Physics:Phonophobia

From HandWiki

Phonophobia, also called ligyrophobia or sonophobia, is a fear of or aversion to specific sounds—a type of specific phobia.[1] Occasionally it is called acousticophobia.[2] Although some sounds could be feared by most people, such as certain loud sounds or sounds that signal threats, fears of these sounds would not be considered phonophobia unless the amount of fear and anxiety was disproportionate.[3][1] In phonophobia, the feared sounds may be ones that are soft and non-damaging, such as kitchen sounds or a door closing.[4] Another example is watching someone blow up a balloon beyond its normal capacity. This is often an unsettling, even disturbing thing for a person with phonophobia to observe, as they anticipate a loud sound when the balloon pops.[2][4]

Phonophobia generally leads to anxiety around and avoidance of contexts where individuals might be exposed to feared sounds.[3] Such avoidance could risk making the auditory system more sensitive.[5]

The term phonophobia comes from Greek φωνή - phōnē, "voice" or "sound"[6] and φόβος - phobos, "fear".[7]

The word phonophobia is also sometimes used in neurology to refer to sound intolerance observed in people who experience migraine headaches, especially during migraines.[8] The presence of such sound intolerance may be used to support the diagnosis of migraine.[8] Definitions and measures of the sound intolerance that can accompany migraines emphasise that it involves feelings of discomfort and auditory pain,[8][9] implying that the type of sound intolerance described would actually be hyperacusis and not phonophobia.[5] At the very least, the concept of phonophobia as used in relation to migraine is different from the concept of phonophobia as a specific phobia of certain sounds.[3]

Co-occurring conditions and differential diagnosis

Although phonophobia can arise as a secondary consequence of other sound tolerance conditions, this does not make it synonymous with them.[3][5] As phonophobia refers specifically to irrational fears of sounds, not rational ones, phonophobic fear, anxiety, and avoidance would need to exceed the level expected due to the discomfort or pain caused by any other sound tolerance conditions.[10]

One other sound tolerance condition that can sometimes be observed alongside phonophobia is hyperacusis, or discomfort or even pain caused by sounds that most people would not consider uncomfortably loud.[3][4] Indeed, phonophobia is sometimes referred to as a specific type of hyperacusis, fear hyperacusis,[11] although other authors regard hyperacusis and phonophobia as distinct conditions,[3][5] insofar as hyperacusis involves discomfort caused by a physical sound whereas phonophobia does not.[3]

Another type of sound intolerance that can co-occur with phonophobia is misophonia, or emotional reactions to specific trigger sounds that need not be loud (e.g., anger in response to chewing sounds). Indeed, phonophobia has even been conceptualised as a type of misophonia.[12] However, other sources regard the specific phobia of phonophobia as being distinct from the emotional reactions characteristic of misophonia.[3][1][5]

Moreover, phonophobia may co-occur with tinnitus (perception of sounds, especially ringing sounds, without an external source) or with generic noise sensitivity (sensory processing sensitivity towards sounds).[5]

Management

To ensure that treatments and supports are directed appropriately, it is important to distinguish phonophobic fears from other sound tolerance conditions.[4][10] For example, exposure therapies are commonly used to treat specific phobias,[13] but could be considered to involve unacceptable risk if a patient were at significantly elevated likelihood of experiencing harm compared to other people who can engage in a given activity without incident.[14] As such, while there are specialised therapies for sound tolerance conditions like misophonia and hyperacusis that can involve exposure,[12] exposing people to sounds that cause them discomfort or pain could be harmful,[15] suggesting that exposure therapy – or at least more conventional forms of exposure therapy – may be more appropriate for pure phonophobia without other sound tolerance conditions.[10] Providing information and counselling regarding the benign nature of sounds eliciting phonophobic reactions is also recommended as a phonophobia treatment.[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Møller, Aage R. (2011). "Textbook of Tinnitus". Misophonia, Phonophobia, and "Exploding Head" Syndrome. Springer New York. pp. 25–27. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-145-5_4. ISBN 978-1-60761-144-8. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-60761-145-5_4. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Swerdlow
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 "A review of decreased sound tolerance in autism: Definitions, phenomenology, and potential mechanisms". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 121: 1–17. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.030. PMID 33285160. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Phonophobia and hyperacusis: practical points from a case report". The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 17 (1): 49–51. January 2010. ISSN 2180-4303. PMID 22135526. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 "Sound Tolerance Conditions (Hyperacusis, Misophonia, Noise Sensitivity, and Phonophobia): Definitions and Clinical Management". American Journal of Audiology 31 (3): 513–527. 2022. doi:10.1044/2022_AJA-22-00035. PMID 35858241. 
  6. ↑ φωνή, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  7. ↑ φόβος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Phonophobia in migraine". Cephalalgia 18 (5): 243–249. June 1998. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1998.1805243.x. ISSN 1468-2982. PMID 9673802. 
  9. ↑ "Ictal and Interictal Phonophobia in Migraine—A Quantitative Controlled Study". Cephalalgia 29 (10): 1042–1048. October 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01834.x. ISSN 1468-2982. PMID 19735532. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Autistic and Non-Autistic Experiences of Decreased Sound Tolerance and Their Association with Mental Health and Quality of Life". Autism in Adulthood. 7 August 2024. doi:10.1089/aut.2023.0117. ISSN 2573-959X. 
  11. ↑ "A review of hyperacusis and future directions: Part I. Definitions and manifestations". American Journal of Audiology 23 (4): 402–419. 2014. doi:10.1044/2014_AJA-14-0010. PMID 25104073. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Jastreboff, P. J.; Jastreboff, M. M. (2015). "Handbook of Clinical Neurology". Decreased sound tolerance: Hyperacusis, misophonia, diplacousis, and polyacousis. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 129. Elsevier. pp. 375–387. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-62630-1.00021-4. ISBN 978-0-444-62630-1. 
  13. ↑ "Factors influencing the success of exposure therapy for specific phobia: A systematic review". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 108: 796–820. January 2020. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.009. PMID 31830494. 
  14. ↑ Deacon, Brett (2012). "The Ethics of Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders". Exposure Therapy. Springer New York. pp. 9–22. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3342-2_2. ISBN 978-1-4614-3341-5. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4614-3342-2_2. 
  15. ↑ "Family experiences of decreased sound tolerance in ASD". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (Springer US) 52 (9): 4007–4021. 2022. doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05282-4. ISSN 1573-3432. PMID 34524587. 
Classification



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Physics:Phonophobia&oldid=3840130"