in 1984[2] and further details were subsequently published in a highly cited article.[3] The use of IMT as a non-invasive tool to track changes in arterial walls has increased substantially since the mid-1990s.[1] Although carotid IMT is predictive of future cardiovascular events,[4] the usefulness of measuring change in carotid IMT over time is disputed, as meta-analyses have not found that change in carotid IMT is predictive of cardiovascular events.[5][6] As such, the use of change in carotid IMT as a surrogate endpoint measure of drug efficacy in clinical trials, or in clinical management of cardiovascular disease, is debated.[5]

Carotid IMT is occasionally used in clinical practice, but its role is not clear.[7] After systematically reviewing the evidence base, the United States Preventive Services Task Force found no support for its routine use in stratification of risk for people at intermediate cardiovascular risk.[8] However, in 2003 the European Society of Hypertension–European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension[9] recommended the use of carotid IMT measurements in high-risk patients to help identify target organ damage and in 2010 the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology advocated the use of carotid IMT on intermediate risk patients if usual risk classification was not satisfactory.[10]

Measurement of IMT

IMT can be measured using external ultrasound in large arteries relatively close to the skin (e.g. the carotid, brachial, radial, or femoral arteries). External ultrasound methods have the advantage of being non-invasive, comparatively low cost and convenient. Deeper internal arteries, such as the coronary arteries require special intravascular catheters employing ultrasound or optical coherence tomography to measure IMT.[11]

The carotid artery is the usual site of measurement of IMT and consensus statements for carotid IMT have been published for adults[12] and children.[13] Often, carotid IMT is measured in three locations: in the common carotid artery (typically at one cm proximal to the flow divider), at the bifurcation, and in the internal carotid artery.[14][15] IMT measurements of the far (deeper) wall, by ultrasound, are generally considered more reliable than measurements performed on the near (more superficial) wall;[14] although measurement of both near and far wall IMT has also been advocated.[16]

Carotid IMT has been used in many epidemiological and clinical studies and these have shown associations with several risk factors, including type 2 diabetes,[17] familial hypercholesterolemia,[18] high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides,[19] rheumatoid arthritis,[20] non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,[21] and air pollution.[22] Since the 1990s, some clinical trials of lifestyle and pharmaceutical interventions have also used carotid artery IMT as a surrogate endpoint for evaluating the regression and/or progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease;[23] however the appropriateness of carotid IMT in this context is uncertain.[24] Although carotid intima–media thickness is strongly associated with atherosclerosis, thickening of the intima–media may not always be due to atherosclerosis. Intima–medial thickening is a complex process, depending on a variety of factors, including blood pressure,[25] local hemodynamics,[25] shear stress[25] and circumferential tensile stress.[25] Variations in IMT between different locations (e.g. the common carotid artery, the carotid bulb and the internal carotid artery) may reflect differences in local hemodynamic forces.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 de Groot, Eric; van Leuven, Sander I; Duivenvoorden, Raphaël; Meuwese, Marijn C; Akdim, Fatima; Bots, Michiel L; Kastelein, John JP (2008). "Measurement of carotid intima–media thickness to assess progression and regression of atherosclerosis". Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 5 (5): 280–288. doi:10.1038/ncpcardio1163. ISSN 1743-4297. PMID 18332891. 
  2. ↑ Pignoli P (1984). "Ultrasound B-mode imaging for arterial wall thickness measurement". Atherosclerosis Reviews 12: 177–184. 
  3. ↑ "Intima plus media thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging". Circulation 74 (6): 1399–1495. 1986. doi:10.1161/01.cir.74.6.1399. PMID 3536154. 
  4. ↑ "Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima–media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Circulation 115 (4): 459–67. January 2007. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628875. PMID 17242284. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Does carotid intima–media thickness regression predict reduction of cardiovascular events? A meta-analysis of 41 randomized trials". J Am Coll Cardiol 56 (24): 2006–20. December 2010. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.059. PMID 21126642. 
  6. ↑ Lorenz MW, Polak JF, Kavousi M, Mathiesen EB, Völzke H, Tuomainen TP, Sander D, Plichart M, Catapano AL, Robertson CM, Kiechl S, Rundek T, Desvarieux M, Lind L, Schmid C, Dasmahapatra P, Gao L, Ziegelbauer K, Bots ML, Thompson SG; on behalf of the PROG-IMT Study Group. (April 2012). "Carotid intima–media thickness progression to predict cardiovascular events in the general population (the PROG-IMT collaborative project): a meta-analysis of individual participant data.". Lancet 379 (9831): 2053–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60441-3. PMID 22541275. 
  7. ↑ Naqvi, Tasneem Z.; Lee, Ming-Sum (2014). "Carotid Intima–Media Thickness and Plaque in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment". JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 7 (10): 1025–1038. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.11.014. ISSN 1936-878X. PMID 25051948. 
  8. ↑ "Emerging risk factors for coronary heart disease: a summary of systematic reviews conducted for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.". Ann Intern Med 151 (7): 496–507. 6 Oct 2009. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-7-200910060-00010. PMID 19805772. 
  9. ↑ European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee (June 2003). "2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension". J. Hypertens. 21 (6): 1011–53. doi:10.1097/00004872-200306000-00001. PMID 12777938. 
  10. ↑ LPhilip Greenland, MD, FACC, FAHA (15 November 2010). "2010 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Adults.". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 
  11. ↑ Kume, Teruyoshi; Akasaka, Takashi; Kawamoto, Takahiro; Watanabe, Nozomi; Toyota, Eiji; Neishi, Yoji; Sukmawan, Renan; Sadahira, Yoshito et al. (August 2005). "Assessment of coronary intima–media thickness by optical coherence tomography: comparison with intravascular ultrasound". Circulation Journal 69 (8): 903–907. doi:10.1253/circj.69.903. ISSN 1346-9843. PMID 16041157. 
  12. ↑ Touboul, P.-J.; Hennerici, M. G.; Meairs, S.; Adams, H.; Amarenco, P.; Bornstein, N.; Csiba, L.; Desvarieux, M. et al. (2012). "Mannheim carotid intima–media thickness and plaque consensus (2004-2006-2011). An update on behalf of the advisory board of the 3rd, 4th and 5th watching the risk symposia, at the 13th, 15th and 20th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, Brussels, Belgium, 2006, and Hamburg, Germany, 2011". Cerebrovascular Diseases 34 (4): 290–296. doi:10.1159/000343145. ISSN 1421-9786. PMID 23128470. 
  13. ↑ Dalla Pozza, Robert; Ehringer-Schetitska, Doris; Fritsch, Peter; Jokinen, Eero; Petropoulos, Andreas; Oberhoffer, Renate; Association for European Paediatric Cardiology Working Group Cardiovascular Prevention (February 2015). "Intima media thickness measurement in children: A statement from the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology (AEPC) Working Group on Cardiovascular Prevention endorsed by the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology". Atherosclerosis 238 (2): 380–387. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.029. ISSN 1879-1484. PMID 25555270. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima–Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine". J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21 (2): 93–111; quiz 189–90. 2008. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2007.11.011. PMID 18261694. 
  15. ↑ Filippo Molinari; Jasjit S. Suri; Chirinjeev Kathuria (2010). Atherosclerosis Disease Management. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-7221-7. 
  16. ↑ Peters, Sanne A.E.; Bots, Michiel L. (2013). "Carotid Intima–Media Thickness Studies: Study Design and Data Analysis". Journal of Stroke 15 (1): 38–48. doi:10.5853/jos.2013.15.1.38. ISSN 2287-6391. PMID 24324938. 
  17. ↑ "Carotid artery intima–media thickness in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review". Diabet. Med. 23 (6): 609–16. 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01725.x. PMID 16759301. 
  18. ↑ "Arterial endothelial function and wall thickness in familial hypercholesterolemia and familial combined hyperlipidemia and the effect of statins. A systematic review and meta-analysis". Atherosclerosis 214 (1): 129–38. 2011. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.10.008. PMID 21074770. 
  19. ↑ "HDL-C, triglycerides and carotid IMT: a meta-analysis of 21,000 patients with automated edge detection IMT measurement". Atherosclerosis 232 (1): 65–71. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.011. PMID 24401218. 
  20. ↑ "Subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A meta-analysis of literature studies". Thromb. Haemost. 113 (5): 916–30. 2015. doi:10.1160/TH14-11-0921. PMID 25716931. 
  21. ↑ "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and carotid artery atherosclerosis in children and adults: a meta-analysis". Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 27 (11): 1237–48. 2015. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000000429. PMID 26193052. 
  22. ↑ Provost, E; Madhloum, N; Int Panis, L; De Boever, P; Nawrot, T (2015). "Carotid Intima–Media Thickness, a Marker of Subclinical Atherosclerosis, and Particulate Air Pollution Exposure: the Meta-Analytical Evidence". PLOS ONE 10 (5): e0127014. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127014. PMID 25970426. 
  23. ↑ "Carotid intima–media thickness as a surrogate marker for cardiovascular disease in intervention studies". Curr Med Res Opin 22 (11): 2181–90. 2006. doi:10.1185/030079906X148472. PMID 17076979. 
  24. ↑ "Clinical and research applications of carotid intima–media thickness". Am. J. Cardiol. 103 (9): 1316–20. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.01.020. PMID 19406278. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Bartels, Susanne; Franco, Angelica Ruiz; Rundek, Tatjana (2012). "Carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) and plaque from risk assessment and clinical use to genetic discoveries". Perspectives in Medicine 1 (1–12): 139–145. doi:10.1016/j.permed.2012.01.006. ISSN 2211-968X. 



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