Reflective subcategory

Short description: Concept in mathematical theory of categories

In mathematics, a full subcategory A of a category B is said to be reflective in B when the inclusion functor from A to B has a left adjoint. This adjoint is sometimes called a reflector, or localization. Dually, A is said to be coreflective in B when the inclusion functor has a right adjoint.

Informally, a reflector acts as a kind of completion operation. It adds in any "missing" pieces of the structure in such a way that reflecting it again has no further effect.

Definition

A full subcategory A of a category B is said to be reflective in B if for each B-object B there exists an A-object [math]\displaystyle{ A_B }[/math] and a B-morphism [math]\displaystyle{ r_B \colon B \to A_B }[/math] such that for each B-morphism [math]\displaystyle{ f\colon B\to A }[/math] to an A-object [math]\displaystyle{ A }[/math] there exists a unique A-morphism [math]\displaystyle{ \overline f \colon A_B \to A }[/math] with [math]\displaystyle{ \overline f\circ r_B=f }[/math].

The pair [math]\displaystyle{ (A_B,r_B) }[/math] is called the A-reflection of B. The morphism [math]\displaystyle{ r_B }[/math] is called the A-reflection arrow. (Although often, for the sake of brevity, we speak about [math]\displaystyle{ A_B }[/math] only as being the A-reflection of B).

This is equivalent to saying that the embedding functor [math]\displaystyle{ E\colon \mathbf{A} \hookrightarrow \mathbf{B} }[/math] is a right adjoint. The left adjoint functor [math]\displaystyle{ R \colon \mathbf B \to \mathbf A }[/math] is called the reflector. The map [math]\displaystyle{ r_B }[/math] is the unit of this adjunction.

The reflector assigns to [math]\displaystyle{ B }[/math] the A-object [math]\displaystyle{ A_B }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ Rf }[/math] for a B-morphism [math]\displaystyle{ f }[/math] is determined by the commuting diagram

If all A-reflection arrows are (extremal) epimorphisms, then the subcategory A is said to be (extremal) epireflective. Similarly, it is bireflective if all reflection arrows are bimorphisms.

All these notions are special case of the common generalization—[math]\displaystyle{ E }[/math]-reflective subcategory, where [math]\displaystyle{ E }[/math] is a class of morphisms.

The [math]\displaystyle{ E }[/math]-reflective hull of a class A of objects is defined as the smallest [math]\displaystyle{ E }[/math]-reflective subcategory containing A. Thus we can speak about reflective hull, epireflective hull, extremal epireflective hull, etc.

An anti-reflective subcategory is a full subcategory A such that the only objects of B that have an A-reflection arrow are those that are already in A.

Dual notions to the above-mentioned notions are coreflection, coreflection arrow, (mono)coreflective subcategory, coreflective hull, anti-coreflective subcategory.

Examples

Algebra

• The category of abelian groups Ab is a reflective subcategory of the category of groups, Grp. The reflector is the functor that sends each group to its abelianization. In its turn, the category of groups is a reflective subcategory of the category of inverse semigroups.
• Similarly, the category of commutative associative algebras is a reflective subcategory of all associative algebras, where the reflector is quotienting out by the commutator ideal. This is used in the construction of the symmetric algebra from the tensor algebra.
• Dually, the category of anti-commutative associative algebras is a reflective subcategory of all associative algebras, where the reflector is quotienting out by the anti-commutator ideal. This is used in the construction of the exterior algebra from the tensor algebra.
• The category of fields is a reflective subcategory of the category of integral domains (with injective ring homomorphisms as morphisms). The reflector is the functor that sends each integral domain to its field of fractions.
• The category of abelian torsion groups is a coreflective subcategory of the category of abelian groups. The coreflector is the functor sending each group to its torsion subgroup.
• The categories of elementary abelian groups, abelian p-groups, and p-groups are all reflective subcategories of the category of groups, and the kernels of the reflection maps are important objects of study; see focal subgroup theorem.
• The category of groups is a coreflective subcategory of the category of monoids: the right adjoint maps a monoid to its group of units.

Topology

• The category of Kolmogorov spaces (T₀ spaces) is a reflective subcategory of Top, the category of topological spaces, and the Kolmogorov quotient is the reflector.
• The category of completely regular spaces CReg is a reflective subcategory of Top. By taking Kolmogorov quotients, one sees that the subcategory of Tychonoff spaces is also reflective.
• The category of all compact Hausdorff spaces is a reflective subcategory of the category of all Tychonoff spaces (and of the category of all topological spaces). The reflector is given by the Stone–Čech compactification.
• The category of all complete metric spaces with uniformly continuous mappings is a reflective subcategory of the category of metric spaces. The reflector is the completion of a metric space on objects, and the extension by density on arrows.
• The category of sheaves is a reflective subcategory of presheaves on a topological space. The reflector is sheafification, which assigns to a presheaf the sheaf of sections of the bundle of its germs.

Functional analysis

• The category of Banach spaces is a reflective subcategory of the category of normed spaces and bounded linear operators. The reflector is the norm completion functor.

Category theory

• For any Grothendieck site (C, J), the topos of sheaves on (C, J) is a reflective subcategory of the topos of presheaves on C, with the special further property that the reflector functor is left exact. The reflector is the sheafification functor a : Presh(C) → Sh(C, J), and the adjoint pair (a, i) is an important example of a geometric morphism in topos theory.

Properties

• The components of the counit are isomorphisms.
• If D is a reflective subcategory of C, then the inclusion functor D → C creates all limits that are present in C.
• A reflective subcategory has all colimits that are present in the ambient category.
• The monad induced by the reflector/localization adjunction is idempotent.

References

• Adámek, Jiří; Horst Herrlich; George E. Strecker (1990). Abstract and Concrete Categories. New York: John Wiley & Sons. http://katmat.math.uni-bremen.de/acc/acc.pdf. 
• Peter Freyd, Andre Scedrov (1990). Categories, Allegories. Mathematical Library Vol 39. North-Holland. ISBN 978-0-444-70368-2. 
• Herrlich, Horst (1968). Topologische Reflexionen und Coreflexionen. Lecture Notes in Math. 78. Berlin: Springer. 
• Mark V. Lawson (1998). Inverse semigroups: the theory of partial symmetries. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-3316-7.