Physics:Nanobubble

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A nanobubble is a small sub-micrometer gas-containing cavity, or bubble, in aqueous solutions with unique properties caused by high internal pressure, small size and surface charge.[1][2][3][4] Nanobubbles generally measure between 70-150 nanometers in size [5][6] and less than 200 nanometers in diameter[7][8] and are known for their longevity and stability, low buoyancy, negative surface charge, high surface area per volume, high internal pressure, and high gas transfer rates.[4][9][10][11]

Nanobubbles can be formed by injecting any gas into a liquid.[12][13] Because of their unique properties, they can interact with and affect physical, chemical, and biological processes.[14] They have been used in technology applications for industries such as wastewater, environmental engineering, agriculture, aquaculture, medicine and biomedicine, and others.[9][15][16]

Background

Nanobubbles are nanoscopic and generally too small to be observed using the naked eye or a standard microscope, but can be observed using backscattering of light using tools such as green laser pointers.[14] Stable nanobubbles in bulk about 30-400 nanometers in diameter were first reported in the British scientific journal Nature in 1982.[14] Scientists found them in deep water breaks using sonar observation.[14]

In 1994, a study by Phil Attard, John L. Parker, and Per M. Claesson further theorized about the existence of nano-sized bubbles, proposing that stable nanobubbles can form on the surface of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces depending on factors such as the level of saturation and surface tension.[17]

Nanobubbles can be generated using techniques such as solvent exchange, electrochemical reactions, and immersing a hydrophobic substrate into water while increasing or decreasing the water's temperature.[15]

Nanobubbles and nanoparticles are often found together in certain circumstances,[18] but they differ in that nanoparticles have different properties such as density and resonance frequency.[19][20]

The study of nanobubbles faces challenges in understanding their stability and the mechanisms behind their formation and dissolution.[21]

Properties

Nanobubbles possess several distinctive properties:

  • Stability: Nanobubbles are more stable than larger bubbles due to factors such as surface charge and contaminants that reduce interfacial tension, allowing them to remain in liquids for extended periods.[21][22]
  • High Internal Pressure: The small size of nanobubbles leads to high internal pressure, which influences their behavior and interactions with the surrounding liquid.[21]
  • Large Surface-to-Volume Ratio: This property is crucial for efficient gas transfer between the nanobubbles and the liquid, which is beneficial for various applications.[21]

Usage

In aquaculture, nanobubbles have been used to improve fish health and growth rates[23][24][25] and to enhance oxidation.[26][27][28] Nanobubbles can improve health outcomes for fish by increasing the dissolved oxygen concentration of water,[23] reducing the concentration of bacteria and viruses in water,[24] and triggering the nonspecific defense system of species such as the Nile tilapia, improving survivability during bacterial infections.[29] The use of nanobubbles to increase dissolved oxygen levels can also promote plant growth and reduce the need for chemicals.[30] Nanobubbles have also been shown as effective in increasing the metabolism of living organisms including plants.[28] In regards to oxidation, nanobubbles are known for generating reactive oxygen species, giving them oxidative properties exceeding hydrogen peroxide.[27] Researchers have also proposed nanobubbles as a low-chemical alternative to chemical-based oxidants such as chlorine and ozone.[28][29]

References

  1. ↑ Svetovoy, Vitaly B. (April 2021). "Spontaneous chemical reactions between hydrogen and oxygen in nanobubbles". Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 52. doi:10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101423. 
  2. ↑ Yusoff, A.H.M.; Salimi, M.N. (2018). "Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery". Applications of Nanocomposite Materials in Drug Delivery. pp. 843–859. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-813741-3.00037-6. ISBN 978-0-12-813741-3. 
  3. ↑ Michailidi, Elisavet D.; Bomis, George; Varoutoglou, Athanasios; Efthimiadou, Eleni K.; Mitropoulos, Athanasios C.; Favvas, Evangelos P. (2019). "Fundamentals and applications of nanobubbles". Advanced Low-Cost Separation Techniques in Interface Science. Interface Science and Technology. 30. pp. 69–99. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-814178-6.00004-2. ISBN 978-0-12-814178-6. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nirmalkar, N.; Pacek, A. W.; Barigou, M. (18 September 2018). "On the Existence and Stability of Bulk Nanobubbles". Langmuir 34 (37): 10964–10973. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01163. PMID 30179016. 
  5. ↑ Davey, Abby (2022-06-27). "Moleaer: Tiny bubble tech makes a big splash" (in en-US). https://h2oglobalnews.com/moleaer-tiny-bubble-tech-makes-a-big-splash/. 
  6. ↑ Chang-won, Lim (27 October 2022). "Fawoo Nanotech develops nanobubble generator to produce hydrogen in large quantities". AJU PRESS. https://www.ajupress.com/view/20221027171507176. 
  7. ↑ Hussain, Afzal; Ali, Shafaqat; Rizwan, Muhammad; Zia-Ur-Rehman, Muhammad; Yasmeen, Tahira; Hayat, Malik Tahir; Hussain, Iqbal; Ali, Qasim et al. (2019). "Morphological and Physiological Responses of Plants to Cadmium Toxicity". Cadmium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants. pp. 47–72. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-814864-8.00003-6. ISBN 978-0-12-814864-8. 
  8. ↑ Shah, Rahul; Phatak, Niraj; Choudhary, Ashok; Gadewar, Sakshi; Bhattacharya, Sankha (July 2024). "Exploring the Theranostic Applications and Prospects of Nanobubbles". Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 25 (9): 1167–1181. doi:10.2174/0113892010248189231010085827. PMID 37861011. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lyu, Tao; Wu, Shubiao; Mortimer, Robert J. G.; Pan, Gang (2 July 2019). "Nanobubble Technology in Environmental Engineering: Revolutionization Potential and Challenges". Environmental Science & Technology 53 (13): 7175–7176. doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b02821. PMID 31180652. Bibcode: 2019EnST...53.7175L. https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/513c1a2a-36fc-4aee-99d0-f4c3fe62d3a1. 
  10. ↑ Azevedo, A.; Etchepare, R.; Calgaroto, S.; Rubio, J. (August 2016). "Aqueous dispersions of nanobubbles: Generation, properties and features". Minerals Engineering 94: 29–37. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2016.05.001. Bibcode: 2016MiEng..94...29A. 
  11. ↑ Aluthgun Hewage, Shaini; Meegoda, Jay N. (2022). "Molecular dynamics simulation of bulk nanobubbles". Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 650. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129565. 
  12. ↑ Wine, Gaby. "Meet the Israeli scientist curing cancer with bubbles" (in en). https://www.thejc.com/life-and-culture/meet-the-israeli-scientist-curing-cancer-with-bubbles-lm3z9nrl. 
  13. ↑ "The Proven Benefits of Nanobubbles" (in en). https://www.moleaer.com/nanobubbles. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Nanobubbles (ultrafine bubbles)". https://water.lsbu.ac.uk/water/nanobubble.html. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Foudas, Anastasios W.; Kosheleva, Ramonna I.; Favvas, Evangelos P.; Kostoglou, Margaritis; Mitropoulos, Athanasios C.; Kyzas, George Z. (January 2023). "Fundamentals and applications of nanobubbles: A review". Chemical Engineering Research and Design 189: 64–86. doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2022.11.013. Bibcode: 2023CERD..189...64F. 
  16. ↑ Mahasri, G.; Saskia, A.; Apandi, P. S.; Dewi, N. N.; Rozi; Usuman, N. M. (2018). "Development of an aquaculture system using nanobubble technology for the optimation of dissolved oxygen in culture media for nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 137 (1). doi:10.1088/1755-1315/137/1/012046. Bibcode: 2018E&ES..137a2046M. 
  17. ↑ Parker, John L.; Claesson, Per M.; Attard, Phil (August 1994). "Bubbles, cavities, and the long-ranged attraction between hydrophobic surfaces.". The Journal of Physical Chemistry 98 (34): 8468–8480. doi:10.1021/j100085a029. 
  18. ↑ Alheshibri, Muidh; Al Baroot, Abbad; Shui, Lingling; Zhang, Minmin (October 2021). "Nanobubbles and nanoparticles". Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 55. doi:10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101470. 
  19. ↑ Paknahad, Ali A.; Kerr, Liam; Wong, Daniel A.; Kolios, Michael C.; Tsai, Scott S. H. (2021). "Biomedical nanobubbles and opportunities for microfluidics". RSC Advances 11 (52): 32750–32774. doi:10.1039/d1ra04890b. ISSN 2046-2069. PMID 35493576. Bibcode: 2021RSCAd..1132750P. 
  20. ↑ Alheshibri, Muidh; Craig, Vincent S. J. (27 September 2018). "Differentiating between Nanoparticles and Nanobubbles by Evaluation of the Compressibility and Density of Nanoparticles". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122 (38): 21998–22007. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b07174. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Wu, Jiajia; Zhang, Kejia; Cen, Cheng; Wu, Xiaogang; Mao, Ruyin; Zheng, Yingying (2021-06-28). "Role of bulk nanobubbles in removing organic pollutants in wastewater treatment". AMB Express 11 (1): 96. doi:10.1186/s13568-021-01254-0. ISSN 2191-0855. PMID 34184137. 
  22. ↑ Nazari, Sabereh; Hassanzadeh, Ahmad; He, Yaqun; Khoshdast, Hamid; Kowalczuk, Przemyslaw B. (April 2022). "Recent Developments in Generation, Detection and Application of Nanobubbles in Flotation". Minerals 12 (4): 462. doi:10.3390/min12040462. ISSN 2075-163X. Bibcode: 2022Mine...12..462N. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Ebina, Kosuke; Shi, Kenrin; Hirao, Makoto; Hashimoto, Jun; Kawato, Yoshitaka; Kaneshiro, Shoichi; Morimoto, Tokimitsu; Koizumi, Kota et al. (5 June 2013). "Oxygen and Air Nanobubble Water Solution Promote the Growth of Plants, Fishes, and Mice". PLOS ONE 8 (6). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065339. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 23755221. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...865339E. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Dien, Le Thanh; Linh, Nguyen Vu; Mai, Thao Thu; Senapin, Saengchan; St-Hilaire, Sophie; Rodkhum, Channarong; Dong, Ha Thanh (March 2022). "Impacts of oxygen and ozone nanobubbles on bacteriophage in aquaculture system". Aquaculture 551. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.737894. Bibcode: 2022Aquac.55137894D. 
  25. ↑ Pizarro Ramos, Royer; Ochoa Yupanqui, Walter Wilfredo; Tineo-Vargas, Viky Soledad; Tello-Ataucusi, Dina Soledad; Pariona-Garay, Lino David; Ochoa-Rodríguez, Diego Wilfredo; Castro-Carranza, Tomás Segundo; Tenorio-Bautista, Saturnino Martín (15 March 2022). "Efecto de la oxigenación con micronanoburbujas en la calidad de agua y producción de 'truchas' Oncorhynchus mykiss". Llamkasun 3 (1): 66–73. doi:10.47797/llamkasun.v3i1.84. 
  26. ↑ Atkinson, Ariel J.; Apul, Onur G.; Schneider, Orren; Garcia-Segura, Sergi; Westerhoff, Paul (21 May 2019). "Nanobubble Technologies Offer Opportunities To Improve Water Treatment". Accounts of Chemical Research 52 (5): 1196–1205. doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00606. PMID 30958672. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Liu, S.; Oshita, S.; Makino, Y. (2014). "Reactive oxygen species induced by water containing nano-bubbles and its role in the improvement of barley seed germination". 4th Micro and Nano Flows Conference. Brunel University London. ISBN 978-1-908549-16-7. https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/9319. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Liu, Shu; Oshita, Seiichi; Makino, Yoshio; Wang, Qunhui; Kawagoe, Yoshinori; Uchida, Tsutomu (7 March 2016). "Oxidative Capacity of Nanobubbles and Its Effect on Seed Germination". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 4 (3): 1347–1353. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01368. Bibcode: 2016ASCE....4.1347L. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Linh, Nguyen Vu; Dien, Le Thanh; Panphut, Wattana; Thapinta, Anat; Senapin, Saengchan; St-Hilaire, Sophie; Rodkhum, Channarong; Dong, Ha Thanh (May 2021). "Ozone nanobubble modulates the innate defense system of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Streptococcus agalactiae". Fish & Shellfish Immunology 112: 64–73. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.015. PMID 33667674. Bibcode: 2021FSI...112...64L. 
  30. ↑ "Nanobubble systems | Applications in Horticulture & Hydroponics" (in en). https://www.nanobubblesystems.com/horticulture-and-hydroponics. 



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