Religion:Śuri
Śuri | |
---|---|
| |
Member of Novensiles | |
Major cult center |
|
World | |
Weapons | volcanic lightning, fire, lava |
Animals | wolf, goat |
Symbol | solar disc, halo, bow and arrows, pilum, lead |
Adherents | Hirpi Sorani |
Gender | male |
Region | Italy |
Ethnic group | Etruscans, Capenates, Faliscans, Latins, Sabines |
Personal information | |
Parents |
|
Siblings |
|
Consort | Catha |
Greek equivalent | Hades + Apollo |
Roman equivalent | Dīs Pater + Apollo |
Norse equivalent | Surtr |
Śuri (Template:Lang-ett, from Template:Lang-ett), later latinized as Soranus, was an ancient Etruscan deity, also venerated by other populations of central Italy (Capenates, Faliscans, Latins and Sabines) and later adopted into ancient Roman religion.
Name and attributes
The theonym[1] Śuri (Template:Lang-ett, from Template:Lang-ett),[2][3][4][5][6] cognate to Surtr (Old Norse: Surtr, lit. 'black')[7] and latinized as Soranus, means both 'black' and 'from the black [place]', i.e. the Underworld.[2][4][5][6]
Primarily the god of volcanoes and fire, which were associated with the underworld,[8] Śuri also was the chthonic god of the Sun and light,[lower-alpha 1] as well as an oracular god, with powers over health and plague;[8] as god of volcanic lightning, he's thought to have been among the Novensiles, the nine Etruscan thunder gods.[3][6]
His sacred animals were wolves and goats.[lower-alpha 2]
Epithets and Greco-Roman equivalents
Śuri had many epithets,[3][4] among them Calu,[9][10][4] Manth,[11][3][4] Rath,[3][4][12] Usil[13] and Vetis,[14][4] but also Greco-Roman epithets.
By interpretatio graeca, Śuri was identified with both the underworld god Dīs Pater/Hades (Template:Lang-grc-ion; Template:Lang-ett)[3][4][15][16][8] and the sun god Apollo (Template:Lang-ett);[3][4][17][18][9][8][19] their names are associated on Pyrgi inscriptions too.[20][3] After his cult had been syncretised with Apollo, the Romans also nicknamed him Apollo Soranus[10] or Apollo Soractis.[17]
Worship
Cult centers
The center of his cult was Mount Soracte, a sacred mountain located north of Rome, in an area characterized by deep karst cavities and secondary volcanic phenomena; these phenomena were associated in antiquity with underworld deities,[8] hence the area was sacred to underworld gods, such as the Roman Dīs Pater, with whom Soranus is sometimes identified.[15] Other centers dedicated to this deity were the ancient twin cities of Surina (Soriano) and Surina (Viterbo) (it), in the present-day province of Viterbo, Lazio, and the city of Sorano, in the province of Grosseto, Tuscany.[3][5][6]
Worshippers
The priests of Soranus were called Hirpi Sorani[10][21][5][6] ("wolves of Soranus", from Template:Lang-sbv).
Servius has preserved the following legend about them: once, during a sacrifice to Dīs Pater, several wolves ran up to the altar and stole the sacrificial pieces. The shepherds gave chase and ran to a cave – into Mount Soracte – from which such suffocating fumes emanated that those who pursued fell dead. The pestilence that soon spread throughout the country was connected with the death of the shepherds, while the oracle, to whom they turned for advice on how to get rid of the plague, replied that the plague would stop as soon as the inhabitants, like wolves, began to lead a robber life. These people took the name Hirpi Sorani (from Template:Lang-sbv) and devoted themselves to the cult of the god Soranus, who was later identified with Dīs Pater due the volcanic properties of the mountain and the underground nature of the god.[15][8]
They were firewalkers; during the ceremonies, they walked on hot coals, holding the entrails of sacrificed goats.[15][18][22][23][6] They were also considered skillful ornithomantists.[8]
During the annual festivities in honor of Apollo Soranus and Feronia, they walked barefoot among burning logs without being burned, for which they were forever released by the Roman Senate from military service and other liturgies.[8] The Lupercalia, in the Roman religion, probably derive from these priests.[10]
Partners
He had two female partners: his Etruscan consort Catha (or Cavatha), goddess of Moon and Underworld;[16][24][3] and his Faliscan sister-in-law Feronia, whose major sanctuary[lower-alpha 3] was located near Mount Soracte.[23][19]
See also
- Apollo Smintheus
- Etruscan civilization
- List of Etruscan mythological figures
- Annotated links
Notes and references
Notes
References
- ↑ De Simone 2012.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Colonna 2009.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 National Etruscan Museum.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Maras 2010.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Di Silvio 2014.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Romano Impero 2021.
- ↑ Orchard 1997.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Obnorsky 1900.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bouke van der Meer 2013, pp. 323–341.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Rissanen 2013.
- ↑ Colonna 2006, p. 141.
- ↑ Bonfante & Bonfante 2002, p. 204.
- ↑ Nonoss 2015.
- ↑ Kenney & Clausen 1983.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Servius 380b, 11.785.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 De Grummond 2004, p. 359.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Virgil, 11.786.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Pliny the Elder, 7.2.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Myth Index.
- ↑ Colonna 2009, pp. 101–126.
- ↑ Di Fazio 2013.
- ↑ Silius Italicus, 5.175.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Strabo, 5.
- ↑ De Grummond 2008, pp. 422, 425.
Bibliography
- Adiego, Ignasi-Xavier (2016). "The Etruscan Texts of the Pyrgi Golden Tablets: Certainties and Uncertainties". in Bellelli, Vincenzo. Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscrizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta. I-X. Verona. p. 155. https://www.academia.edu/21480948.
- Bonfante, Giuliano; Bonfante, Larissa (2002). The Etruscan Language: An Introduction (2 ed.). Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719055409.
- Bonfante, Larissa; Swaddling, Judith (2006). Etruscan Myths. The Legendary Past (77). British Museum/University of Texas. ISBN 9780714122380.
- Bonnefoy, Yves, ed (1992). Roman and European Mythologies. University of Chicago Press. pp. 30, 36. ISBN 9780226064550.
- {{harvc|in=Bonnefoy|year=1992|anchor-year=1992a
- {{harvc|in=Bonnefoy|year=1992|anchor-year=1992b
- Briquel, Dominique (1997). Chrétiens et haruspices: La religion étrusque, dernier rempart du paganisme romain. ISBN 9782728802326.
- Capella, Martianus (1836). De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii. II. Frankfurt am Main: Varrentrapp. 164. https://archive.org/details/denuptiisphilolo00martuoft/page/218.
- Classical Association (1918). Postgate, John Percival. ed. Classical Quarterly. Clarendon Press. p. 107. https://books.google.com/books?id=1u4LAAAAIAAJ&q=vediovis.
- Colonna, Giovanni (2001). "Divinazione e culto di Rath/Apollo a Caere (a proposito del santuario in loc. S. Antonio)". Archeologia Classica (L'Erma di Bretschneider) LII (2): 151–173. doi:10.1400/258393.
- Colonna, Giovanni (2009). "L'Apollo di Pyrgi, Śur/Śuri (il «Nero») e l'Apollo Sourios". Studi Etruschi LXXIII: 101–134. ISSN 0391-7762.
- Cristofani, Mauro, ed (2000). "Apulu/Aplu". Etruschi: una nuova immagine. Florence: Giunti Editore. pp. 161–162. ISBN 9788809017924.
- Cristofani, Mauro, ed (1985). "Aplu". Dizionario illustrato della civiltà Etrusca. Florence: Giunti Editore. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-88-09-21728-7.
- De Grummond, Nancy Thomson (2004). "For the Mother and for the Daughter: Some Thoughts on Dedications from Etruria and Praeneste". Hesperia Supplements (The American School of Classical Studies at Athens) 33: 351–370. ISBN 9780876615331. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1354077.
- De Grummond, Nancy Thomson (2006). Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 9781931707862.
- De Grummond, Nancy Thomson; Simon, Erika, eds (2006). The Religion of the Etruscans. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292782334. https://books.google.com/books?id=hQtbJyFCd40C.
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- De Grummond, Nancy Thomson (2008). "Moon Over Pyrgi: Catha, an Etruscan Lunar Goddess?". American Journal of Archaeology 112 (3): 419–428. doi:10.3764/aja.112.3.419.
- De Grummond, Nancy Thomson (2016-11-01). "Thunder versus Lightning in Etruria". Etruscan Studies 19 (2): 183–207. doi:10.1515/etst-2016-0011.
- De Simone, Carlo (2012). "Il teonimo Šuri: riflessioni ad alta voce". Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici (32–33).
- Di Fazio, Massimiliano (2013). "Gli Hirpi del Soratte". in Cifani, Gabriele. Tra Roma e l’Etruria. Cultura, identità e territorio dei Falisci. Edizioni Quasar. pp. 231–264. ISBN 978-88-7140-519-3. https://www.academia.edu/5111722.
- Di Silvio, Paola (2014-11-18). "Suri: L’Apollo Nero Degli Etruschi". https://www.ereticamente.net/2014/11/suri-lapollo-nero-degli-etruschi.html.
- Elliott, John (1995-01-01). "The Etruscan Wolfman in Myth and Ritual". Etruscan Studies 2 (1): 17–33. doi:10.1515/etst.1995.2.1.17.
- Haynes, Sybille (2000). Etruscan Civilization: A Cultural History. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. ISBN 9780892366002.
- Jannot, Jean-René (2005). Religion in Ancient Etruria. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299208448.
- Kenney, Edward John; Clausen, Wendell Vernon (1983). The Cambridge History of Classical Literature. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521273732.
- Lecce, Vittoria. "Novembre e il dio Suri - Il Nero Signore". Museo Nazionale Etrusco. https://www.museoetru.it/etru-a-casa-aiser/novembre-e-il-dio-suri.
- Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. I–VIII. Zurich, Munich, Düsseldorf: Artemis & Winkler Verlag. 1981–1999. ISBN 3-7608-8751-1.
- Lübker, Friedrich (1855). Real Lexicon of Classical Antiquity. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner Verlag. https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003599381. "Sorānus"
- Maras, Daniele F. (2010). "Suri. Il nero signore degli inferi". Archeo (305). http://www.archeo.it/rivista/2010/Luglio/suri-il-nero-signore-degli-inferi.
- Moore, Daniel (2018). "The Etruscan Goddess Catha". Etruscan Studies 21 (1–2): 58–77. doi:10.1515/etst-2017-0030.
- Nonoss (2015). "Turan, Aritimi, Usil et l'énigmatique Letham..." (in fr-FR). http://arossf.over-blog.com/2015/03/turan-aritimi-usil.html.
- Obnorsky, Nikolai Petrovich (1900). "Template:Ws2". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. XXXa. Saint Petersburg: Brockhaus–Efron.
- Pliny the Elder. Naturalis Historia. VII. 2. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=7.2&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137.
- Rissanen, Mika (2013). "The Hirpi Sorani and the Wolf Cults of Central Italy". Arctos: Acta Philologica Fennica (Helsinki: Klassillis-filologinen yhdistys) 46. ISSN 0570-734X. https://www.academia.edu/2177407.
- Servius (380). Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil. I–XII. Georgius Thilo. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053.
- Silius Italicus. Punica. V. 175. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=5.175&fromdoc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0674.
- Simon, Erika (1998). "Apollo in Etruria". Annali della Fondazione C. Faina di Orvieto V: 119–141.
- Strabo. Geography. V. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=5&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239.
- Bouke van der Meer, Lammert (2013). "Lead Plaque of Magliano". Interpretando l'antico. Scritti di archeologia offerti a Maria Bonghi Jovino. Quaderni di Acme (134). Milan. pp. 323–341 (335). https://www.academia.edu/4006969.
- Virgil. Aeneid. XI. 786. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=11.786&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0054.
Further reading
- Babelon, Ernest (1963-01-01) (in fr). Description Historique Et Chronologique Des Monnaies de La République Romaine Vulgairement Appelées Monnaies Consulaires. 1. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781291327748. https://books.google.com/books?id=i2KlBAAAQBAJ.
- Chhawchharia, Ajai Kumar (2015). The Chariot of God: Dharma Rath. ISBN 9781516953776.
- Dronke, Ursula, ed (1997). The Poetic Edda: Volume II: Mythological Poems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-811181-9.
- Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006. p. 803. ISBN 978-159339266-6.
- Hart, George (2005) (in en). The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. Psychology Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-415-34495-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=0L83uBijeZwC&pg=PA133.
- Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-34520-2.
- Simek, Rudolf (1993). Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-513-1.
- Sturluson, Snorri (c. 1220). Prose Edda.
- Sturluson, Snorri (1995-04-06). Edda. London: Dent. ISBN 978-0460876162.
- Sturluson, Snorri (1998-10-01). Edda. London: Viking Society for Northern Research University College. ISBN 978-0903521345.
- Sturluson, Snorri (2005). The Prose Edda. Penguin Classics. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0140447552.
- The complete Poetical Works of Theodore Tilton in One Volume. London, UK: T. Fisher Unwin. 1897. p. 705. https://books.google.com/books?id=m381AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA705.
- Corpus Poeticum Boreale: Court poetry. II. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 1883. p. 471. https://books.google.com/books?id=ymQJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA471.
External links
- "Culto di Soranus". July 2021. https://www.romanoimpero.com/2021/07/culto-di-soranus.html.
- "Soranus". http://www.mythindex.com/roman-mythology/S/Soranus.html.
- "Vediove". Nova Roma: Calendar of Holidays and Festivals. http://www.novaroma.org/calendar/januarius.html#Vediovis.
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