Physics:List of atomic clocks

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This is a list of some experimental laboratory atomic clocks worldwide.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Name Operation date Type Accuracy Location Image
CS1[1] 1969 Cs 7×10−15
  • Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
  • Braunschweig,  Germany
CS2[2] 1985 Cs 1.2×10−14
  • Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
  • Braunschweig,  Germany
 100px
CS3 1988 Cs
  • Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
  • Braunschweig,  Germany
CS4 1992-2005 Cs
  • Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
  • Braunschweig,  Germany
 100x100px
CSF1[3] 1999 Cs fountain 4×10−16
  • Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
  • Braunschweig,  Germany
CSF2[4] 2009 Cs fountain 2×10−16
  • Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
  • Braunschweig,  Germany
FOCS
NPL-CsF2, Yb+ and Sr+ ion clocks, Sr lattice clock, 4 hydrogen masers[5][6]
NIST Ion Clock 2025 Charged Al ion with Mg ion 5.5×10−19
NIST-F1[8] Cs fountain 3.1×10−16
100px
NIST-F2[10] Cs fountain 1.1×10−16
100x100px
USNO Alternate Master Clock
  • Schriever Air Force Base
  • El Paso County, Colorado  United States[12]
 100px 100px
WWV
  • WWVB
  • Larimer County, Colorado  United States[13]
Department of Defense master clock
100px
18 cesium atomic clocks and 4 hydrogen maser clocks Cs, H
Optical lattice clock
NMIJ-F1, NMIJ-F2[17] Cs fountain 4.7×10−16
  • National Metrology Institute of Japan
  • Tokyo,  Japan
Optical clock[18] 2012 Ca ion
  • Hubei,  China
Caesium Beam Atomic Clock[19][20] Cs
9 Agilent 5071A caesium clocks[22] Cs 5×10−13
KRISS-1[24][25] Cs 1×10−14
  • Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science
  • Daejeon,  South Korea
 100px
Caesium atomic clocks[26] Cs
  • National Metrology Centre
  • Queenstown,  Singapore
Five caesium clocks, one passive hydrogen maser, two active hydrogen masers[27] Cs, H
DOST-PAGASA Juan Time[28]
  • Department of Science and Technology
  • Taguig,  Philippines
Caesium clocks, Hydrogen Maser[29] Cs
  • Indonesian Institute of Sciences
  • Jakarta,  Indonesia
SOC: Space Optical Clock breadboard (Sr lattice clock)[30] Sr lattice
100px
Deep Space Atomic Clock[31] 2019-2021 Hg ion
Caesium atomic clocks[32] Cs

References

  1. ↑ "Seit wann läuft die erste Atomuhr in der PTB?". Themenrundgänge / Fragen zur Zeit. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. Archived from the original on 2012-11-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20121127215018/http://www.ptb.de/cms/themenrundgaenge/wegweiser/fragenzurzeit/fragenzurzeit11.html. Retrieved 2013-02-04. 
  2. ↑ "Seit wann läuft die erste Atomuhr in der PTB?". Themenrundgänge / Fragen zur Zeit. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. Archived from the original on 2012-11-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20121127215018/http://www.ptb.de/cms/themenrundgaenge/wegweiser/fragenzurzeit/fragenzurzeit11.html. Retrieved 2013-02-04. 
  3. ↑ "Seit wann läuft die erste Atomuhr in der PTB?". Themenrundgänge / Fragen zur Zeit. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. Archived from the original on 2012-11-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20121127215018/http://www.ptb.de/cms/themenrundgaenge/wegweiser/fragenzurzeit/fragenzurzeit11.html. Retrieved 2013-02-04. 
  4. ↑ "Seit wann läuft die erste Atomuhr in der PTB?". Themenrundgänge / Fragen zur Zeit. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. Archived from the original on 2012-11-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20121127215018/http://www.ptb.de/cms/themenrundgaenge/wegweiser/fragenzurzeit/fragenzurzeit11.html. Retrieved 2013-02-04. 
  5. ↑ Palmer, Jason. "UK's atomic clock 'is world's most accurate'". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14657002. Retrieved 2013-03-02. 
  6. ↑ "Research - Time and Frequency". http://www.npl.co.uk/science-technology/time-frequency/research/. Retrieved 2015-06-12. 
  7. ↑ "NIST Ion Clock Sets New Record for Most Accurate Clock in the World". NIST. July 14, 2025. Retrieved on December 19, 2025.
  8. ↑ "A Brief History of Atomic Clocks at NIST". The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). http://tf.nist.gov/cesium/atomichistory.htm. Retrieved 2013-02-04. 
  9. ↑ Newman, Michael E. (1999-12-29). "NIST-F1 Cesium Fountain Clock". NIST News. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n99-22.cfm. Retrieved 2013-02-04. 
  10. ↑ "NIST Launches a New U.S. Time Standard: NIST-F2 Atomic Clock". The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). https://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/nist-f2-atomic-clock-040314.cfm. Retrieved 2016-02-09. 
  11. ↑ Newman, Michael E. (1999-12-29). "NIST-F1 Cesium Fountain Clock". NIST News. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n99-22.cfm. Retrieved 2013-02-04. 
  12. ↑ "U.S. Naval Observatory Alternate Master Clock". U.S. Navy. http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/falcon.html. Retrieved 2013-02-09. 
  13. ↑ "Larimer County station helps set clocks". Gannett Company. July 24, 2015. https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2015/03/06/larimer-county-station-helps-set-clocks/24527655/. 
  14. ↑ "Mission of Japan Standard Time Group - Generation of Japan Standard Time (JST)". National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. http://jjy.nict.go.jp/mission/page2-e.html. Retrieved 2013-03-05. 
  15. ↑ Motal, Julius (2011-08-30). "Japanese atomic clock is accurate to a 100 quadrillionth of a second". Geek.com. Ziff Davis, Inc.. http://www.geek.com/articles/geek-cetera/japanese-atomic-clock-is-accurate-to-100-quadrillionth-of-a-second-20110830/. Retrieved 2013-03-02. 
  16. ↑ "Quantum Metrology Laboratory". RIKEN Advanced Science Institute. http://www.asi.riken.jp/en/laboratories/chieflabs/katori/index.html. Retrieved 2013-03-05. 
  17. ↑ Takamizawa, A.; Yanagimachi, S.; Shirakawa, Y.; Watabe, K.; Hagimoto, K.; Ikegami, T., "Cesium Atomic Fountain Clocks at NMIJ", Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting: pp. 321–328, archived from the original on 2011-04-28, https://web.archive.org/web/20110428030714/http://www.pttimeeting.org/archivemeetings/2010papers/paper25.pdf 
  18. ↑ Wang, Yuanyuan (2012-07-12). "China unveils first optical clock". English News. Xinhuanet. Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20120715070848/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-07/12/c_131711882.htm. Retrieved 2013-02-04. 
  19. ↑ "Caesium Beam Atomic Clock". The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. http://www.weather.gov.hk/gts/time/Cs-atomicclock.htm. Retrieved 2013-02-14. 
  20. ↑ "History of Hong Kong Time Service". The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/History_of_HK_Time_Service.htm. Retrieved 2013-02-11. 
  21. ↑ "Contact us". The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. http://www.hko.gov.hk/contact.htm. Retrieved 2013-02-11. 
  22. ↑ "Clocks and Time scales". National Time and Frequency Standard Laboratory. http://www.stdtime.gov.tw/english/index_b/b_1.htm. Retrieved 2013-02-14. 
  23. ↑ "Current activities of the National Standard Time and Frequency Laboratory of the Telecommunication Laboratories". Archived from the original on 2013-02-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20130217232509/http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/ptti/ptti2002/paper40.pdf. Retrieved 2013-02-14. 
  24. ↑ "Development of Korea's First Primary Frequency Standard, 'KRISS-1'". KRISS. http://www.kriss.re.kr/eng/file/4news.pdf. Retrieved 2013-03-01. 
  25. ↑ Lee, Ho Seong; Kwon, Taeg Yong; Park, Sang Eon; Choi, Sang-Kyung; Park, Young-Ho (August 2004). "Research on Cesium Atomic Clocks at the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science". Journal of the Korean Physical Society 45 (2): 256–272. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043030/http://www.kps.or.kr/jkps/downloadPdf.asp?articleuid=%7BDD0D58EF-36A7-492E-9047-BBB38B43E895%7D. Retrieved 2013-03-06. 
  26. ↑ "About SST". National Metrology Centre. Archived from the original on 2013-04-18. https://archive.today/20130418150839/http://www.singaporestandardtime.org.sg/aboutsst.htm. Retrieved 2013-03-01. 
  27. ↑ "Time and Frequency Metrology". CSIR-National Physical Laboratory. CSIR-National Physical Laboratory. https://www.nplindia.org/index.php/science-technology/indian-standard-time-metrology-division/time-and-frequency-metrology-section/. Retrieved 2023-03-25. 
  28. ↑ "With PST, "Filipino time" is now "on time"". Department of Science and Technology. http://www.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1045:with-pst-filipino-time-is-now-on-time&catid=1:latest&Itemid=150. Retrieved 2014-06-07. 
  29. ↑ "Time Standard". Indonesian Institute of Sciences. http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/. Retrieved 2016-06-22. 
  30. ↑ "Space Optical Clock". Institut für Experimentalphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. http://www.soc2.eu. Retrieved 2017-01-30. 
  31. ↑ "Deep Space Atomic Clock". NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA). 27 April 2015. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4567. Retrieved 2015-10-28. 
  32. ↑ "Uruchomiono najdokładniejszy zegar atomowy w Polsce. Nie straci nawet sekundy przez 200 mln lat". wyborcza.pl. http://wyborcza.pl/7,75400,21304425,najdokladniejszy-zegar-atomowy-w-polsce-juz-dziala-po-200.html. Retrieved 2018-03-24. 



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