Physics:Luminescence

From HandWiki

Luminescence can be simply defined as any emission of visible electromagnetic radiation (light) not ascribable directly to incandescence.[1] Incandescence emerges at high temperatures due to thermal radiation; in contrast, because luminescence is often independent of temperature, it is sometimes termed cold light.[2] However, some kinds of luminescence (e.g., candoluminescence, pyroluminescence, thermoluminescence) are associated with or require elevated temperatures. Notably, luminescence is exhibited by primary light sources (which emit light) rather than by secondary light sources (which reflect or transmit light).[3]

Luminescence has also been defined to include all optical radiation, rather than being limited to visible radiation.[3] In addition, it has been defined as a spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment. [4]

Types

  • Candoluminescence, is light emitted by certain materials at elevated temperatures, which differs from the blackbody emission expected at the temperature in question.
  • Cathodoluminescence, a result of a luminescent material being struck by electrons
  • Chemiluminescence, the emission of light as a result of a chemical reaction
  • Cryoluminescence, the emission of light when a material (e.g., nanomaterials,[5] wulfenite,[6] zinc sulfide phosphors[7]) is cooled[8][9]
  • Crystalloluminescence, produced during crystallization
  • Electroluminescence, a result of an electric current passed through a substance
  • Fluorescence, traditionally defined as the emission of light that ends immediately after the source of excitation is removed. As the definition does not fully describe the phenomenon, quantum mechanics is employed where it is defined as there is no change in spin multiplicity from the state of excitation to emission of light.[10]
  • Galvanoluminescence, a result of passage of an electric current through an electrolyte in which an electrode is immersed
  • Ionoluminescence, a result of bombardment by fast ions
  • Mechanoluminescence, a result of a mechanical action on a solid
  • Phosphorescence, traditionally defined as persistent emission of light after the end of excitation. As the definition does not fully describe the phenomenon, quantum mechanics is employed where it is defined as there is a change in spin multiplicity from the state of excitation to the emission of light.[10]
  • Photoluminescence, a result of the absorption of photons[10]
  • Pyroluminescence (flame luminescence), a result of a gas or vapor being excited by high temperature, as in a flame
  • Radioluminescence (or scintillation), a result of bombardment by ionizing radiation
  • Sonoluminescence, a result of imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound
  • Thermoluminescence, the re-emission of absorbed energy when a substance is heated[12]

Applications

The dials, hands, scales, and signs of aviation and navigational instruments and markings are often coated with luminescent materials in a process known as luminising.[15]

Luminescence occurs in some minerals when they are exposed to low-powered sources of ultraviolet or infrared electromagnetic radiation (for example, portable UV lamps) at atmospheric pressure and atmospheric temperatures. This property of these minerals can be used during the process of mineral identification at rock outcrops in the field or in the laboratory.

History

The term luminescence was first introduced in 1888 by German physicist Eilhard Wiedemann.[16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "luminescence". ANSI/IES LS-1-22, Lighting Science: Nomenclature And Definitions For Illuminating Engineering. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society. 2022. §6.4. https://ies.org/standards/definitions/. Retrieved 19 Jan 2026. 
  2. ↑ "Luminescence". Britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. https://www.britannica.com/science/luminescence. Retrieved 19 Jan 2026. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "e-ILV, online version of CIE S 017:2020, International Lighting Vocabulary". e-ILV, online version of CIE S 017:2020, International Lighting Vocabulary (2 ed.). Vienna: International Commission on Illumination. 2020. https://cie.co.at/e-ilv. Retrieved 19 Jan 2026. 
  4. ↑ Chemistry (IUPAC), The International Union of Pure and Applied. IUPAC - luminescence (L03641). doi:10.1351/goldbook.L03641. https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/L03641. Retrieved 2023-12-03. 
  5. ↑ Bulychev, Nikolay V.; Kazaryan, Mishik A.; Kudryavtseva, Anna D.; Kuznetsova, Mariya V.; Limonova, Tatyana F.; Shevchenko, Mikhail A.; Tcherniega, Nikolay V.; Zemskov, Konstantin I. (2018). "Anti-Stokes luminescence in nanoscale systems". International Conference on Atomic and Molecular Pulsed Lasers XIII. 10614. p. 106140N-2. doi:10.1117/12.2303482. ISBN 978-1-5106-1732-2. 
  6. ↑ Matousek, Vaclav; Matuska, Radek; Vranka, Tomas; Adamec, Martin; Herentin, Tadeas; Kalacek, Jiri; Havlik, Jan (2023). "Exploring Triboluminescence and Paramagnetism: A Rapid Mn Complex Synthesis for High School and Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratories". Journal of Chemical Education 100 (8): 3062. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00372. Bibcode: 2023JChEd.100.3061M. 
  7. ↑ Jaszczyn-Kopec, Paulina; Kallmann, Hartmut; Kramer, Bernard (1968). "Cryoluminescence of ZnS Phosphors". Physical Review 165 (3): 901. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.165.901. Bibcode: 1968PhRv..165..901J. 
  8. ↑ Sidran, Miriam (1968). "The Luminescence of the Moon". in Kopal, Zdeněk. Advances in Astronomy and Astrophysics (Volume 6). 212. Academic Press. p. 301. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0565-28. ISBN 978-1-4831-9924-5. 
  9. ↑ Mesaros, Amalia (2023). "Luminescent Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Application". Applied Sciences 13 (20): 11221. doi:10.3390/app132011221. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Valeur, Bernard; Berberan-Santos, Mário N. (2011-06-01). "A Brief History of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence before the Emergence of Quantum Theory" (in en). Journal of Chemical Education 88 (6): 731–738. doi:10.1021/ed100182h. ISSN 0021-9584. Bibcode: 2011JChEd..88..731V. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed100182h. 
  11. ↑ Piezoluminescence phenomenon N. A. Atari Physics Letters A Volume 90, Issues 1-2, 21 June 1982, Pages 93–96 doi:10.1016/0375-9601(82)90060-3
  12. ↑ Meetei, Sanoujam Dhiren. "Synthesis, Characterization and Photoluminescence of ZrO2:Eu3+ Nanocrystals". http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26604/6/06_chapter%201.pdf. 
  13. ↑ Jorio, Ado; Dresselhaus, Gene; Dresselhaus, Mildred S. (2007-12-18) (in en). Carbon Nanotubes: Advanced Topics in the Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-540-72865-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=ammoVEI-H2gC&q=Light-emitting+diodes+%28LEDs%29+emit+light+via+electroluminescence&pg=PA442. 
  14. ↑ "Light-emitting particles illuminate understanding of cellular malfunctions - News & Media @ UOW". https://media.uow.edu.au/releases/UOW247810.html. 
  15. ↑ Cooper, John R.; Randle, Keith; Sokhi, Ranjeet S. (2003). Radioactive Releases in the Environment: Impact and Assessment. Wiley. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-471-89924-2. 
  16. ↑ "Über Fluorescenz und Phosphorescenz, I. Abhandlung" (On fluorescence and phosphorescence, first paper), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 34: 446–463. From page 447: "Ich möchte für diese zweite Art der Lichterregung, für die uns eine einheitliche Benennung fehlt, den Namen Luminescenz vorschlagen, und Körper, die in dieser Weise leuchten, luminescirende nennen." [For this second type of light excitation, for which we lack a consistent name, I would like to suggest the name of "luminescence", and call "luminescing" [any] bodies that glow in this way.]

Further reading

  • Scientific American, "Luminous Paint" (historical aspects), 10-Dec-1881, pp.368



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