Religion:Hayat Tahrir al-Sham

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Hayʼat Tahrir al-Sham
Organization for the Liberation of the Levant
هيئة تحرير الشام
Leaders
  • Abu Mohammad al-Julani (military chief, official leader since October 2017)[1][2]
  • Abu Jaber Shaykh (Shura council leader, official leader until October 2017)[3][2]
  • Abu Khayr al-Masri † (al-Qaeda deputy leader)[4]
  • Abu Ubeidah al-Kansafra †
    (top military commander)[5]
Dates of operation28 January 2017 – present
Allegiance Syrian Salvation Government[6][7][8]
HeadquartersIdlib Governorate, Syria
Active regions Syria
 Lebanon (until August 2017)
IdeologySunni Islamism
Allies
  • Ansar al-Islam splinter faction
  • Soldiers of the Caucasus
  • Katiba Abd Ar-Rahman[10]
  • Katibat Jabal al-Islam[11]
  • Caucasus Emirate
  • Turkistan Islamic Party
  • JunudAlMakhdiFlag.png Junud al-Makhdi[12][13]
  • Malhama Tactical[14]
  • Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkistan[15]
  • Army of Glory
  • Jund al-Islam
  •  Turkey(sometimes)[16][17]
  •  United States (alleged)[18][19][20]
OpponentsState opponents

Non-state opponents

Battles and warsSyrian Civil War
  • Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War
    • Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)[28][29][30]
    • Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)
    • Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict
    • 5th Idlib inter-rebel conflict
  • Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya
  • Daraa offensive (February–March 2017)
  • ISIL Daraa offensive (February 2017)
  • Qaboun offensive (February–March 2017)
  • 2017 Hama offensive
  • Daraa offensive (June 2017)
  • Quneitra offensive (June 2017)
  • Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon
    • Qalamoun offensive (July–August 2017)
  • Military intervention against ISIL
  • American-led intervention in Syria
  • Russian military intervention in Syria
  • East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)
  • Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate
  • Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–present)
  • Eastern Syria insurgency (2017–present)
  • Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)[31]
  • Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)[32]
  • 2018 Southern Syria offensive
  • Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)
  • National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict
  • Northwestern Syria offensive (April-August 2019)
  • Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)
  • Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)

Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) (Arabic: هيئة تحرير الشام, transliteration: Hayʼat Taḥrīr al-Shām,[38] "Organization for the Liberation of the Levant" or "Levant Liberation Committee"),[29][30] commonly referred to as Tahrir al-Sham, is an active Sunni Islamist militant group involved in the Syrian Civil War. It was formed on 28 January 2017 as a merger between Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (formerly al-Nusra Front), the Ansar al-Din Front, Jaysh al-Sunna, Liwa al-Haqq, and the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement.[3] After the announcement, additional groups and individuals joined. The merged group is currently led by Jabhat Fatah al-Sham and former Ahrar al-Sham leaders, although the High Command consists of leaders from other groups.[39] Many groups and individuals defected from Ahrar al-Sham, representing their more conservative and Salafist elements. The Ansar al-Din Front[40] and Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement[37] have since split off from Tahrir al-Sham. It had an estimated 20,000 members in 2019.[41]

Despite the merger, Tahrir al-Sham has been accused of working as al-Qaeda's Syrian branch on a covert level and is considered one of its branches,[41] and that many of the group's senior figures, particularly Abu Jaber, held similarly extreme views.[42][43] However, Tahrir al-Sham has officially denied being part of al-Qaeda and said in a statement that the group is "an independent entity and not an extension of previous organizations or factions".[1] Additionally, some factions such as Nour al-Din al-Zenki, which was part of the merger, were once supported by the US.[44]

Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham swore allegiance to the Syrian Salvation Government, which is an alternative government of the Syrian Opposition seated within Idlib Governorate.[45][46]

History

Background

Al-Nusra/JFS co-operated with Ahrar al-Sham for much of 2015–16. Leading Ahrar al-Sham cleric Abu Jaber had long criticized al-Nusra's affiliation to al-Qaeda as setting back the cause of the rebels, and had also been the focus of attempts to unify Islamist rebel elements.[47][3][48] He led a more Islamist and less nationalist faction within Ahrar al-Sham, Jaysh al-Ahrar, which supported merger of Ahrar al-Sham with JFS. There were merger talks in late 2016, but these broke down. In early 2017 it clashed with rival Islamist groups in Idlib, in particular Ahrar al-Sham, but Jaish al-Ahrar detached itself from Ahrar al-Sham to merge with JFS in a new body.[49]

Formation

Abdullah al-Muhaysini, Abu Taher al-Hamawi, and Abd ar-Razzaq al-Mahdi worked on the formation of the group.[50][better source needed] The new formation was announced on 28 January 2017.

According to Syria analyst Charles Lister, Ahrar al-Sham lost some 800-1,000 defectors to HTS, but gained at least 6,000-8,000 more from the merger into its ranks of Suqor al-Sham, Jaish al-Mujahideen, Fastaqim Union and the western Aleppo units of the Levant Front, and the Idlib-based units of Jaysh al-Islam. JFS meanwhile lost several hundred fighters to Ahrar al-Sham, but gained 3,000-5,000 fighters from its merger with Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zinki, Liwa al-Haq, Jaish al-Sunna, and Jabhat Ansar al-Din into HTS.[49]

On 28 January 2017, the day that Tahrir al-Sham was formed, the group announced the formation of its elite units, the "Inghimasi", some of whom were deployed in Idlib city, according to pro-government media.[51][better source needed]

Consolidation of power (January to August 2017)

Fighters of Tahrir al-Sham in the village of Mushairfa, northeast of Hama, during the northeastern Hama offensive in October 2017.

On 30 January, there were reports of mobilizations by Tahrir al-Sham and Ahrar al-Sham at the Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing and other nearby areas, and that the two groups were preparing for another round of clashes.[citation needed] On 30 January, it was reported[by whom?] that there were around 31,000 fighters in Tahrir al-Sham,[33] while in March analyst Charles Lister described is as "likely commanding 12,000 to 14,000 fighters".[52]

Soon after the group's formation, many local Syrians began referring to the group as Hetesh, which was an Arabic acronym meant as a pejorative, similar the "Daesh" label applied to ISIL by much of the Arab World. This labeling indicated that many Syrians saw Tahrir al-Sham as no different than ISIL, especially given the similarities between Tahrir al-Sham's recent attacks and ISIL's massive offensive on rebel forces in 2014.[53]

HTS suffered losses from air attacks by Coalition forces. On 1 February 2017, pro-government media reported that the US had conducted an airstrike on Carlton Hotel, in the city of Idlib, which was used by Tahrir al-Sham's former al-Nusra component for troop housing, and hosting meetings of prominent commanders,[54][better source needed] although opposition sources said the hotel was used by the Syrian Arab Red Crescent,[55] and US involvement has not been confirmed.[56] On the same day, the Elite Division of the FSA was attacked by Tahrir al-Sham.[57][better source needed] On 3 February, a US airstrike struck a Tahrir al-Sham headquarters[58] in Sarmin, killing 12 members of HTS and Jund al-Aqsa. 10 of the killed militants were HTS members.[59][60] The airstrike also killed militant commander Ibrahim al-Rihaal Abu Bakr.[58]

There has been resistance to HTS by civilians in rebel areas it controls. On 3 February, hundreds of Syrians demonstrated under the slogan "There is no place for al-Qaeda in Syria" in the towns of Atarib, Azaz, Maarat al-Nu'man to protest against HTS. In response, supporters of HTS organized counter-protests in al-Dana, Idlib, Atarib, and Khan Shaykhun.[61] In Idlib pro- Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham protests were held waving pictures of its emir Abu Jaber on 3 February 2017.[62] Attendance at a speech by HTS cleric Abdullah al-Muhaysini was manipulated by drawing internally displaced persons and impoverished people with promises of motorcycles and refrigerators through a raffle.[63][better source needed]

On 4 February 2017, a US airstrike killed al-Qaeda commander Abu Hani al-Masri, who was a part of Ahrar al-Sham at the time of his death. It was reported that he was about to defect to Tahrir al-Sham before his death.[60] On the same day, Tahrir al-Sham official Muslah al-Alyani criticized other groups for not joining Tahrir al-Sham, arguing that any group that "fought for Islam" would be bombed, regardless of terrorist designations. In his statement, he indicated that one of the reasons why most Ahrar al-Sham fighters refused to join Tahrir al-Sham was because the latter group contained terrorist-designated individuals.[58]

Around 8 February, Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi confirmed that 2 senior Jabhat Fateh al-Sham leaders loyal to al-Qaeda, including former al-Nusra deputy leader Sami al-Oraydi, left Tahrir al-Sham after its formation.[64]

A speech was released by Abu Jaber on 9 February.[65] He emphasized his group being an "independent entity" and praised his "brothers" in the "Syrian Jihad". The statement included derogatory rhetoric on Shia Muslims, saying the Shiites (“rejectionists”) will “enslave the region" if the rebels lose the war.[1]

On 12 February, the Bunyan al-Marsous Operations Room, of which Tahrir al-Sham was a member, launched an offensive against the Syrian Army in Daraa's Manshiyah district. Tahrir al-Sham forces reportedly began the attack with 2 suicide bombers and car bombs.[66]

On 13 February, clashes erupted between the previously-allied Tahrir al-Sham and Jund al-Aqsa, also called Liwa al-Aqsa, in northern Hama and southern Idlib.[67][68]

On 15 February, Ahrar al-Sham published an infographic on its recent defections, claiming that only 955 fighters had defected to Tahrir al-Sham.[64] There were also reports that Ahrar al-Sham, the Sham Legion, Jaysh al-Izza, the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria, and the Tamkin Brigade would soon merge to form a new organization called the Syrian Liberation Front.[69][70]

On 19 February, HTS arrested local FSA commander Anas Ibrahim in Atarib, and, in response, an anti-HTS protest was held in the town.[71][72][better source needed]

On 20 February, a Ma'arat al-Numan Shura Council was created by the Sham Legion, Ahrar al-Sham, and Tahrir al-Sham.[73][better source needed]

On 22 February, the Combating Terrorism Center reported that Jabhat Fateh al-Sham had formed the Tahrir al-Sham group due to its fear of being isolated, and to counter Ahrar al-Sham's recent expansion during the clashes in the Idlib Province.[64]

On 22 February, the last of Liwa al-Asqa's 2,100 militants left their final positions in Khan Shaykhun, with unconfirmed reports in pro-government media that they were to join ISIL in the Ar-Raqqah Province after a negotiated withdrawal deal with Tahrir al-Sham and the Turkistan Islamic Party.[74] Afterward, Tahrir al-Sham declared terminating Liwa al-Aqsa, and promised to watch for any remaining cells.[75]

On 26 February, a US airstrike in Al-Mastoumeh, Idlib Province, killed Abu Khayr al-Masri, who was the deputy leader of al-Qaeda.[4][76] The airstrike also killed another Tahrir al-Sham militant.[77][78] Abu Khayr's death left HTS freer to move away from al-Qaeda's control.[49]

In early March 2017, local residents in the Idlib Province who supported FSA factions accused Tahrir al-Sham of doing more harm than good, saying that all they've done is "kidnap people, set up checkpoints, and terrorize residents."[79]

On 16 March, a US airstrike struck an al-Qaeda meeting in the village of al-Jinah, just southwest of Atarib, killing at least 29 and possibly over 50 civilians; the US claimed the people targeted in the strike were "al-Qaeda militants" but the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), local residents and local officials have said that the building struck was a mosque filled with worshipers.[80][81][82]

On the morning of 21 March (local time), according to local activists, a US drone strike in Darkoush, Idlib Province, killed Abu Islam al-Masri, a high-ranking HTS commander. HTS commander Abu al-'Abbas al-Darir was also killed in the drone strike.[83] On the same day, Tahrir al-Sham launched the 2017 Hama offensive against Syrian Government forces.[citation needed]

On 24 March, two flatbed trucks carrying flour and belonging to an IHH-affiliated Turkish relief organization were stopped at a HTS checkpoint at the entrance to Sarmada. HTS then seized the trucks and the flour, which was intended for a bakery in Saraqib. The seizure caused 2,000 families in the area to be cut off from a free supply of bread.[84]

In April 2017, Jaysh al-Islam attacked the HTS and expelled it from the territories under its control in Eastern Ghouta.[85]

On 3 May, HTS arrested Suhail Muhammad Hamoud, "Abu TOW", a former FSA fighter, in a house raid in Idlib. Earlier, al-Hamoud had published a photograph of him smoking in front of a HTS billboard that prohibited smoking.[86]

On 20 May, the main faction of the Abu Amara Battalions joined Tahrir al-Sham, which "now boasts a fighting force of some 50,000 militants" according to one pro-government media source.[87] However, the covert operations unit of the Abu Amara Battalions based in Aleppo remained independent.[88]

On 27 May, Tahrir al-Sham and Saraya Ahl al-Sham clashed with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in the western Qalamoun Mountains near Arsal, Lebanon–Syria border. 33 fighters were killed from both sides.[89]

On 29 May, Tahrir al-Sham arrested opposition activist and FSA commander Abdul Baset al-Sarout after accusing him of participating in an anti-HTS protest in Maarat al-Nu'man.[90]

On 2 June 2017, defectors from the Northern Brigade's Commandos of Islam Brigade reportedly joined Tahrir al-Sham, although Captain Kuja, leader of the unit, stated that he is still part of the Northern Brigade.[91][92]

During 18–23 July, HTS launched a series of attacks on Ahrar al-Sham positions, which were quickly abandoned.[49] On 20 July 2017, the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement led by Sheikh Tawfiq Shahabuddin announced its withdrawal from Tahrir al-Sham amid widespread conflict between HTS and Ahrar al-Sham, and became an independent Islamist group.[37] On 23 July 2017, Tahrir al-Sham expelled the remnants of Ahrar al-Sham from Idlib, capturing the entire city[93] as well as 60% of the Idlib Governorate.[94] HTS was now the dominant armed group in opposition-held NW Syria.[49]

On 18 August 2017, Tahrir al-Sham captured 8 rebel fighters from the town of Madaya after it accused them of wanting to return to Madaya during a ceasefire agreement.[95]

Attacks (early 2017)

On 25 February 2017, 5[96] Tahrir al-Sham suicide bombers attacked the headquarters of the Syrian military intelligence in Homs, killing dozens of security forces, including the head of the military security in Homs.[97] Pictures of the attackers were released on Twitter.[98] One of the attackers was a Khan Shaykhun native called Abu Hurayra (Safi Qatini), according to social media sources.[99] The State Security branch chief and Military security branch chief died in the attack, according to social media sources.[100] Hassan Daaboul was among the 40 assassinated by Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham.[101] The explosion killed Ibrahim Darwish, a Brigadier General and the state security branch's chief.[102] Syrian reporter Moussa al-Omar posted pictures of officers and soldiers who were killed.[103] The War Center Media gave a figure of six suicide attackers and a death toll of thirty.[104] The death toll was given at twenty by Moussa when he posted it a breaking.[105] The death toll was given at thirty five on 24 February according to Moussa.[106] The injured numbered fifty four and the dead numbered forty seven on 25 February according to Moussa.[107] Abu Yusuf al-Muhajir, a Tahrir al-Sham military spokesman was interviewed by Human Voice on the bombings.[108] Twenty-six names were released.[109] Sheikh Samir bin Ali Ka'aka Abu Abdurrahman from Eastern Ghouta suggested that the attack was carried out by Iranians in a dispute between Russians and Iranians.[110] Geneva-based opposition Syrians claimed that the Homs strike was carried out by the government.[111] The attack took place the same time as the beginning of the Geneva Four talks.[112] The attack was praised by Liwa Omar al-Farouq Brigade leader in Ahrar Al-Sham, Abu Abdul Malik (Mahmoud Nemah).[113] The attack was mentioned in an article in the publication Al-Masra by Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.[114] HTS leader Abu Mohammed al-Julani mentioned the Homs attack, stating that it was a message for the "defeatist politicians" to "step aside."[115] It has been disputed that the raid did resulted in the death of Ibrahim Darwish.[116] Tariq Abdelhaleem posted a tweet on the Homs attack by Tahrir al-Sham.[117]

On 11 March 2017, Tahrir al-Sham carried out a twin bombing attack in the Bab al-Saghir area of Damascus's Old City, killing 76 and wounding 120. The death toll included 43 Iraqi pilgrims.[118] The attacks were at a shrine frequented by Shi'ite pilgrims and militiamen.[119] They were described in a statement attributed to Tahrir al-Sham as targeting Iran-backed militias and pro-Assad fighters.[120]

Beginning of decline, leadership passes from Abu Jaber (late 2017)

From September to November 2017, there were a series of assassinations of HTS leaders, in particular foreign clerics associated with the most hardline elements, such as Abu Talha al-Ordini, Abu Abdulrahman al-Mohajer, Abu Sulaiman al-Maghribi, Abu Yahya al-Tunisi, Suraqa al-Maki and Abu Mohammad al-Sharii, as well as some local military leaders, including Abu Elias al-Baniasi, Mustafa al-Zahri, Saied Nasrallah and Hassan Bakour. There was speculation that the assassinations were carried out either by pro-Turkish perpetrators, given the hostility between Turkey and HTS in Idlib, or by supporters of Johani's [who?] attempt to turn the organization away from hardline Salafi-jihadi positions. There were also high-profile defections from HTS in the same period, including Abdullah al-Muhaysini and Muslah al-Alyani.[121] In December, HTS arrested several prominent jihadi activists, former members of al-Nusra who remained loyal to al-Qaeda and rejected HTS's turn away from Salafi-jihadist positions. The move was interpreted as an attempt to re-establish as a more pragmatic, pan-Sunni group, with a more civilian structure. Al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri denounced this turn.[122][123]

HTS announced Abu Jaber's resignation as the group's leader on 1 October 2017. He was succeeded by Nusra Front founder Abu-Muhammad al-Julani, who had already been the de facto military commander.[124][125]

On 1 October 2017, the ibn Taymiyyah Battalions based in the town of Darat Izza defected from Tahrir al-Sham.[126]

In October 2017, Russia claimed to have injured Abu Mohammed al-Joulani in an air raid; HTS denied the claim.[127][125]

In November 2017, violent clashes erupted between the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement and Tahrir al-Sham in northern Idlib and western Aleppo, mainly in the area between Atme and Khan al-Asal.[128] HTS established the Syrian Salvation Government in Idlib, as a rival to the Syrian Interim Government recognized by other rebels.[85]

In early 2018, there were reports that HTS had been significantly weakened, and now had "a small presence in Eastern Ghouta and declining influence in Idlib, northern Hama, and western Aleppo provinces", with just 250 men in Eastern Ghouta[85] and a total of 12,000 fighters.[49]

In February 2018, Tahrir al-Sham was accused of killing Fayez al-Madani, an opposition delegate tasked with negotiations with the government over electricity delivery in the northern Homs Governorate, in the city of al-Rastan. Hundreds of people, including fighters of the Men of God Brigade, part of the Free Syrian Army's National Liberation Movement group,[24][25][129] proceeded to demonstrate against HTS in the city on 13 February. In response, HTS withdrew from Rastan and handed over its headquarters in the city to the Men of God Brigade.[130] A breakaway faction of former HTS members was formed in February 2018, called the Guardians of Religion Organization.[131][better source needed]

HTS was left excluded of the 24 February ceasefire agreement on Eastern Ghouta. In late February, a group of armed factions, including Failaq al-Rahman and Jaysh al-Islam, wrote to the UN declaring they were ready to "evacuate" remaining HTS fighters from Eastern Ghouta within 15 days.[85] At the same time in Idlib Governorate, Ahrar al-Sham, Nour al-Din al-Zinki and Soqour al-Sham entered into conflict with HTS, taking significant territory.[85]

During late 2017 and early 2018, it co-operated with Turkey in Idlib, leading to deepening tensions between the more pragmatic leadership and more hardline (especially foreign fighters) elements hostile to working with Turkey. Some of the latter split in February 2018 to form Huras al-Din. The HTS leadership also cracked down on remaining ISIS splinter cells active in Idlib. By August, when HTS entered into (unsuccessful) negotiations with Russia and Turkey, HTS was estimated to have around 3,000–4,000 foreign fighters, including non-Syrian Arabs, out of a total of 16,000 HTS fighters. On 31 August, Turkey declared HTS a terrorist organization.[47]

2019

Revival and victory in Idlib

In January 2019, HTS was able to seize dozens of villages from rivals, and afterwards, a deal was reached in which the civil administration was to be led by HTS in the whole rebel-held Idlib Governorate.[132]

In the wake of the 5th Idlib inter-rebel conflict, HTS gained control of nearly the entire Idlib pocket, after defeating the Turkish-backed National Front for Liberation. Following their victory, Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham would immediately violate the ceasefire treaty brokered by Turkey and Russia by placing combat units in the demilitarized zone along the Idlib-Syrian Government border, and attack SAA encampments near the area. In response to these attacks, Syrian president Bashar al-Assad increased the number of troops garrisoned near Idlib, which some have argued is an impending renewed offensive in the region, following the Northwestern Syria Campaign, where pro-government forces retook the formerly rebel-controlled Abu al-Duhur Military Airbase that was captured by the FSA and Army of Conquest in 2015. In 2019, the U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary Defense Michael Mulroy stated that “Idlib is essentially the largest collection of al Qaeda affiliates in the world.” [133][134][135][136] On July 10-11, 57 pro-government fighters were killed when Tahrir al-Sham militants attacked Syrian positions near the fortified village of Hamamiyat. 44 militants were also killed.[137][138]

Ideology and governance

Abu Jaber, one of Tahrir al-Sham's leaders, has Salafist jihadist beliefs. This has resulted in him being arrested several times by the Syrian government. He was imprisoned at the Sednaya Prison in 2005 and released among several jihadist prisoners in 2011 who would form several Salafist rebel groups during the Syrian Civil War.[1] Abu Jaber has also professed a belief in "Popular Jihad", a bottom-to-top approach in which jihadists would win the hearts and minds of the people, before setting out to establish jihadi governance, after receiving enough popular support, which is notably the opposite of ISIL's "elite Jihad" top-to-bottom approach.[42]

In 2017, some analysts argued that the group continued to maintain many of al-Nusra Front's al-Qaeda ideologies.[139] Syrian reporter Abdullah Suleiman Ali also said that many of the former Jabhat Fateh al-Sham fighters still answered to al-Qaeda, and held an increasing amount of sway over the new group, despite its public rebranding.[139] The Combating Terrorism Center also reported that despite public statements by some of Tahrir al-Sham's top figures, the group was still largely the same al-Qaeda-aligned group it was back when it was known as al-Nusra.[64] Lebanese researcher Muhammad Alloush said that the goal of forming Tahrir al-Sham was to unite all groups with al-Qaeda's extreme ideology under one banner, and to obtain as many weapons as possible.[139]

On 18 June 2019, HTS released a statement offering condolences to Egypt's former President Muhammad Morsi upon his death.[140]

Public opinion

Students of the Free Aleppo University in al-Dana protest against the closure of several faculties by the Syrian Salvation Government which is affiliated with Tahrir al-Sham.

The ECHO Research Centre at Laurentian University conducted an opinion poll on 4,858 residents in several areas of Syria between 10 July 2017 and 28 July 2017. According to the poll's results, 77% of those surveyed disagreed with the Salafist ideology Tahrir al-Sham and other Salafist groups promote in Idlib, 73% rejected HTS-affiliated local councils in Idlib, 66% agreed that HTS is part of al-Qaeda in Syria, and 63% claimed that the dominance of HTS in Idlib will lead to a "second Tora Bora". Of those who participated in the poll, nearly all of them (close to 100%) considered HTS to be contrary to the goals of the Syrian opposition, although they were split in its extent. 51% of them considered HTS to be contrary to the opposition since its inception, 42% considered HTS to be previously consistent with the opposition, but is no longer so, and 7% considered HTS to be a counter-revolutionary organization.[141]

Structure

Member groups

The groups in italic are defectors from Ahrar al-Sham which either left to join Jabhat Fateh al-Sham in the last few days of its existence, or joined its successor group Tahrir al-Sham.


Disclaimer

This list is based on official announcements by Tahrir al-Sham[148][better source needed] and may not necessarily express the full extent of allegiances to the group. These groups may or may not become independent in the future; however, effort will be made to accordingly add or remove groups, based on the status given to them by the commanding office of Tahrir al-Sham. This list may not be a full comprehensive list of member groups.[citation needed]

Leadership

Since October 2017, the "general commander" or emir of Tahrir al-Sham is Abu Mohammad al-Julani, who is also Tahrir al-Sham's "military commander" and the emir of Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, who also led its predecessor organisation al-Nusra Front, the Syrian branch of al-Qaeda.[253]

Previously, the general commander of Tahrir al-Sham was Hashim al-Shaykh, also known as Abu Jaber, who was the leader of Ahrar al-Sham between September 2014 and September 2015.[254] On 1 October 2017, Abu Jaber resigned from his position as the general leader of Tahrir al-Sham and was replaced by Abu Mohammad al-Julan. Abu Jaber took another position as the head of HTS's Shura council.[2]

Individuals in italic are defectors from Ahrar al-Sham, which either left to join Jabhat Fateh al-Sham in the last few days of its existence, or directly joined Tahrir al-Sham.



Former groups

  • Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement
  • Supporters of the East Regiment (joined Ahrar al-Sham)[268][better source needed]
  • Ibn Taymiyyah Battalions (joined Ahrar al-Sham)[126]
  • Tahrir al-Sham elements in Northern Aleppo City outskirts (joined Ahrar al-Sham)[269]
  • Khalid ibn al-Walid Battalion (joined Ahrar al-Sham)[citation needed]
  • Farouq Army (remnants of the Farouq Brigades in northern Hama), later joined Jaysh al-Nasr[270][better source needed][271][272]
  • Lions of Sunna Battalion[273]
  • Jaysh al-Ahrar[274]
  • Victory of Saladin Brigade[citation needed]
  • Katibat al-Siddiq [citation needed]
  • Harakat Fajr ash-Sham al-Islamiya (became Ansar al-Din Front - Harakat Fajr ash-Sham al-Islamiya)[40]
    • al-Murabitin Battalion
    • Osama Battalion
    • Abu Ali Yemeni Battalion
    • Abu Hilal Zitan Battalion
  • Former HTS groups that went to join the Syrian Liberation Front
    • Katibat al-'Iqaab[275][better source needed]
    • Sheikh Fadel al-Akel
    • Katibat al-Bayia Lillah
    • Katibat Usud al-Tawheed
    • Liwa al-Adiyat
    • Martyr Abu Omar Battalion
  • Former HTS groups that went to join the Guardians of Religion Organization[276]
    • Jaysh al-Badia
    • Jaysh al-Malahim
    • Jaysh al-Sahil
    • Saraya al-Sahil
    • Jund al-Sharia
    • Siriyatan Kabil

Former leaders

Political relations

Al-Qaeda

Ayman al-Zawahiri has opposed the split of HTS from Al-Qaeda, stating that it was done without his consent.[280] Several Al-Qaeda circles and supporters have also condemned Joulani and compared him to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi because of the group's conflicts with other rebel groups, and have described him as an 'opportunist' as well as making claims that he is an agent of foreign powers.[281]

Ahrar al-Sham

According to Abdul Razzaq al-Mahdi, who was a leading scholar in Tahrir al-Sham, the groups do not particularly hate one another in the political or social battlefield. Certain members, however, do believe that a war between the two would be possible, since Ahrar al-Sham's attendance at the Astana talks labels it as a "moderate" faction, often seen as blasphemy within groups such as Tahrir al-Sham.[282]

In February 2018 Ahrar al-Sham and the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement merged and formed the Syrian Liberation Front then launched an offensive against Tahrir al-Sham seizing several villages and the city of Maarrat al-Nu'man.

Designation as a terrorist organization

Country Date References
 United States 11 March 2017 [283][284]
 Canada 23 May 2018 [285]
 Turkey 31 August 2018 [286]
 United Kingdom [287]

The US embassy in Syria confirmed in May 2017 that HTS had been designated a terrorist organization in March 2017.[288] The United States Ambassador to Syria stated that "HTS is a merger and any group that merges into it becomes part of al-Qaeda's Syrian network."[284] and "the core of HTS is Nusra, a designated terrorist organization. This designation applies regardless of what name it uses or what groups merge into it."[289]

Canada designated Tahrir al-Sham as a terrorist organization on 23 May 2018.[285]

In August 2018, Turkey designated Tahrir al-Sham as a terrorist organization.[23]

Foreign support

Qatar and Saudi Arabia accused of support

Iran's government has in 2017 accused Qatar and Saudi Arabia of supporting Tahrir al-Sham.[290]

Speculated alliance with Turkey

In 2018, Turkey designated Tahrir al-Sham as a terrorist organization and the Al-Nusra Front in 2014. The Turkish government once said it was opposed to Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), and had fought with it and declared it a terrorist organisation, and HTS's Syrian Salvation Government was a direct challenge to the Turkish-backed Syrian Interim Government.[291]

However, since 2017 there have been times HTS, and in particular its pragmatic faction around Abu Muhammed al-Jolani, has fought alongside the SNA which is backed and funded by Turkey, has not stopped Turkey from setting up several observation posts in its controlled territory in Idlib Governorate, and has joined joint operations rooms with Turkish-backed groups while preserving its autonomy. The Clingendael Institute in November 2019 has described the Turkish policy since 2018 as attempting to divide the pragmatic elements from the dogmatic terrorist elements within HTS.[291]

See also

  • Army of Conquest
  • Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War
  • List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
  • List of terrorist incidents in Syria
  • National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict
  • Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)
  • Second Battle of Idlib

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Joscelyn, Thomas (10 February 2017). "Hay'at Tahrir al Sham leader calls for 'unity' in Syrian insurgency". Long War Journal. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/hayat-tahrir-al-sham-leader-calls-for-unity-in-syrian-insurgency.php. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Julani is a temporary leader of the "Liberation of the Sham" .. This is the fate of its former leader". HuffPost. 2 October 2017. http://www.huffpostarabi.com/2017/10/02/story_n_18159996.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Joscelyn, Thomas (28 January 2017). "Al Qaeda and allies announce 'new entity' in Syria". Foundation for Defense of Democracies. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/01/al-qaeda-and-allies-announce-new-entity-in-syria.php. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "War On Terror: Who Is Abu Khayr al-Masri? Al Qaeda Second In Command Killed In Drone Strike In Syria". IB Times. 26 February 2017. http://www.ibtimes.com/war-terror-who-abu-khayr-al-masri-al-qaeda-second-command-killed-drone-strike-syria-2497897. 
  5. ↑ A prominent Tahrir al-Sham commander killed in southern Idlib, Islamic World News
  6. ↑ Aymen Jawad al-Tamimi (2018). "From Jabhat al-Nusra to Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham: Evolution, Approach and Future". Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung and Al-Nahrain Center for Strategic Studies. http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_52977-1522-2-30.pdf?180629110003. 
  7. ↑ Enab Baladi (9 November 2017). "Who Will Lead Idleb's New 'Salvation Government?'". Syrian Observer. https://syrianobserver.com/EN/features/21876/who_will_lead_idleb_new_salvation_government.html. 
  8. ↑ Studies, Middle East, politics, GCC, Iran, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Nuclear deal, Yemen, Trump, MENA, Turkey, Gulf Crisis, Qatar, Future for Advanced Research and. "Cloning Chaos Why National Salvation Governments Fail in the Arab Region". https://futureuae.com/ar-ae/Mainpage/Item/3750/cloning-chaos-why-national-salvation-governments-fail-in-the-arab-region. 
  9. ↑ Ghanmi, Elyès; Punzet, Agnieszka (11 June 2013). eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2013/457137/EXPO-AFET_ET(2013)457137_EN.pdf "The involvement of Salafism/Wahhabism in the support and supply of arms to rebel groups around the world". European Parliament. http://www.europarl.europa. eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2013/457137/EXPO-AFET_ET(2013)457137_EN.pdf. Retrieved 29 January 2017. 
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  18. ↑ https://arabic.sputniknews.com/arab_world/201802041029741873-
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  35. ↑ Joe Macaron (17 October 2018). "A confrontation in Idlib remains inevitable". Al-Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/confrontation-idlib-remains-inevitable-181017083159556.html. Retrieved 27 October 2018. 
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  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 "Nour e-Din a-Zinki defects from HTS, citing unwillingness to end rebel infighting". Syria Direct. 20 July 2017. http://syriadirect.org/news/nour-e-din-a-zinki-defects-from-hts-citing-unwillingness-to-end-rebel-infighting/. 
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  55. ↑ Syrian Arab Red Crescent center in Idlib city badly damaged in unclaimed airstrike , SyriaDirect 1 February 2017
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  94. ↑ "Hay'at Tahrir al Sham Commits Wide Violations in Idlib Governorate". Syrian Network for Human Rights. 21 October 2017. http://sn4hr.org/wp-content/pdf/english/Report_of_violations_of_the_Hay’et_Tahrir_al%20Sham_en.pdf. 
  95. ↑ "Idlib: Tahrir al-Sham arrests 8 fighters fled Madaya town". Zaman al-Wasl. 20 August 2017. https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/29129.html. 
  96. ↑ @MousaAlomar (24 February 2017). "عاجل". https://twitter.com/MousaAlomar/status/835392629672140800. 
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  97. ↑ "Bombings, air strikes in Syria rattle Geneva peace talks". Reuters. 25 February 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKBN16405J. 
    @JohnArterbury (25 February 2017). "Suicide attacks in Homs city kill at...". https://twitter.com/JohnArterbury/status/835406465141735425. 
    @C_Military1 (25 February 2017). "#عاجل ارتقاء 30 من رجال الأمن العسكري...". https://twitter.com/C_Military1/status/835405367651753984. 
  98. ↑ @Rami_Dalati (25 February 2017). "تقبلكم الله وغفر لكم ولكم خالص الدعاء...". https://twitter.com/Rami_Dalati/status/835577173956243456. 
    @wkaltnbd (26 Feb 2017). "الذين أقضوا مضجع الأسد وقتلو50عنصر...". https://twitter.com/wkaltnbd/status/835761549100843008. 
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    @Terror_Monitor (25 February 2017). "#SYRIA Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (#HTS)...". https://twitter.com/Terror_Monitor/status/835469780689678336. 
    @weddady (25 February 2017). "The regime General killed in today's...". https://twitter.com/weddady/status/835607237267714048. 
    "most of victims documented in #Caesar report were tortured to death on the order of this criminal, former head of section 215 Hassan Daboul". 25 February 2017. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170315111632/https://twitter.com/NorthernStork/status/835419319274258432. Retrieved 28 February 2017. 
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    Joscelyn, Thomas (25 February 2017). "Syrian military intelligence official killed in suicide assault in Homs". Foundation for Defense of Democracies. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/syrian-military-intelligence-official-killed-in-suicide-assault-in-homs.php. 
    @LongWarJournal (25 February 2017). "Syrian military intelligence official...". https://twitter.com/LongWarJournal/status/835711536991731712. 
  103. ↑ @MousaAlomar (25 February 2017). "النظام ينعي عشرات القتلى من جنوده...". https://twitter.com/MousaAlomar/status/835529838769360898. 
  104. ↑ @MousaAlomar (25 February 2017). "الاستشهادي تقبله الله ومن غلاوة رئيس...". https://twitter.com/MousaAlomar/status/835408973054554113. 
  105. ↑ @MousaAlomar (25 February 2017). "أول خبر كان قبل سبوتنيك وقبل تبني...". https://twitter.com/MousaAlomar/status/835418994886774785. 
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  107. ↑ @MousaAlomar (25 February 2017). "عاجل". https://twitter.com/MousaAlomar/status/835427611199275008. 
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  110. ↑ @sameerkakeh (25 February 2017). "منقوووووووووووووووول ما حصل في حمص...". https://twitter.com/sameerkakeh/status/835688658036539400. 
    علي, سمير (25 February 2017). "منقوووووووووووووووول". https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=236647016805717&id=100013812619869. Retrieved 28 February 2017. 
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  111. ↑ @thomasjoscelyn (26 Feb 2017). "Syrian opposition sources in Geneva...". https://twitter.com/thomasjoscelyn/status/835836661745528832. 
  112. ↑ @mmmlmnmmlnl (25 February 2017). "في جنيف2 أطلق ثوار درعا معركة...". https://twitter.com/mmmlmnmmlnl/status/835758624110690304. 
    @mmmlmnmmlnl (25 February 2017). "كادت مفاوضات #جنيف أن تسقط النظام...". https://twitter.com/mmmlmnmmlnl/status/835728760859156480. 
  113. ↑ @mahmoud_nemah (25 February 2017). "عملية هيئة تحرير الشام أعادت للنفوس...". https://twitter.com/mahmoud_nemah/status/835605743847997441. 
  114. ↑ @Terror_Monitor (27 February 2017). "#YEMEN Pro-#AQAP's #AlMasra Newspaper...". https://twitter.com/Terror_Monitor/status/836282545402593284. 
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  115. ↑ بيان عسكري حول العملية الأمنية في حمص للشيخ/ الفاتح أبو محمد الجولاني - القائد العسكري العام. تحرير الشام. 27 February 2017. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
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    @RomainCaillet (27 February 2017). "1e apparition d'Abu Muhammad al-...". https://twitter.com/RomainCaillet/status/836299749967933442. 
    "New video message from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām's Abū Muḥammad al-Jawlānī: "Military Statement About the Blessed Security Operation in Ḥomṣ"". February 27, 2017. http://jihadology.net/2017/02/27/new-video-message-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-shams-abu-mu%e1%b8%a5ammad-al-jawlani-military-statement-about-the-blessed-security-operation-in-%e1%b8%a5om%e1%b9%a3/. 
  116. ↑ Hassan, Hassan (26 February 2017). "What Daabul's death says about jihadism in Syria". The Nation. http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/what-daabuls-death-says-about-jihadism-in-syria. 
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  119. ↑ At least 40 killed in Damascus bombing targeting Shi'ites Reuters 11 March 2017
  120. ↑ Syrian jihadists say responsible for Damascus double bomb attack Reuters 12 March 2017
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  135. ↑ al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "Hayat Tahir al-Sham and al-Qaeda: Affiliates or Foes?". https://www.meforum.org/57831/hayat-tahir-al-sham-and-al-qaeda-affiliates-or. 
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  142. ↑ Joanna Paraszczuk (22 May 2019). "Mansur Dagestani, Amir of Liwa Muhajireen Wal Ansar, Killed in N. Hama". From Chechnya to Syria. http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=26280. 
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  154. ↑ @Terror_Monitor (28 January 2017). "#SYRIA #AhrarAlSham Affiliate 4...". https://twitter.com/Terror_Monitor/status/825558029164634112. 
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  157. ↑ @QalaatAlMudiq (29 January 2017). "@QalaatAlMudiq Confirmed: important...". https://twitter.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/825760570238447617. 
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  170. ↑ @QalaatAlMudiq (1 February 2017). "@QalaatAlMudiq Battalion Jihad...". https://twitter.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/826862761321885698. 
  171. ↑ فيزو, محمد (1 February 2017). "Account suspended". https://twitter.com/fezosyr/status/826838338334289922.  [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
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  173. ↑ @Terror_Monitor (3 February 2017). "#SYRIA Mujahidi Al-Shamal...". https://twitter.com/Terror_Monitor/status/827442921792090112. 
  174. ↑ "Alanka on Twitter". Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170208020219/https://twitter.com/Alanka_2/status/826975696115294208. 
  175. ↑ @sayed_ridha (7 February 2017). "Liwa Saraya al-Nasr defects from...". https://twitter.com/sayed_ridha/status/829039467025428480. 
  176. ↑ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat Usūd al-Jabal Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". 4 February 2017. http://jihadology.net/2017/02/04/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-usud-al-jabal-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/. 
  177. ↑ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat Fursān al-Khilāfah Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". 5 February 2017. http://jihadology.net/2017/02/05/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-fursan-al-khilafah-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/. 
  178. ↑ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Jabhat Shuhadā' al-Shām Pledges Allegiance to Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". 5 February 2017. http://jihadology.net/2017/02/05/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-jabhat-shuhada-al-sham-pledges-allegiance-to-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/. 
  179. ↑ @sayed_ridha (6 February 2017). "Jabhat Shuhada al-Sham in West...". https://twitter.com/sayed_ridha/status/828581419446185984. 
  180. ↑ @TahrirSy (5 February 2017). "#Syria #TahrirSouri Jabhet Shuhadaal-...". https://twitter.com/TahrirSy/status/828327208884301825. 
  181. ↑ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat al-Tawḥīd Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". 6 February 2017. http://jihadology.net/2017/02/06/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-taw%e1%b8%a5id-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/. 
  182. ↑ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat al-Shahīd Ibrāhīm Qabbānī Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". 6 February 2017. http://jihadology.net/2017/02/06/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-shahid-ibrahim-qabbani-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/. 
  183. ↑ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat Bayt al-Maqdis Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". 6 February 2017. http://jihadology.net/2017/02/06/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-bayt-al-maqdis-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/. 
  184. ↑ @sayed_ridha (7 February 2017). "Bayt al-Maqdas Battalion which...". https://twitter.com/sayed_ridha/status/828908789420023808. 
  185. ↑ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katā'ib Anṣār al-Shām Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". 7 February 2017. http://jihadology.net/2017/02/07/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-kataib-an%e1%b9%a3ar-al-sham-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/. 
  186. ↑ @Terror_Monitor (8 February 2017). "#SYRIA #AnsarAlSham Battalion Joins...". https://twitter.com/Terror_Monitor/status/829350827558998016. 
  187. ↑ @aronlund (10 February 2017). "When Ansar al-Sham defected from...". https://twitter.com/aronlund/status/830177813110071301. 
  188. ↑ @Terror_Monitor (8 February 2017). "#SYRIA Abu Asid, Shohda'a Soran, Al-...". https://twitter.com/Terror_Monitor/status/829549842414178304. 
  189. ↑ @Terror_Monitor (9 February 2017). "#SYRIA Abu Asid, Shohda'a Soran, Al-...". https://twitter.com/Terror_Monitor/status/829549842414178304. 
  190. ↑ "Ivan Sidorenko on Twitter". Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170222183841/https://twitter.com/IvanSidorenko1/status/830699619650850817. 
  191. ↑ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat al-Shahīd Abū Usīd Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". 8 February 2017. http://jihadology.net/2017/02/08/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-shahid-abu-usid-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/. 
  192. ↑ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat Āshbāl al-Sunnah Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". 9 February 2017. http://jihadology.net/2017/02/09/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-ashbal-al-sunnah-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/. 
  193. ↑ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katā'ib al-Sayf al 'Umrī Pledges Allegiance to Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". 9 February 2017. http://jihadology.net/2017/02/09/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-kataib-al-sayf-al-umri-pledges-allegiance-to-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/. 
  194. ↑ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Jabhat al-Ṣādiqīn Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". 13 February 2017. http://jihadology.net/2017/02/13/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-jabhat-al-%e1%b9%a3adiqin-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/. 
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  197. ↑ @OmerOzkizilcik (20 February 2017). "@OmerOzkizilcik Jaysh al Haq (part of...". https://twitter.com/OmerOzkizilcik/status/833738118440292352. 
  198. ↑ @Terror_Monitor (24 February 2017). "#SYRIA #AhrarAlSham Affiliated...". https://twitter.com/Terror_Monitor/status/835058638590889985. 
  199. ↑ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat al-Ṣadīq Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". 23 February 2017. http://jihadology.net/2017/02/23/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-%e1%b9%a3adiq-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/. 
  200. ↑ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat Abū Talḥah al-Anṣārī Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". 21 February 2017. http://jihadology.net/2017/02/21/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-abu-tal%e1%b8%a5ah-al-an%e1%b9%a3ari-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/. 
  201. ↑ @SaladinAlDronni (27 February 2017). "FSA "First Regiment" joins Hayat...". https://twitter.com/SaladinAlDronni/status/836315958130147328. 
  202. ↑ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "The Military Wing of the First Regiment Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". February 27, 2017. http://jihadology.net/2017/02/27/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-the-military-wing-of-the-first-regiment-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/. 
  203. ↑ "r/syriancivilwar - Aleppo: One Levant Front Battalion joined Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS)". https://www.reddit.com/r/syriancivilwar/comments/5xape2/aleppo_one_levant_front_battalion_joined_hayat/degk2fi. 
  204. ↑ @Terror_Monitor (3 Mar 2017). "#SYRIA Omar Ja'alok & Mufid...". https://twitter.com/Terror_Monitor/status/837885510030745604. 
  205. ↑ @Terror_Monitor (3 Mar 2017). "#SYRIA #AhrarAlSham Faction Defected...". https://twitter.com/Terror_Monitor/status/837645250260672514. 
  206. ↑ @worldonalert (5 March 2017). "#Hama: The rebel battalion 'Banner of...". https://twitter.com/worldonalert/status/838504977643483137. 
  207. ↑ 207.0 207.1 "Analysis: Insurgents launch major offensive against Assad regime in Hama province - FDD's Long War Journal". 24 March 2017. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/03/analysis-insurgents-launch-major-offensive-against-assad-regime-in-hama-province.php. 
  208. ↑ "Syrian military intelligence official killed in suicide assault in Homs | FDD's Long War Journal". 25 February 2017. https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/syrian-military-intelligence-official-killed-in-suicide-assault-in-homs.php. 
  209. ↑ "First Pictures Of The Sunni Foreign Fighters Movement In Iran Affiliated With The HTS In Syria". https://www.memri.org/jttm/first-pictures-sunni-foreign-fighters-movement-iran-affiliated-hts-syria. Retrieved 2019-08-21. 
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  211. ↑ 211.0 211.1 @AllyOfTruth (24 May 2017). "#AhraralSham Qassem battalion under...". https://twitter.com/AllyOfTruth/status/867290830679232512. 
  212. ↑ @Trffgg3 (28 May 2017). "Katiba Aswad al Tawheed (active in...". https://twitter.com/Trffgg3/status/868785400113967104. 
  213. ↑ @AllyOfTruth (17 June 2017). "Ajnad al-Sham affiliated "Martyr...". https://twitter.com/AllyOfTruth/status/876061685953507328. 
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  215. ↑ Nimer, Louai (20 July 2017). "The whole Ahrar AlSham Badia Division has defected to HTS. With more than 6 large groups defecting/resigning, AAS has officially lost the warpic.twitter.com/GzCyoKU1PY". https://twitter.com/LouaiElNimer/status/888059304816889856. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  216. ↑ @hxhassan (14 July 2017). "Faylaq al-Sham (Muslim Brotherhood-...". https://twitter.com/hxhassan/status/885992018366922756. 
  217. ↑ @AllyOfTruth (15 July 2017). "Correction: Statement is months old...". https://twitter.com/AllyOfTruth/status/886164148920385537. 
  218. ↑ @SyrianLense (19 July 2017). "Fajr al Islam group of Ahrar has now...". https://twitter.com/SyrianLense/status/887732766862868484. 
  219. ↑ Dagül, Abdussamad (19 July 2017). "The group called Fajr Al Islam announced their leaving of Ahrar Sham and joining the ranks of Tahrir Sham.pic.twitter.com/uqwjXV58nw". https://twitter.com/AbdussamadDagul/status/887750387322802177. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
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  223. ↑ حلب, سهيل (19 July 2017). "I think whole of Nusra Al Islam joined HTS, not only commander. The statement ends with "and I, along with Nusra al Islam, make bay'a.."". https://twitter.com/suhailaleppo/status/887774381832851456. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
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  225. ↑ @save_ghouta (20 July 2017). "#Idlib #Syria The rebel group Urim al...". https://twitter.com/save_ghouta/status/888032371643232258. 
  226. ↑ #HTS Quwa al-Markaziyah [Central Forces] refuse to fight #AhrarAlSham and defect 20 July 2017.
  227. ↑ @Trffgg3 (21 July 2017). "The Al Hasakah group from Ahrar...". https://twitter.com/Trffgg3/status/888346265523769345. 
  228. ↑ @save_ghouta (21 July 2017). "#Syria #Idlib Rebel group Katibat...". https://twitter.com/save_ghouta/status/888418905039003648. 
  229. ↑ @save_ghouta (21 July 2017). "#Syria #Idlib Rebel group Saraya...". https://twitter.com/save_ghouta/status/888419492220604419. 
  230. ↑ @AbuSulaymanMM3 (21 July 2017). "@AlqalaamENG It doesn't actually say...". https://twitter.com/AbuSulaymanMM3/status/888432667653541889. 
  231. ↑ Reporting, Fox (21 July 2017). "Al-Fateh Brigade working in the city of Kafr Nabl defect and announce their accession to #HTSpic.twitter.com/Cn4rB8FtDz". https://twitter.com/Fox61A/status/888439752508264450. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
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  233. ↑ @AllyOfTruth (22 July 2017). "Three brigades Usud al-Islam, Khalid...". https://twitter.com/AllyOfTruth/status/888834566072537093. 
  234. ↑ @worldonalert (22 July 2017). "#Idlib: Rebel brigades Usud al-Islam,...". https://twitter.com/worldonalert/status/888838077162160129. 
  235. ↑ @worldonalert (22 July 2017). "#Idlib: #Ahrar_al_Sham fighters in...". https://twitter.com/worldonalert/status/888844788103081984. 
  236. ↑ @Trffgg3 (22 July 2017). "Ahrar battalions in Tarmin join HTS...". https://twitter.com/Trffgg3/status/888864298772176899. 
  237. ↑ @worldonalert (22 July 2017). "#Idlib: Abu Darda Al Islamiya Brigade...". https://twitter.com/worldonalert/status/888869600527613952. 
  238. ↑ oreusser [@AllyOfTruth] (31 July 2017). "Kataib al-Ukhwat (?) based in Maarat Humrah reportedly defected to #HTS pbs.twimg.com/media/DGEBFPWXkAAHO_Q.jpg". https://twitter.com/AllyOfTruth/status/891995447115616256. 
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  248. ↑ @imanbrigade (15 August 2017). "#أحرار_الشام #جيش_الإيمان بيان توضيحي...". https://twitter.com/imanbrigade/status/897489991038898177. 
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  252. ↑ "Aleppo is living nightmare of future battle". 29 January 2020. https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2020/01/aleppo-is-living-nightmare-of-future-battle/. 
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  255. ↑ "Al Qaeda eulogizes Egyptian leader killed in Idlib, Syria | FDD's Long War Journal". 5 March 2017. https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/03/al-qaeda-eulogizes-egyptian-leader-killed-in-idlib-syria.php. 
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  257. ↑ @sayed_ridha (30 January 2017). "Ahrar al-Sham commander of weapon...". https://twitter.com/sayed_ridha/status/825978001036767232. 
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  261. ↑ @ajaltamimi (24 February 2017). "News from Jabal al-Summaq:new Hay'at...". https://twitter.com/ajaltamimi/status/835261881032015872. 
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  265. ↑ @Terror_Monitor (30 January 2017). "#SYRIA More Groups Join Hayyat Tahrir...". https://twitter.com/Terror_Monitor/status/826052102480814087. 
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  267. ↑ @hxhassan (1 February 2017). "Known names of groups and individuals...". https://twitter.com/hxhassan/status/826875911760965632. 
  268. ↑ "Trouble in paradise: Jihadist faction defects from Al-Qaeda to Ahrar Al-Sham". 26 June 2017. https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/trouble-paradise-jihadist-faction-defects-al-qaeda-ahrar-al-sham/. 
  269. ↑ @archicivilians (27 February 2018). "#TahrirAlSham (#HTS) forces...". https://twitter.com/archicivilians/status/968525310470819840. 
  270. ↑ Antonopoulos, Paul (21 March 2017). "FSA-affiliated group joins Al-Qaeda coalition; making it the largest militant group in Syria". Al-Masdar News. https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/fsa-group-joins-al-qaeda-coalition-making-it-the-largest-militant-group-in-syria/. 
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  273. ↑ @IbnSiqilli (11 November 2017). "Syrian rebel group Katibat Usud al-...". https://twitter.com/IbnSiqilli/status/929188361734119424. 
  274. ↑ "Jaish al-Ahrar leaves Tahrir al-Sham alliance: statement". Zaman al-Wasl. 14 September 2017. https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/29731.html. 
  275. ↑ @badly_xeroxed (18 February 2018). "Liwa al-Adiyat of the Badia Sector...". https://twitter.com/badly_xeroxed/status/965335199801315333. 
  276. ↑ ""تنظيم حراس الدين" اتحاد جديد لتشكيلات القاعدة في سوريا". Step Agency. http://stepagency-sy.net/archives/184836. 
  277. ↑ @Terror_Monitor (28 January 2017). "#SYRIA 6 Jihadi Scholars Join Newly-...". https://twitter.com/Terror_Monitor/status/825397512110436355. 
  278. ↑ @Charles_Lister (6 March 2017). "#pt: Prominent #HTS cleric...". https://twitter.com/Charles_Lister/status/838857677128282112. 
  279. ↑ Patrick Hoover, Omar Kebbe (22 September 2017). "After Raqqa: The Next Jihadist Stronghold in Syria". Jamestown Foundation. https://jamestown.org/program/after-raqqa-the-next-jihadist-stronghold-in-syria/. 
  280. ↑ "Tahrir al-Sham Arrests of Qaeda Leaders Cranks up Zawahiri- Julani Dispute". Asharq Al-Awsat. 30 November 2017. https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1099286/tahrir-al-sham-arrests-qaeda-leaders-cranks-zawahiri-julani-dispute. 
  281. ↑ "Has al-Qaeda Replanted its Flag in Syria?". http://news.siteintelgroup.com/blog/index.php/categories/jihad/entry/434-has-al-qaeda-replanted-its-flag-in-syria-1. 
  282. ↑ TV, OGN (2 February 2017). "Is Tahreer Sham gearing up for a fight with Ahrar?". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kehJqt_CWfI&app=desktop. 
  283. ↑ Lister, Charles (11 March 2017). "US State Department declares that #HTS and all groups that merged into it are now considered Al-Qaeda & thus, HTS = a terrorist organization:pic.twitter.com/8Bixa9bSqq". https://twitter.com/Charles_Lister/status/840557108483485696. 
  284. ↑ 284.0 284.1 United States Ambassador to Syria [@USEmbassySyria] (15 May 2017). "HTS is a merger and any group that merges into it becomes part of al-Qa'ida's Syrian network. #Syria". https://twitter.com/USEmbassySyria/status/864138586672828416. 
  285. ↑ 285.0 285.1 Government of Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada (30 May 2018). "Canada Gazette, Part 2, Volume 152, Number 11: Regulations Amending the Regulations Establishing a List of Entities". http://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2018/2018-05-30/html/sor-dors103-eng.html. 
  286. ↑ "Turkey designates Syria's Tahrir al-Sham as terrorist group". 31 August 2018. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-idUKKCN1LG1XU. 
  287. ↑ "Charities warned that sending aid to Syria's Idlib could be a 'terror offence'". http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/charities-warned-sending-aid-syrias-idlib-could-be-terror-offence. 
  288. ↑ US denies reports Syria rebels Nusra off terror list , Al-Araby, 16 May 2017
  289. ↑ United States Ambassador to Syria [@USEmbassySyria] (15 May 2017). "The core of HTS is Nusra, a designated terrorist org. This designation applies regardless of what name it uses or what groups merge into it.". https://twitter.com/USEmbassySyria/status/864137666102734849. 
  290. ↑ "Confrontation between Turkey, Saudi Arabia Root Cause of Tensions among Terrorist Groups in Syria ". Fars News Agency. 9 February 2017.
  291. ↑ 291.0 291.1 "Key characteristics of Turkish use of Syrian armed proxies | Strategies of Turkish proxy warfare in northern Syria". November 2019. https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2019/strategies-of-turkish-proxy-warfare-in-northern-syria/4-key-characteristics-of-turkish-use-of-syrian-armed-proxies/. 




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