Physics:Yuga
A yuga, in Hinduism, is generally used to indicate an age of time.[1][2]
In the Rigveda, a yuga refers to generations, a period of time (whether long or short), or a yoke (joining of two things).[3] In the Mahabharata, the words yuga and kalpa (a day of Brahma) are used interchangeably to describe the cycle of creation and destruction.[4]
In post-Vedic texts, the words "yuga" and "age" commonly denote a Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (pronounced Chatur Yuga), a cycle of four world ages—for example, in the Surya Siddhanta and Bhagavad Gita (part of the Mahabharata)—unless expressly limited by the name of one of its minor ages: Krita (Satya) Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, or Kali Yuga.[1][5][lower-alpha 1]
Etymology
Yuga (Sanskrit: युग) means "a yoke" (joining of two things), "generations", or "a period of time" such as an age, where its archaic spelling is yug, with other forms of yugam, Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., and yuge, derived from yuj (Sanskrit: युज्, lit. 'to join or yoke'), believed derived from *yeug- (Proto-Indo-European: lit. 'to join or unite').[8]
In the Latin language, juga or jug is used from the word jugum, which means "a yoke used to connect two oxen" (e.g. cali-juga = kali-yuga).[9]
See also
- Hindu units of time
- Kalpa (day of Brahma)
- Manvantara (age of Manu)
- Pralaya (period of dissolution)
- Yuga Cycle (four yuga ages): Satya (Krita), Treta, Dvapara, and Kali
- List of numbers in Hindu scriptures
Notes
- ↑ The general word "Script error: The function "transl" does not exist." is sometimes used instead of the more specific word "Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.". A kalpa is described as lasting 1,000 Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. in Bhagavata Purana 12.4.2 ("Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.")[6] and Bhagavad Gita 8.17 ("Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.").[7]
References
- ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 "Yuga". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Yuga.
- ↑ Mahalingam, N., ed (1997). "Ch. 4 Asvins—Time-Keepers". RG Vedic Studies. Coimbatore: Rukmani Offset Press. p. 219. https://archive.org/details/rigvedicstudiessundarrajm.ed.mahalingamn._202003/page/n252/mode/1up. "It is quite clear that the smallest unit was the 'nimisah' ['winking of eyes'], and that time in the general sense of past, present and future was indicated by the word 'yuga'."
- ↑ "Kalivarjya (actions forbidden in the Kali Age)". Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (The Asiatic Society of Bombay) 12: 1–2. September 1936. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281640/page/n199/mode/1up. "The word yuga occurs at least thirty-eight times in the Rigveda, but the meaning is rather doubtful. In a few places yuga means yoke ... In many places it appears to refer to a very brief period ... Generally yuga appears to mean in the Rigveda 'generation' (lessening the life of human generations) ... In other places 'yuga' must be given the sense of a 'long period of time' ...".
- ↑ Basu, Helene; Jacobsen, Knut A.; Malinar, Angelika et al., eds (2018). "Cosmic Cycles, Cosmology, and Cosmography". Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism. 2. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 415. doi:10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_1020020. ISBN 978-90-04-17641-6. "The cycle [of creation and destruction] is either called a yuga (MBh. 1.1.28; 12.327.89; 13.135.11), a kalpa, meaning a formation or a creation (MBh. 6.31.7 [= BhG. 9.7]; 12.326.70; 12.327.23), or a day of the brahman, or of Brahmā, the creator god (MBh. 12.224.28–31). Sometimes, it is simply referred to as the process of creation and destruction (saṃhāravikṣepa; MBh. 12.271.30, 40, 43, 47–49).".
- ↑ Gangooly, Phanindralal, ed (1935). Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta, A Text-Book of Hindu Astronomy; With notes and an appendix. University of Calcutta. p. 9. https://archive.org/details/SuryaSiddhantaTranslation/page/n61/mode/1up. "The period of 4,320,000 years is ordinarily styled Great Age (mahayuga), or, as above in two instances [1.15-16], Quadruple Age (caturyuga). In the Surya-Siddhanta, however, the former term is not once found, and the latter occurs only in these verses; elsewhere, Age (yuga) alone is employed to denote it, and always denotes it, unless expressly limited by the name of the Golden (krta) Age."
- ↑ "Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) 12.4.2". https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/12/4/2/. "
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(2) One thousand cycles of four ages [Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.] constitute a single day of Brahmā, known as a kalpa. In that period, O King, fourteen Manus come and go." - ↑ Bhagavad-gītā As It Is 8.17, https://vedabase.io/en/library/bg/8/17/, retrieved 2020-05-10, "
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(17) By human calculation, a thousand ages [Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.] taken together form the duration of Brahmā’s one day. And such also is the duration of his night.", Wikidata Q854700 - ↑ "युग (yuga)". https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/युग#Sanskrit.
"yuga". https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yuga.
"Yuga". 29 June 2012. https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/yuga.
"युज् (yuj)". https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/युज्#Sanskrit.
"*yeug-". https://www.etymonline.com/word/*yeug-.
"yug". https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yug. - ↑ A Latin Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 1879. p. 1016. ISBN 0198642016. https://archive.org/details/latindictionaryf00andr/page/1016/mode/1up. "Jugo: in general, to join, connect. Jugum: [kindred to sanskrit yuga from yug-, jungere; v. jungo], a yoke for oxen, a collar for horses."
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