Religion:List of Mycenaean deities
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Short description: List of Greek deities from the Mycenaean civilization
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Many of the Greek deities are known from as early as Mycenaean (Late Bronze Age) civilization. This is an incomplete list of these deities[n 1] and of the way their names, epithets, or titles are spelled and attested in Mycenaean Greek, written in the Linear B[n 2] syllabary, along with some reconstructions and equivalent forms in later Greek.
Deities
Gods
- Anemoi - attested through *Anemohiereia or *Anemon Hiereia, "Priestess of the Winds" (Linear B: ๐๐๐๐๐๐ฉ๐, a-ne-mo-i-je-re-ja, ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ฉ๐, a-ne-mo,i-je-re-ja)[1][2][3][4][n 3][n 4][n 5][n 6]
- Apollo(?) - perhaps attested through the lacunose perio (Linear B: ๐๐, pe-rjo-, reconstructed a-pe-rjo-ne)[8][9][n 7]
- Ares (Linear B: ๐๐ฉ, a-re)[1][11][12][13][14]
- Despotas(?) - unclear, perhaps house deity (Linear B: ๐๐ก๐ฒ, do-po-ta)[14][15][16][n 8][n 9][n 10]
- Dionysus (Linear B: ๐๐บ๐๐ฐ, di-wo-nu-so)[14][21][n 11]
- Dipsioi - perhaps "the Thirsty and hence the Dead Ones"; perhaps related to Thessalian month Dipsos, meaning obscure (Linear B: ๐๐ ๐ฏ๐๐, di-pi-si-jo-i)[14][27][28][29][30][n 12]
- Drimios - unknown, in later times, son of Zeus, perhaps a predecessor of Apollo (Linear B: ๐๐ช๐๐, di-ri-mi-jo)[14][29][32][n 8][n 13][n 14]
- Enesidaon - possibly a theonym; possibly an epithet of Poseidon, assumed to mean "Earthshaker" or something similar (Linear B: ๐๐๐ฏ๐ ๐๐, e-ne-si-da-o-ne)[2][32][36][n 10][n 15][n 16]
- Enyalius - a later epithet of Ares (Linear B: ๐๐๐ท๐ช๐, e-nu-wa-ri-jo)[2][14][23][29]
- Hephaestus - regarded as indirectly attested by the name *Haphaistios or *Haphaistion, presumed to be a theophoric name (Linear B: ๐๐๐๐ด๐, a-pa-i-ti-jo)[22][24][39]
- Hermes (Linear B: ๐๐๐, e-ma-*25 or e-ma-ha)[14][33][40][41][42][n 17]
- Hyperion(?) - perhaps attested through the lacunose perio (Linear B: ๐๐, pe-rjo-, reconstructed u-pe-rjo-ne)[45][n 18]
- Marineus(?) - unknown deity, perhaps "God of the Woolens", meaning obscure (Linear B: ๐๐ช๐, ma-ri-ne(-u?), ๐๐ช๐๐ธ, ma-ri-ne-we, ๐๐ช๐๐บ, ma-ri-ne-wo)[14][22][24][46][47]
- Pade(?) - possibly unknown god, thought to be Cretan, Minoan in origin (Linear B: ๐๐ pa-de, ๐๐๐ pa-de-i)[1][2][14][48]
- Paean - a precursor of Apollo (Linear B: ๐๐๐บ๐, pa-ja-wo-ne)[2][14][49][50][n 19]
- Poseidon - chief deity (Linear B: ๐ก๐ฎ๐ ๐, po-se-da-o, ๐ก๐ฎ๐ ๐บ๐, po-se-da-wo-ne)[14][52][53][n 10]
- Trisheros - theonym, "Thrice-Hero"; thought to attest, and pertain to, the veneration of the dead (Linear B: ๐ด๐ช๐ฎ๐ซ๐, ti-ri-se-ro-e)[14][29][59][60][61][n 20][n 21][n 22]
- Wanax - "the King"; in this case, it is considered to be a theonym in the dative case, perhaps as an epithet of Poseidon (Linear B: ๐ท๐๐๐ณ, wa-na-ka-te)[14][29][69][n 23][n 24]
- Zeus - God of the sky (Linear B: ๐๐ธ, di-we, ๐๐บ, di-wo)[14][72][73]
Goddesses
- Artemis (Linear B: ๐๐ณ๐๐ต, a-te-mi-to, ๐๐ด๐๐ณ, a-ti-mi-te)[14][77][78][79][80]
- Diwia - possibly the female counterpart of Zeus, possibly Dione in later Greek (Linear B: ๐๐๐, di-u-ja, ๐๐น๐, di-wi-ja)[2][14][16][29]
- Doqeia(?) - possibly an unknown goddess but could be only a feminine adjective (Linear B: ๐๐ค๐, do-qe-ja)[81][82][83][n 27]
- Eileithyia - attested in the Cretan Eleuthia form; perhaps Minoan in origin (Linear B: ๐๐ฉ๐๐ด๐, e-re-u-ti-ja)[2][14][85][86][87]
- Eos - perhaps attested through a personal name แผฯohฮนฮฟฯ related to the word for dawn, or dative form ฤwลiลi (Linear B: ๐๐บ๐๐, a-wo-i-jo).[n 28][n 29][89][90][91][92][93][94]
- Erinyes - both forms of the theonym are considered to be in the singular, Erinys (Linear B: ๐๐ช๐, e-ri-nu, ๐๐ช๐๐ธ, e-ri-nu-we)[1][14][52][95][96][n 30]
- Hera (Linear B: ๐๐จ, e-ra)[14][29][98]
- Iphemedeia - theonym; probably variant form of Iphimedia, name of a mythological person found in Homer's Odyssey (Linear B: ๐๐๐๐๐, i-pe-me-de-ja)[14][16][29][99]
- Komawenteia(?) - possibly unknown deity, possibly meaning "long-haired goddess" (Linear B: ๐๐๐ธ๐ณ๐ ko-ma-we-te-ja)[16][100][n 31]
- Leto - perhaps attested through the forms Latios (Linear B: ๐จ๐ด๐, ra-ti-jo)[103][104] and Lato (Linear B: ๐จ๐ต, ra-to).[105][n 32]
- Manasa - unknown goddess (Linear B: ๐๐๐ญ, ma-na-sa)[14][29][81][107][108][n 8][n 33]
- Mater Theia - possibly "Mother of the Gods" or mother goddess (Linear B: ๐๐ณ๐ฉ๐๐ณ๐๐, ma-te-re,te-i-ja)[14][109][110][n 34]
- Pipituna - Reconstructed as *ฮ ฮฏฯฯฯ ฮฝฮฝฮฑ (Pรญptynna),[113] unknown deity, considered to be Pre-Greek or Minoan (Linear B: ๐ ๐ ๐ถ๐, pi-pi-tu-na)[1][2][14][30][32][114][115][n 35]
- Posidaeia - probably the female counterpart to Poseidon (Linear B: ๐ก๐ฏ๐ ๐๐, po-si-da-e-ja)[14][16][n 8]
- Potnia - โMistressโ or โLadyโ; may be used as an epithet for many deities, but also shows up as a single deity (Linear B: ๐ก๐ด๐๐, po-ti-ni-ja)[14][117][118][119][n 10]
- Potnia Athena - or Potnia of At(h)ana (Athens(?)); reference of the latter is uncertain (Linear B: ๐๐ฒ๐๐ก๐ด๐๐, a-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja)[2][14][110][n 36]
- Potnia Hippeia - Mistress of the Horses; later epithet of Demeter and Athena (Linear B: ๐ก๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ค๐, po-ti-ni-ja,i-qe-ja)[14][110][n 37][n 38]
- Potnia of Sitos - Mistress of Grain, Bronze Age predecessor or epithet of Demeter (Linear B: ๐ฏ๐ต๐ก๐ด๐๐, si-to-po-ti-ni-ja)[14][81][110][121][n 39]
- Potnia of the Labyrinth (Linear B: ๐ ๐๐ช๐ต๐๐๐ก๐ด๐๐, da-pu2-ri-to-jo,po-ti-ni-ja)[2][14][29][110]
- Potnia, at Thebes, of no attested name or title, other than that offers are made to her house, her premises (Linear B: ๐ก๐ด๐๐๐๐บ๐๐, po-ti-ni-ja,wo-ko-de)[14][22][29][123][124][n 40]
- Potnia, of unidentified Pylos sanctuary - unknown local(?) goddess of pa-ki-ja-ne (*Sphagianes?) sanctuary at Pylos (Linear B: ๐ก๐ด๐๐, po-ti-ni-ja)[110][126][127][n 8][n 41][n 42]
- Potnia, of uncertain A place or epithet (Linear B: ๐ก๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ฏ๐น๐, po-ti-ni-ja,a-si-wi-ja)[14][132][n 43][n 44]
- Potnia, of unknown E place or epithet (Linear B: ๐๐ฉ๐น๐๐ก๐ด๐๐, e-re-wi-jo-po-ti-ni-ja)[81][n 45]
- Potnia, of unknown N place or epithet (Linear B: ๐๐บ๐๐๐๐ก๐ด๐๐, ne-wo-pe-o,po-ti-ni-ja)[14][81]
- Potnia, of unknown U place or epithet (Linear B: ๐๐ก๐๐ก๐ด๐๐, u-po-jo-po-ti-ni-ja)[14][81][n 46]
- Potnia, of unknown ? place or epithet (Linear B: ๐๐๐ฏ๐๐ก๐ด๐๐, (?)-a-ke-si,po-ti-ni-ja)[81][n 47]
- Preswa(?) - generally interpreted as a dove goddess or an early form of Persephone (Linear B: ๐๐ฉ๐, pe-re-*82 or pe-re-swa)[14][16][107][136]
- Qerasia(?) - unknown goddess, perhaps Minoan in origin or possibly connected with thฤr (Linear B: ๐ค๐จ๐ฏ๐, qe-ra-si-ja)[1][2][14][29][81][137][138][139][n 48][n 49]
- Qowia(?) - unknown deity, possibly meaning โShe of the Cow(s)" (Linear B: ๐ฆ๐น๐, qo-wi-ja)[16][71][81][n 8][n 50][n 51]
- Wanasso(?) - "the Two Queens", possibly Demeter and Persephone, *wanassojin(?) regarded as a dative dual form (Linear B: ๐ท๐๐ฐ๐, wa-na-so-i)[14][29][126][144][n 23][n 24][n 52]
Pantheon
- Pantes Theoi - a special invocation "to All the Gods", irrespectively of sex, etc.; recurrently attested at Knossos (Linear B : ๐๐ฏ๐ณ๐๐, pa-si-te-o-i)[2][33][147][148][n 53][n 54][n 55]
Heroes, mortals and other entities or concepts
- Proteus - could be the theonym of the sea-god Proteus, but probably just the anthroponym of a nobleman (Linear B: ๐ก๐ซ๐ณ๐, po-ro-te-u)[150][151][152]
Possible deities
Deities speculated to have been worshipped but without hitherto attestation in the Linear B tablets
- A possible sun goddess, predecessor to Helios and possibly related to Helen.[153][page needed][n 56] No unambiguous attestations of words for "sun" have been found yet, though the Mycenaean word for "sun" is reconstructed as *hฤwรฉlios.
See also
- Aegean civilizations
- Cycladic culture
- Epigraphy
- History of Greece
- History of religions
- History of writing
- Leiden Conventions
- Linear A
- Linear B
- Mycenaean religion
- Palaeography
Notes
- โ This list includes deities which in later Greek times and sources were thought of as semigods or mortal heroes. Scholars assign to attested words in Linear B a possibility or probability, sometimes controversially, of being a theonym or an anthroponym, a toponym, etc.; Mycenaean Linear B sources are often damaged inscriptions bearing lacunae, and in any case, they are too few to enable classifications with certainty.
Finally there is a list of attested words which seem to refer to mortals or whose reference is unclear, yet they may have a connection to religion or to a divine or heroic figure of later times. - โ The names/words in Linear B and the transliteration thereof are not necessarily in the nominative case and also not necessarily of said gods per se, as e.g. in the case of Hephaestus.
- โ See the noun แผฑฮญฯฮตฮนฮฑ.[5]
- โ Found on the KN Fp 1 and KN Fp 13 tablets.[6][7]
- โ The inscriptions read that the offers are made to her, thus they could refer to a goddess; this is not though, what modern scholars seem to believe.
- โ The first cited form could just be an instance of a scribe forgetting to write the word-separator sign ๐ between two words. In that case *Anemohiereia should be instead read as *Anemon Hiereia also.
- โ Found on the lacunose KN E 842 tablet.[10]
- โ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Found on the PY Tn 316 tablet.[17][18]
- โ Cf. the nouns ฮดฮตฯฯฯฯฮทฯ, ฮดฯฮผฮฟฯ, ฯฯฯฮนฯ;[19] whence despot in English;[20] in an etymological sense, it literally means "master of the house" and is related to potnia.
- โ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 The word Poseidon (ฮ ฮฟฯฮตฮนฮดแฟถฮฝ; variant forms include ฮ ฮฟฯฮตฮนฮดฮฌฯฮฝ, the former's final syllable being a synaeresis of the latter's final two) itself, could be connected in an etymological sense - cf. ฯฯฯฮนฯ - to Despotas (if indeed this is the correct reading-interpretation of do-po-ta) and Potnia;[29] likewise compare the same word in connection to Ge-Gaia (hence possibly to Ma Ga) and the possible Enesidaon and other undoubted later-times epithets of him, in consideration of the word-endings, etc.. Moreover some scholars have connected - in a similar manner to the one of Poseidon - Demeter to "Earth" via the De (Da; considered in this case as Pre-Greek and as meaning "Earth") syllable, the goddess thus viewed as representing Da-Mater, "Mother Earth" or similar; others on the other hand have interpreted Demeter's Da syllable as related to domos (i.e. to be Indo-European), interpreting her name as "Mother of the House", creating thus an etymological connection to Despotas and Potnia. ร propos, some scholars have considered the attested, on the PY En 609 tablet,[54] Mycenaean word ๐ ๐๐ณ, da-ma-te, as reading Demeter, but the view isn't widely held anymore; the former is indeed thought to be connected to domos, etc, but it is believed to probably be a form of, or something similar to, ฮดฮฌฮผฮฑฯ.[55][56][57][58]
- โ According to Chadwick,[22] "Dionysos surprisingly appears twice at Pylos, in the form Diwonusos, both times irritatingly enough on fragments, so that we have no means of verifying his divinity". This old view can be found reflected in other scholars[23] but this has changed after the 1989-90 Greek-Swedish excavations at Kastelli Hill, Chania, unearthed the KH Gq 5 tablet.[14][24][25][26]
- โ Cf. the verb ฮดฮนฯฮฌฯ-แฟถ.[31]
- โ The inscription reads (line 10): di-ri-mi-joโ โdi-wo,i-je-we, i.e. *Drimiลi Diwos hiฤwei, "to Drimios, the son of Zeus".[17][33][34]
- โ Drimios likely formed a cult group with Zeus and Hera, perhaps the son of this couple, who was forgotten by archaic times.[35]
- โ Found on the KN M 719 tablet.[37]
- โ Cf. แผฮฝฮฟฯฮฏฯฮธฯฮฝ, แผฮฝฮฝฮฟฯฮฏฮณฮฑฮนฮฟฯ, Poseidon's later epithets.[38]
- โ ๐๐๐, when in the nominative, is thought to be read as แผฯฮผฮฌแผฯ (แผฯฮผฮฌhฮฑฯ).[43]
- โ Found on the lacunose KN E 842 tablet.[10]
- โ Hiller's[2] or Schofield's[23] pa-ja-wo is not actually attested per se; the word actually attested on the damaged KN V 52 tablet and the fragments thereof, reads pa-ja-wo-ne; the latter would be the dative case form of the former.[50][51]
- โ Found on the PY Tn 316 and PY Fr 1204 tablets.[17][62]
- โ See the words ฯฯฮฏฯ, แผฅฯฯฯ.[63][64][65]
- โ It is generally thought to be connected to ฯฯฮนฯฮฌฯฮฟฯฮตฯ, i.e. the "collective, anonymous family ancestors",[60][66][67] but it could perhaps instead refer to Triptolemus, himself possibly "a โhypostasisโ of Poseidon".[66][68]
- โ 23.0 23.1 The King and the Two Queens are sometimes attested on tablets together, in the offerings or the libations to them; forms of both "the King" and "the Two Queens" are in the dative case. An example of said concurrent attested worship is the PY Fr 1227 tablet.[70]
- โ 24.0 24.1 On the other hand, there are scholars who have argued that "the King" and "the Two Queens" are not theonyms, that they simply refer to mortal royalty.[71]
- โ Pertaining to the Dikti.[76]
- โ Found on the KN Fp 1 tablet.[6]
- โ Found on the PY An 607 tablet.[84]
- โ Found in a tablet from Pylos, also found on the KN Dv 1462 tablet.
- โ Foreign scholars interpret this name as "matinal", "matutino", "maรฑanero", meaning "of the early morning", "of the dawn".[88]
- โ Found on the KN Fp 1, KN V 52, and KN Fh 390 tablets.[51][97]
- โ Cf. ko-ma-we, ฮบฮฟฮผฮฎฮตฮนฯ, ฮบฯฮผฮท.[101][102]
- โ Found on the KN Xd 58 tablet. Some doubts have been cast over its connection to Leto due to the non-matching geography.[106]
- โ Cf. the Hindu goddess of the same name.
- โ See the nouns ฮผฮฎฯฮทฯ, ฮธฮตฯฯ, ฮธฮตฮฌ and the adjective ฮธฮตแฟฮฟฯ-ฮฑ-ฮฟฮฝ.[111][112]
- โ Cf. Diktynna about word formation, considered to be characteristically Pre-Greek.[30][116]
- โ Found on the KN V 52 tablet.[51]
- โ See the words แผตฯฯฮตฮนฮฟฯ-ฮฑ-ฮฟฮฝ, แผตฯฯฮฟฯ.[120]
- โ Could also be precursor of Leto.[citation needed]
- โ See the noun ฯแฟฯฮฟฯ and the epithet ฮฃฮนฯฯ.[122]
- โ Said Potnia or Potnia in general is found on only one table at Thebes: TH Of 36.[125] Her premises, her house is thought to have been her shrine.[22][123]
- โ The word, on the same tablet, ๐ก๐ฉ๐, po-re-na, *phorenas, understood to mean "those brought or those bringing" (it actually reads ๐ก๐ฉ๐๐ค, po-re-na-qe, but a postfixed ๐ค, qe, is usually a conjunction; cf. ฮบฮฑฮฏ, ฯฮต, and Latin et, qve),[128][129] has been interpreted by some scholars as evidence of human sacrifice at said sanctuary:[130] "According to this interpretation, the text of Tn 316 was written as one of many extreme emergency measures just before the destruction of the palace. Tn 316 would then reflect a desperate, and abnormal, attempt to placate divine powers through the sacrifice of male victims to male gods and female victims to female gods".[131]
- โ The nominative case form of the place (i.e. of the sanctuary) is ๐๐๐๐, pa-ki-ja-ne; it is also found in other forms, including derivative words; the specific form found on the PY Tn 316 tablet is ๐๐๐๐ฏ, pa-ki-ja-si, i.e. possibly its locative plural form.[127]
- โ Possibly an ethnic or geographic adjective of Asia understood in this context as referring to Lydia or the Assuwa league; i.e. in the sense of, or similar to, Anatolia.[132]
- โ Perhaps an epithet of Artemis.
- โ Perhaps an epithet of Hera.[citation needed]
- โ Could be some kind of "under" or "to weave" epithet;[81] cf. the preposition แฝฯฯ and the verb แฝฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฯ.[133][134]
- โ Found on the PY An 1281 tablet.[135]
- โ Possibly an epithet of Artemis; cf. ฮ ฯฯฮฝฮนฮฑ ฮธฮทฯแฟถฮฝ, ฮธฮฎฯ.[139][140][141]
- โ Could be instead, form of Tiresias.[citation needed]
- โ Cf. the noun ฮฒฮฟแฟฆฯ.[142]
- โ Perhaps connected to proposed PIE *Gสทouuฬฏindฤ; cf. Govinda and Old Irish Boand.[143]
- โ Also attested once on the PY 1219 table as ๐ท๐๐ฐ๐, wa-no-so-i.[145][146]
- โ This term is for example found, on the Kn Fp 1 and KN Fp 13 tablets.[6][7]
- โ It should be made clear that an absence of offerings, in parallel, to explicitly named deities or people (like priests or priestesses) on relevant attested inscriptions, does not necessarily follow from the presence of this special dedication; for example, the Kn Fp 1 inscription also includes, among others, offerings to Zeus Diktaios, Pade, Erinys and Anemon Hiereia.
- โ The words are two - despite the lack of a separator symbol - and in the dative plural case; their reconstructed form is *pansi tสฐeoihi; see the words ฯแพถฯ, ฮธฮตฯฯ.[33][112][149]
- โ See Etymology of แผฮปฮญฮฝฮท.
References
- โ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Gulizio (2008), page 4.
- โ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 Hiller (1997), page 206.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: a-ne-mo.
- โ Billigmeier, Jon-Christian; Turner, Judy A. (2004). "The socio-economic roles of women in Mycenaean Greece: A brief survey from evidence of the Linear B tablets". in Foley, Helene P.. Reflections of Women in Antiquity. Rootledge. p. 15. ISBN 0-677-16370-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=8T66FZciSqkC&pg=PA15.
- โ แผฑฮญฯฮตฮนฮฑ. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A GreekโEnglish Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- โ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Dฤmos: KN Fp 1 + 31.
- โ 7.0 7.1 Dฤmos: KN 13 Fp(1) (138)
- โ R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 118.
- โ Herda, Alexander (2008). "Apollon Delphinios โ Apollon Didymeus: Zwei Gesichter eines milesischen Gottes und ihr Bezug zur Kolonisation Milets in archaischer Zeit" (in de). Internationale Archรคologie Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Symposium, Tagung, Kongress. Band 11: Kult(ur)kontakte. Apollon in Milet/Didyma, Histria, Myus, Naukratis und auf Zypern. Akten des Table Ronde in Mainz vom 11.โ12. Mรคrz 2004: 16. ISBN 978-3-89646-441-5. https://www.academia.edu/515462.
- โ 10.0 10.1 "KN 842 E", DฤMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo, University of Oslo. Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas, https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/775, retrieved 2014-03-26
- โ Gulizio, Joann. "A-re in the Linear B Tablets and the Continuity of the Cult of Ares in the Historical Period". Journal of Prehistoric Religion 15: 32โ38. http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/are.pdf.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: a-re.
- โ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word a-re.
- โ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 14.20 14.21 14.22 14.23 14.24 14.25 14.26 14.27 14.28 14.29 14.30 14.31 14.32 14.33 14.34 14.35 14.36 14.37 Hรคgg (1997), page 165.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: do-po-ta.
- โ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 Chadwick (1976), page 95.
- โ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Dฤmos: PY 316 Tn (44).
- โ Balcer, Jack Martin; Stockhausen, John Matthew, Mycenaean society and its collapse, pp. 66โ67, http://custom.cengage.com/static_content/OLC/053427000X.bak/etep_ch03.pdf[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}].
- โ ฮดฮตฯฯฯฯฮทฯ, ฮดฯฮผฮฟฯ, ฯฯฯฮนฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ Harper, Douglas. "despot". Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/?term=despot.
- โ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word di-wo-nu-so.
- โ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Chadwick (1976), page 99.
- โ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Schofield (2007), page 160.
- โ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Trzaskoma et al (2004), page 443โ446.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: Khania Linear B Transliterations.
- โ Dฤmos: KH 5 Gq (1).
- โ Marinatos, Spyridon (1966). "ฮ ฮฟฮปฯ ฮดฮฏฯฮนฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮณฮฟฯ". in Palmer, L.R.; Chadwick, John. Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 265โ274. https://books.google.com/books?id=s-48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA265.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: di-pi-si-jo
- โ 29.00 29.01 29.02 29.03 29.04 29.05 29.06 29.07 29.08 29.09 29.10 29.11 29.12 29.13 Budin (2004), pages 235โ236.
- โ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Garcรญa-Ramรณn, J.L., in Duhoux and Morpurgo Davies (2011), page 236.
- โ ฮดฮนฯฮฌฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Ventris and Chadwick (1973).
- โ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 Garcรญa-Ramรณn, J.L., in Duhoux and Morpurgo Davies (2011), page 230.
- โ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word i-je-we.
- โ Larson, p. 33
- โ Linear B Transliterations: e-ne-si-da-o-ne.
- โ Dฤmos: KN 719 M (140).
- โ แผฮฝฮฟฯฮฏฯฮธฯฮฝ, แผฮฝฮฝฮฟฯฮฏฮณฮฑฮนฮฟฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: a-pa-i-ti-jo.
- โ Gulizio (2000).
- โ Linear B Transliterations: e-ma-a2.
- โ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word e-ma-ha.
- โ Gulizio (2000), page 106.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: a-re-ja.
- โ Logozzo and Poccetti, p. 644
- โ Castleden (2003), page 122.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: ma-ri-ne, ma-ri-ne-we.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: pa-de.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: KN V 52+.
- โ 50.0 50.1 Chadwick (1976), page 89.
- โ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Dฤmos: KN 52 V + 52 bis + 8285 (unknown).
- โ 52.0 52.1 Palaima, Thomas G. (2009). "Continuity from the Mycenaean Period in a historical Boeotian Cult of Poseidon (and Erinys)". in Danielidou, Despoina. ฮฯฯฮฟฮฝ. ฮคฮนฮผฮทฯฮนฮบฯฯ ฮคฯฮผฮฟฯ ฮณฮนฮฑ ฯฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮธฮทฮณฮทฯฮฎ ฮฃฯฯฯฮฟ ฮฮฑฮบฯฮฒฮฏฮดฮท. ฮฃฮตฮนฯฮฌ ฮฮฟฮฝฮฟฮณฯฮฑฯฮนฯฮฝ. 6. Athens: Academy of Athens. pp. 527โ536. http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/continuity.pdf.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: po-se-da-o.
- โ Dฤmos: PY 609 En.
- โ ฮ ฮฟฯฮตฮนฮดฯฮฝ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ Beekes, Robert (2010). "E.g., s.v. ฮณฮฑแฟฮฑ, ฮดฮฌฮผฮฑฯ, ฯฯฯฮนฯ, ฮฮทฮผฮฎฯฮทฯ". Etymological Dictionary of Greek. With the assistance of Lucien van Beek. In two volumes.. Leiden, Boston. ISBN 9789004174184.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: da-ma-te.
- โ ฮดฮฌฮผฮฑฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word ti-ri-se-ro-e.
- โ 60.0 60.1 Linear B Transliterations: ti-ri-se-ro-e.
- โ Trckova-Flamee, Alena. "Thrice-Hero". http://www.threes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2890:thrice-hero&catid=82:mythology&Itemid=62.
- โ Dฤmos: PY 1204 Fr (4).
- โ ฯฯฮฏฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ แผฅฯฯฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ Harper, Douglas. "hero". Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/?term=hero.
- โ 66.0 66.1 Herda, Alexander (2011). "Burying a Sage: The Heroon of Thales in the Agora of Miletos". Rencontres d'Archรฉologie de l'IFEA (Istanbul: Institut franรงais d'รฉtudes anatoliennes): 105. http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/80/82/17/PDF/05_Herda.pdf.
- โ ฯฯฮนฯฮฌฯฯฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ Peters, Martin (2002), "Aus der Vergangenheit von Heroen und Ehegรถttinnen", in Fritz, Matthias; Zeifelder, Susanne (in de), Novalis Indogermanica: Festschrift fรผr Gรผnter Neumann zum 80. Geburstag, Grazer vergleichende Arbeiten, Graz: Leykam, pp. 357โ380, ISBN 3701100322.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: wa-na-ka.
- โ Dฤmos: PY 1227 Fr (2).
- โ 71.0 71.1 Palaima (2006), page 66.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: di-we.
- โ Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word di-we; The Linear B word di-wo.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: di-ka-ta.
- โ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word di-ka-ta-jo.
- โ ฮฮนฮบฯฮฑแฟฮฟฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ Chadwick, John; Baumbach, Lydia (1963). "The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary". Glotta 41.3&4: 157โ271, p. 176f; s.v. แผฯฯฮตฮผฮนฯ. "a-te-mi-to- (genitive)".
- โ Souvinous, C. (1970). "A-TE-MI-TO and A-TI-MI-TE". Kadmos 9: 42โ47. doi:10.1515/kadm.1970.9.1.42.
- โ Christidis, T. (1972). "Further remarks on A-TE-MI-TO and A-TI-MI-TE". Kadmos 11.2: 125โ28.
- โ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word a-ti-mi-te.
- โ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 81.5 81.6 81.7 81.8 81.9 Nosch, Marie-Louise, in Fischer-Hansen and Poulsen (2009), page 22.
- โ Palaima, Thomas G. (2008). "DAIS The Aegean Feast. Proceedings of the 12th International Aegean Conference". in Hitchcock, Louise A.; Laffineur, Robert; Crowley, Janice. 12th International Aegean Conference. University of Melbourne. Liรจge, Austin. 383โ389.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: do-qe-ja.
- โ Dฤmos: PY 607 An (1).
- โ Linear B Transliterations: KN Gg 705, KN Od 714+.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: e-re-u-ti-ja.
- โ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word e-re-u-ti-ja.
- โ Bernabรฉ, Alberto; Lujรกn, Eugenio R. Introducciรณn al Griego Micรฉnico: Gramรกtica, selecciรณn de textos y glosario. Monografรญas de Filologรญa Grega Vol. 30. Zaragoza: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. 2020. p. 234.
- โ Lujรกn, Eugรฉnio R. "Los temas en -s en micรฉnico". In: Donum Mycenologicum: Mycenaean Studies in Honour of Francisco Aura Jorro. Edited by Alberto Bernabรฉ and Eugenio R. Lujรกn. Bibliothรจque des cahiers de L'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain Vol. 131. Louvain-la-Neuve; Walpole, MA: Peeters. 2014. p. 68.
- โ Lejeune, Michel. "Une prรฉsentation du Mycรฉnien". In: Revue des รtudes Anciennes. Tome 69, 1967, nยฐ 3–4. p. 281. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rea.1967.3800]; www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1967_num_69_3_3800
- โ Nakassis, Dimitri. "Labor and Individuals in Late Bronze Age Pylos". In: Labor in the Ancient World. Edited by Piotr Steinkeller and Michael Hudson. Dresden: ISLET-Verlag. 2015 [2005]. p. 605. ISBN:978-3-9814842-3-6.
- โ Davies, Anna Morpurgo (1972). "Greek and Indo-European semiconsonants: Mycenaean u and w". In: Acta Mycenaea, vol. 2 (M.S. Ruipรฉrez, ed.). Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca. p. 93.
- โ Jorro, Francisco Aura. "Reflexiones sobre el lรฉxico micรฉnico" In: Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clรกsico. Coord. por Jesรบs de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, Josรฉ Francisco Gonzรกlez Castro, Marรญa Josรฉ Muรฑoz Jimรฉnez, Vol. 1, 2017, pp. 307. ISBN:978-84-697-8214-9.
- โ Chadwick, John, and Lydia Baumbach. "The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary". In: Glotta 41, no. 3/4 (1963): 198. Accessed March 12, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40265918.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: e-ri-nu.
- โ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word e-ri-nu-we.
- โ Dฤmos: KN 1 Fp(1) + 31 (138), KN 390 Fh (141).
- โ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word e-ra.
- โ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word i-pe-me-de-ja.
- โ Palaeolexicon: ko-ma-we-te-ja.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: ko-ma-we.
- โ ฮบฯฮผฮท in Liddell and Scott.
- โ Beekes 2009, pp 858-859.
- โ "ra-ti-jo". http://www.palaeolexicon.com/Word/Show/26496/.
- โ "ra-to". http://www.palaeolexicon.com/Word/Show/16912/.
- โ West, David R. (1995). Some Cults of Greek Goddesses and Female Daemons of Oriental Origin. Butzon & Bercker. p. 99. ISBN 9783766698438. https://books.google.com/books?id=sZ9tAAAAMAAJ.
- โ 107.0 107.1 Castleden (2003), page 112.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: ma-na-sa.
- โ "Mother Goddesses". http://www.timelessmyths.com/classical/mother.html.
- โ 110.0 110.1 110.2 110.3 110.4 110.5 Burkert (1985), page 44.
- โ ฮผฮฎฯฮทฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ 112.0 112.1 ฮธฮตแฟฮฟฯ-ฮฑ-ฮฟฮฝ, ฮธฮตฯฯ, ฮธฮตฮฌ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ Francisco & Francisco 1999, p. 121.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: KN Fp 13.
- โ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word pi-pi-tu-na.
- โ Hรคgg (1997), page 166.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: Po-ti-ni-ja.
- โ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word po-ti-ni-ja.
- โ ฯฯฯฮฝฮนฮฑ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ แผตฯฯฮตฮนฮฟฯ-ฮฑ-ฮฟฮฝ, แผตฯฯฮฟฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: si-to-po-ti-ni-ja.
- โ ฯแฟฯฮฟฯ, ฮฃฮนฯฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ 123.0 123.1 Nosch, Marie Louise, in Fischer-Hansen and Poulsen (2009), page 31.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: wo-ko-de.
- โ Dฤmos: TH Of 36 (303).
- โ 126.0 126.1 "Lesson 26: Narrative. Mycenaean and Late Cycladic Religion and Religious Architecture". Dartmouth College. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/?page_id=651.
- โ 127.0 127.1 Linear B Transliterations: pa-ki-ja-ne.
- โ ฮบฮฑฮฏ, ฯฮต in Liddell and Scott.
- โ et, qve. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
- โ Gulizio (2000), pages 107โ108.
- โ Trzaskoma et al (2004), page 450.
- โ 132.0 132.1 Linear B Transliterations: a-si-wi-ja, a-*64-ja.
- โ แฝฯฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ แฝฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ Dฤmos: PY 1281 An + frr.: 10 + fr. (12).
- โ Burkert (1985), pages 45, 364.
- โ Chadwick, John (1966). "The Olive Oil tablets of Knossos". in Palmer, L.R.; Chadwick, John. Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. https://books.google.com/books?id=s-48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA30.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: qe-ra-si-ja.
- โ 139.0 139.1 Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word qe-ra-si-ja.
- โ ฮธฮฎฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ Nosch, Marie Louise, in Fischer-Hansen and Poulsen (2009), pages 22โ23.
- โ ฮฒฮฟแฟฆฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ Campanile, Enrico (1985). "Old Irish Boand". Journal of Indo-European Studies 13.3&4: 477โ479.
- โ Bartonฤk, Antonรญn (2002). "2. Substantiva und Adjektiva der I., II. und III. Deklination: I. Deklination (Substantiva)". Handbuch des mykenischen Griechisch. Heidelberg: Universitรคtsverlag C. WINTER. pp. 165โ6. ISBN 3825314359.
- โ Ventris and Chadwick (1973), Mycenaean Vocabulary wa-no-so-i.
- โ Dฤmos: PY 1219.
- โ Gulizio (2008), page 3ff.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: pa-si-te-o-i.
- โ ฯแพถฯ in Liddell and Scott.
- โ Linear B Transliterations: po-ro-te-u.
- โ Bartonฤk, Antonin (2002). "Mycenaean words in Homer". in Clairis, Christos. Recherches en linquistique grecque. L'Harmattan. p. 94. ISBN 2-7475-2742-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=KKWlkCfX1ZsC&pg=PA94.
- โ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word po-ro-te-u.
- โ Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005). The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations. Cambridge University Press.
Sources
Books
- Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John (1973). Documents in Mycenaean Greek: Three Hundred Selected Tablets from Knossos, Pylos, and Mycenae. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521085588.
- Chadwick, John (1976). The Mycenaean World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29037-6. https://archive.org/details/mycenaeanworld00chad.
- Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674362810. https://books.google.com/books?id=sxurBtx6shoC.
- Castleden, Rodney (2003). The Knossos Labyrinth. A New View of the 'Palace of Minos' at Knossos. Rootledge. ISBN 9780415033152. https://books.google.com/books?id=l6rRTWv8zY0C.
- Anthology of Classical Myth: Primary Sources in translation. Edited and translated by Stephen M. Trzaskoma, R. Scott Smith, Stephen Brunet; with an Appendix on Linear B Sources by Thomas G. Palaima. Hackett Publishing. 2004. ISBN 0-87220-721-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=K4pZr3JfYqcC&pg=PA443.
- Larson, Jennifer (2016). Understanding Greek Religion. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-68845-1.
- Budin, Stephanie Lynn (2004). The Ancient Greeks. New Perspectives. Understanding Ancient Civilizations. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1576078140. https://books.google.com/books?id=u-Py1QbavoQC.
- Schofield, Louise (2007). The Mycenaeans. The British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-89236-867-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=QXwzT1048Z4C.
- Fischer-Hansen, Tobias; Poulsen, Birte, eds (2009). From Artemis to Diana. The Goddess of Man and Beast. 12 Acta Hyperborea. Collegium Hyperboreum and Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 9788763507882. https://books.google.com/books?id=2garBSREfywC.
- Duhoux, Yves; Morpurgo Davies, Anna, eds (2011). A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World. 2. Peeters. ISBN 9782758401162.
Articles in journals, periodicals and of conferences
- "Supplรฉments au Bulletin de Correspondance Hellรฉnique". La Crรจte mycรฉnienne: Actes de la Table Ronde Internationale organisรฉe par l'รcole franรงaise d'Athรจnes.. 30. Athens: Collections de l'Ecole franรงaise d'Athรจnes en ligne. 1997. http://cefael.efa.gr/window.php?ce=dquul82e8qf8ga1oga2re4aighjt7rc3&site_id=1&actionID=summary&serie_id=BCHSuppl&volume_number=30&new_lang=fr_FR.
- Hรคgg, Robin (1997). Religious syncretism at Knossos and in post-palatial Crete?. pp. 163โ168. http://cefael.efa.gr/detail.php?site_id=1&actionID=page&serie_id=BCHSuppl&volume_number=30&page_number=163&page_type=1.
- Hiller, Stefan (1997). Cretan sanctuaries and mycenaean palatial administration at Knossos. pp. 205โ212. http://cefael.efa.gr/detail.php?site_id=1&actionID=page&serie_id=BCHSuppl&volume_number=30&max_image_size=850&x=11&y=15&ce=tou8cjto0scf1ncaie1tjeq8006dkk5e&sp=213.
- "Proceedings from the International Conference Antiquitas Viva". Antiquitas Viva. 50. 2000.
- Gulizio, Joann (2000), Hermes and e-ma-a2: The continuity of his cult from the Bronze age to the historical period, pp. 105โ116, http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/hermes.pdf
- Deger-Jalkotzy, Sigrid; Lemos, Irene S., eds (2006). "Ancient Greece: From the Mycenaean Palaces to the Age of Homer". Edinburgh Leventis Studies 3. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748618899.
- Palaima, Thomas G. (2006), Wanaks and related power terms in Mycenaean and later Greek, pp. 53โ72, http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/wanaks.pdf
- Sacconi, A., ed (2008). "Colloquium romanum: The Shepherds in the Cn Series at Pylos; M. Lindgren, Use of the Cypriot Syllabary in a Multicultural Surrounding; S. Lupack, the Northeast Building of Pylos and an 1281; M. Marazzi, Il "sistema" Argolide: l'Organizzazione territoriale del golfo argolideo; M. Meier-Brรผgger, Une lecture en langue mycรฉnienne des textes de la sรฉrie Ta de Pylos; T. Meissner, Notes on Mycenaean Spelling; A. Michailidou, Late Bronze Age Economy: Copper". XII colloquio internazionale di micenologia. Rome. et al. Eds. Pisa and Rome. ISBN 9788862270564.
- Gulizio, Joann (2008), "Mycenaean Religion at Knossos", Academia.edu, https://www.academia.edu/4915183
Online databases and dictionaries
- Mycenaean Greek and Linear B
- Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages, c. 2008 and forwards., http://www.palaeolexicon.com
- Aurora, Federico; Haug, Dag Trygve Truslew, DฤMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo, Et alii. C. 2010 and forwards, University of Oslo. Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas, https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/
- Raymoure, K.A., C. 2012โ2019, "Linear B Transliterations", Dead Languages of the Mediterranean, http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/linear-b-transliterations/
- Ancient Greek, Latin and of English etymology
- A Latin Dictionary. Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten by Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. and Charles Short, LL.D. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1879. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059. At the Perseus Project, a digital library project of Tufts University.
- Francisco, Aura Jorro; Francisco, Rodrรญguez Adrados (1999). Diccionario Griego-Espaรฑol, volumen II. Madrid. ISBN 84-00-06129-2.
- Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1889). An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0058. At the Perseus Project.
- Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057. At the Perseus Project.
- Harper, Douglas, Online Etymology Dictionary, C. 2000 and forwards, http://www.etymonline.com/
Further reading
- Duev, Ratko. "di-wi-ja and e-ra in the Linear B texts". In: Pierre Carlier, Additional editors: Charles De Lamberterie, Markus Egetmeyer, Nicole Guilleux, Franรงoise Rougemont and Julien Zurbach (editors). รtudes mycรฉniennes 2010. Actes du XIIIe colloque international sur les textes รฉgรฉens, Sรจvres, Paris, Nanterre, 20-23 septembre 2010. Biblioteca di Pasiphae. 10. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2012. pp. 195โ205. ISBN:9788862274722
- Flouda, Georgia. โThe Goddess Eileithyia in the Knossian Linear B Tabletsโ. In: Honors to Eileithyia at Ancient Inatos: The Sacred Cave of Eileithyia at Tsoutsouros. Crete: Highlights of the Collection. Edited by Athanasia Kanta et al., INSTAP Academic Press, 2022. pp. 33โ36, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2f4v5x3.12. Accessed 10 Apr. 2022.
- LEUVEN, JON C. (1979). "MYCENAEAN GODDESSES CALLED POTNIA". Kadmos 18 (2): 112-129. doi:10.1515/kadm.1979.18.2.112.
- Morris, S.P. (2001). Laffineur, R.; Hรคgg, R.. eds. "Potnia Aswiya: Anatolian Contributions to Greek Religion". Aegaeum (Belgium) 22: Potnia. Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 8th International Aegean Conference; Gรถteborg, Gรถteborg University: 423โ434.
- Sergent, Bernard (1990). "Hรฉortologie du mois Plowistos de Pylo". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 16 (1): 175โ217. doi:10.3406/dha.1990.1464.
- Wachter, Rudolf. "Homeric โ Mycenaean Word Index (MYC)". In: Prolegomena. Edited by Joachim Latacz, Anton Bierl and Stuart Douglas Olson [English Edition]. Berlin, Mรผnchen, Boston: De Gruyter, 2015. pp. 236โ258. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501501746-015
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