Religion:List of Mycenaean deities

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Short description: List of Greek deities from the Mycenaean civilization

Many of the Greek deities are known from as early as Mycenaean (Late Bronze Age) civilization. This is an incomplete list of these deities[n 1] and of the way their names, epithets, or titles are spelled and attested in Mycenaean Greek, written in the Linear B[n 2] syllabary, along with some reconstructions and equivalent forms in later Greek.

Deities

Gods

  • Anemoi - attested through *Anemohiereia or *Anemon Hiereia, "Priestess of the Winds" (Linear B: ๐€€๐€š๐€—๐€‚๐€‹๐€ฉ๐€Š, a-ne-mo-i-je-re-ja, ๐€€๐€š๐€—๐„€๐€‚๐€‹๐€ฉ๐€Š, a-ne-mo,i-je-re-ja)[1][2][3][4][n 3][n 4][n 5][n 6]
  • Apollo(?) - perhaps attested through the lacunose perio (Linear B: ๐€Ÿ๐Š, pe-rjo-, reconstructed a-pe-rjo-ne)[8][9][n 7]
  • Ares (Linear B: ๐€€๐€ฉ, a-re)[1][11][12][13][14]
  • Despotas(?) - unclear, perhaps house deity (Linear B: ๐€ˆ๐€ก๐€ฒ, do-po-ta)[14][15][16][n 8][n 9][n 10]
  • Dionysus (Linear B: ๐€‡๐€บ๐€๐€ฐ, di-wo-nu-so)[14][21][n 11]
  • Dipsioi - perhaps "the Thirsty and hence the Dead Ones"; perhaps related to Thessalian month Dipsos, meaning obscure (Linear B: ๐€‡๐€ ๐€ฏ๐€๐€‚, di-pi-si-jo-i)[14][27][28][29][30][n 12]
  • Drimios - unknown, in later times, son of Zeus, perhaps a predecessor of Apollo (Linear B: ๐€‡๐€ช๐€–๐€, di-ri-mi-jo)[14][29][32][n 8][n 13][n 14]
  • Enesidaon - possibly a theonym; possibly an epithet of Poseidon, assumed to mean "Earthshaker" or something similar (Linear B: ๐€๐€š๐€ฏ๐€…๐€ƒ๐€š, e-ne-si-da-o-ne)[2][32][36][n 10][n 15][n 16]
  • Enyalius - a later epithet of Ares (Linear B: ๐€๐€๐€ท๐€ช๐€, e-nu-wa-ri-jo)[2][14][23][29]
  • Hephaestus - regarded as indirectly attested by the name *Haphaistios or *Haphaistion, presumed to be a theophoric name (Linear B: ๐€€๐€ž๐€‚๐€ด๐€, a-pa-i-ti-jo)[22][24][39]
  • Hermes (Linear B: ๐€๐€”๐€, e-ma-*25 or e-ma-ha)[14][33][40][41][42][n 17]
    • Areias - epithet (Linear B: ๐€€๐€ฉ๐€Š, a-re-ja)[33][44][n 8]
  • Hyperion(?) - perhaps attested through the lacunose perio (Linear B: ๐€Ÿ๐Š, pe-rjo-, reconstructed u-pe-rjo-ne)[45][n 18]
  • Marineus(?) - unknown deity, perhaps "God of the Woolens", meaning obscure (Linear B: ๐€”๐€ช๐€š, ma-ri-ne(-u?), ๐€”๐€ช๐€š๐€ธ, ma-ri-ne-we, ๐€”๐€ช๐€š๐€บ, ma-ri-ne-wo)[14][22][24][46][47]
  • Pade(?) - possibly unknown god, thought to be Cretan, Minoan in origin (Linear B: ๐€ž๐€† pa-de, ๐€ž๐€†๐€‚ pa-de-i)[1][2][14][48]
  • Paean - a precursor of Apollo (Linear B: ๐€ž๐€Š๐€บ๐€š, pa-ja-wo-ne)[2][14][49][50][n 19]
  • Poseidon - chief deity (Linear B: ๐€ก๐€ฎ๐€…๐€ƒ, po-se-da-o, ๐€ก๐€ฎ๐€…๐€บ๐€š, po-se-da-wo-ne)[14][52][53][n 10]
  • Trisheros - theonym, "Thrice-Hero"; thought to attest, and pertain to, the veneration of the dead (Linear B: ๐€ด๐€ช๐€ฎ๐€ซ๐€, ti-ri-se-ro-e)[14][29][59][60][61][n 20][n 21][n 22]
  • Wanax - "the King"; in this case, it is considered to be a theonym in the dative case, perhaps as an epithet of Poseidon (Linear B: ๐€ท๐€™๐€๐€ณ, wa-na-ka-te)[14][29][69][n 23][n 24]
  • Zeus - God of the sky (Linear B: ๐€‡๐€ธ, di-we, ๐€‡๐€บ, di-wo)[14][72][73]
    • Diktaios - local epithet of Zeus on Crete (Linear B: ๐€‡๐€๐€ฒ๐€ ๐€‡๐€ธ, di-ka-ta-jo di-we)[1][14][74][75][n 25][n 26]

Goddesses

  • Artemis (Linear B: ๐€€๐€ณ๐€–๐€ต, a-te-mi-to, ๐€€๐€ด๐€–๐€ณ, a-ti-mi-te)[14][77][78][79][80]
  • Diwia - possibly the female counterpart of Zeus, possibly Dione in later Greek (Linear B: ๐€‡๐€„๐€Š, di-u-ja, ๐€‡๐€น๐€Š, di-wi-ja)[2][14][16][29]
  • Doqeia(?) - possibly an unknown goddess but could be only a feminine adjective (Linear B: ๐€ˆ๐€ค๐€Š, do-qe-ja)[81][82][83][n 27]
  • Eileithyia - attested in the Cretan Eleuthia form; perhaps Minoan in origin (Linear B: ๐€๐€ฉ๐€„๐€ด๐€Š, e-re-u-ti-ja)[2][14][85][86][87]
  • Eos - perhaps attested through a personal name แผˆฯohฮนฮฟฯ‚ related to the word for dawn, or dative form ฤ€wลiลi (Linear B: ๐€€๐€บ๐€‚๐€, a-wo-i-jo).[n 28][n 29][89][90][91][92][93][94]
  • Erinyes - both forms of the theonym are considered to be in the singular, Erinys (Linear B: ๐€๐€ช๐€, e-ri-nu, ๐€๐€ช๐€๐€ธ, e-ri-nu-we)[1][14][52][95][96][n 30]
  • Hera (Linear B: ๐€๐€จ, e-ra)[14][29][98]
  • Iphemedeia - theonym; probably variant form of Iphimedia, name of a mythological person found in Homer's Odyssey (Linear B: ๐€‚๐€Ÿ๐€•๐€†๐€Š, i-pe-me-de-ja)[14][16][29][99]
  • Komawenteia(?) - possibly unknown deity, possibly meaning "long-haired goddess" (Linear B: ๐€’๐€”๐€ธ๐€ณ๐€Š ko-ma-we-te-ja)[16][100][n 31]
  • Leto - perhaps attested through the forms Latios (Linear B: ๐€จ๐€ด๐€, ra-ti-jo)[103][104] and Lato (Linear B: ๐€จ๐€ต, ra-to).[105][n 32]
  • Manasa - unknown goddess (Linear B: ๐€”๐€™๐€ญ, ma-na-sa)[14][29][81][107][108][n 8][n 33]
  • Mater Theia - possibly "Mother of the Gods" or mother goddess (Linear B: ๐€”๐€ณ๐€ฉ๐„€๐€ณ๐€‚๐€Š, ma-te-re,te-i-ja)[14][109][110][n 34]
  • Pipituna - Reconstructed as *ฮ ฮฏฯ€ฯ„ฯ…ฮฝฮฝฮฑ (Pรญptynna),[113] unknown deity, considered to be Pre-Greek or Minoan (Linear B: ๐€ ๐€ ๐€ถ๐€™, pi-pi-tu-na)[1][2][14][30][32][114][115][n 35]
  • Posidaeia - probably the female counterpart to Poseidon (Linear B: ๐€ก๐€ฏ๐€…๐€๐€Š, po-si-da-e-ja)[14][16][n 8]
  • Potnia - โ€œMistressโ€ or โ€œLadyโ€; may be used as an epithet for many deities, but also shows up as a single deity (Linear B: ๐€ก๐€ด๐€›๐€Š, po-ti-ni-ja)[14][117][118][119][n 10]
    • Potnia Athena - or Potnia of At(h)ana (Athens(?)); reference of the latter is uncertain (Linear B: ๐€€๐€ฒ๐€™๐€ก๐€ด๐€›๐€Š, a-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja)[2][14][110][n 36]
    • Potnia Hippeia - Mistress of the Horses; later epithet of Demeter and Athena (Linear B: ๐€ก๐€ด๐€›๐€Š๐„€๐€‚๐€ค๐€Š, po-ti-ni-ja,i-qe-ja)[14][110][n 37][n 38]
    • Potnia of Sitos - Mistress of Grain, Bronze Age predecessor or epithet of Demeter (Linear B: ๐€ฏ๐€ต๐€ก๐€ด๐€›๐€Š, si-to-po-ti-ni-ja)[14][81][110][121][n 39]
    • Potnia of the Labyrinth (Linear B: ๐€…๐†๐€ช๐€ต๐€๐„€๐€ก๐€ด๐€›๐€Š, da-pu2-ri-to-jo,po-ti-ni-ja)[2][14][29][110]
    • Potnia, at Thebes, of no attested name or title, other than that offers are made to her house, her premises (Linear B: ๐€ก๐€ด๐€›๐€Š๐„€๐€บ๐€’๐€†, po-ti-ni-ja,wo-ko-de)[14][22][29][123][124][n 40]
    • Potnia, of unidentified Pylos sanctuary - unknown local(?) goddess of pa-ki-ja-ne (*Sphagianes?) sanctuary at Pylos (Linear B: ๐€ก๐€ด๐€›๐€Š, po-ti-ni-ja)[110][126][127][n 8][n 41][n 42]
    • Potnia, of uncertain A place or epithet (Linear B: ๐€ก๐€ด๐€›๐€Š๐„€๐€€๐€ฏ๐€น๐€Š, po-ti-ni-ja,a-si-wi-ja)[14][132][n 43][n 44]
    • Potnia, of unknown E place or epithet (Linear B: ๐€๐€ฉ๐€น๐€๐€ก๐€ด๐€›๐€Š, e-re-wi-jo-po-ti-ni-ja)[81][n 45]
    • Potnia, of unknown N place or epithet (Linear B: ๐€š๐€บ๐€Ÿ๐€ƒ๐„€๐€ก๐€ด๐€›๐€Š, ne-wo-pe-o,po-ti-ni-ja)[14][81]
    • Potnia, of unknown U place or epithet (Linear B: ๐€„๐€ก๐€๐€ก๐€ด๐€›๐€Š, u-po-jo-po-ti-ni-ja)[14][81][n 46]
    • Potnia, of unknown ? place or epithet (Linear B: ๐€€๐€๐€ฏ๐„€๐€ก๐€ด๐€›๐€Š, (?)-a-ke-si,po-ti-ni-ja)[81][n 47]
  • Preswa(?) - generally interpreted as a dove goddess or an early form of Persephone (Linear B: ๐€Ÿ๐€ฉ๐š, pe-re-*82 or pe-re-swa)[14][16][107][136]
  • Qerasia(?) - unknown goddess, perhaps Minoan in origin or possibly connected with thฤ“r (Linear B: ๐€ค๐€จ๐€ฏ๐€Š, qe-ra-si-ja)[1][2][14][29][81][137][138][139][n 48][n 49]
  • Qowia(?) - unknown deity, possibly meaning โ€œShe of the Cow(s)" (Linear B: ๐€ฆ๐€น๐€Š, qo-wi-ja)[16][71][81][n 8][n 50][n 51]
  • Wanasso(?) - "the Two Queens", possibly Demeter and Persephone, *wanassojin(?) regarded as a dative dual form (Linear B: ๐€ท๐€™๐€ฐ๐€‚, wa-na-so-i)[14][29][126][144][n 23][n 24][n 52]

Pantheon

  • Pantes Theoi - a special invocation "to All the Gods", irrespectively of sex, etc.; recurrently attested at Knossos (Linear B : ๐€ž๐€ฏ๐€ณ๐€ƒ๐€‚, pa-si-te-o-i)[2][33][147][148][n 53][n 54][n 55]

Heroes, mortals and other entities or concepts

  • Proteus - could be the theonym of the sea-god Proteus, but probably just the anthroponym of a nobleman (Linear B: ๐€ก๐€ซ๐€ณ๐€„, po-ro-te-u)[150][151][152]

Possible deities

Deities speculated to have been worshipped but without hitherto attestation in the Linear B tablets

  • A possible sun goddess, predecessor to Helios and possibly related to Helen.[153][page needed][n 56] No unambiguous attestations of words for "sun" have been found yet, though the Mycenaean word for "sun" is reconstructed as *hฤwรฉlios.

See also

Notes

  1. โ†‘ This list includes deities which in later Greek times and sources were thought of as semigods or mortal heroes. Scholars assign to attested words in Linear B a possibility or probability, sometimes controversially, of being a theonym or an anthroponym, a toponym, etc.; Mycenaean Linear B sources are often damaged inscriptions bearing lacunae, and in any case, they are too few to enable classifications with certainty.
    Finally there is a list of attested words which seem to refer to mortals or whose reference is unclear, yet they may have a connection to religion or to a divine or heroic figure of later times.
  2. โ†‘ The names/words in Linear B and the transliteration thereof are not necessarily in the nominative case and also not necessarily of said gods per se, as e.g. in the case of Hephaestus.
  3. โ†‘ See the noun แผฑฮญฯฮตฮนฮฑ.[5]
  4. โ†‘ Found on the KN Fp 1 and KN Fp 13 tablets.[6][7]
  5. โ†‘ The inscriptions read that the offers are made to her, thus they could refer to a goddess; this is not though, what modern scholars seem to believe.
  6. โ†‘ The first cited form could just be an instance of a scribe forgetting to write the word-separator sign ๐„€ between two words. In that case *Anemohiereia should be instead read as *Anemon Hiereia also.
  7. โ†‘ Found on the lacunose KN E 842 tablet.[10]
  8. โ†‘ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Found on the PY Tn 316 tablet.[17][18]
  9. โ†‘ Cf. the nouns ฮดฮตฯƒฯ€ฯŒฯ„ฮทฯ‚, ฮดฯŒฮผฮฟฯ‚, ฯ€ฯŒฯƒฮนฯ‚;[19] whence despot in English;[20] in an etymological sense, it literally means "master of the house" and is related to potnia.
  10. โ†‘ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 The word Poseidon (ฮ ฮฟฯƒฮตฮนฮดแฟถฮฝ; variant forms include ฮ ฮฟฯƒฮตฮนฮดฮฌฯ‰ฮฝ, the former's final syllable being a synaeresis of the latter's final two) itself, could be connected in an etymological sense - cf. ฯ€ฯŒฯƒฮนฯ‚ - to Despotas (if indeed this is the correct reading-interpretation of do-po-ta) and Potnia;[29] likewise compare the same word in connection to Ge-Gaia (hence possibly to Ma Ga) and the possible Enesidaon and other undoubted later-times epithets of him, in consideration of the word-endings, etc.. Moreover some scholars have connected - in a similar manner to the one of Poseidon - Demeter to "Earth" via the De (Da; considered in this case as Pre-Greek and as meaning "Earth") syllable, the goddess thus viewed as representing Da-Mater, "Mother Earth" or similar; others on the other hand have interpreted Demeter's Da syllable as related to domos (i.e. to be Indo-European), interpreting her name as "Mother of the House", creating thus an etymological connection to Despotas and Potnia. ร€ propos, some scholars have considered the attested, on the PY En 609 tablet,[54] Mycenaean word ๐€…๐€”๐€ณ, da-ma-te, as reading Demeter, but the view isn't widely held anymore; the former is indeed thought to be connected to domos, etc, but it is believed to probably be a form of, or something similar to, ฮดฮฌฮผฮฑฯ.[55][56][57][58]
  11. โ†‘ According to Chadwick,[22] "Dionysos surprisingly appears twice at Pylos, in the form Diwonusos, both times irritatingly enough on fragments, so that we have no means of verifying his divinity". This old view can be found reflected in other scholars[23] but this has changed after the 1989-90 Greek-Swedish excavations at Kastelli Hill, Chania, unearthed the KH Gq 5 tablet.[14][24][25][26]
  12. โ†‘ Cf. the verb ฮดฮนฯˆฮฌฯ‰-แฟถ.[31]
  13. โ†‘ The inscription reads (line 10): di-ri-mi-joโŒž โŒŸdi-wo,i-je-we, i.e. *Drimiลi Diwos hiฤ“wei, "to Drimios, the son of Zeus".[17][33][34]
  14. โ†‘ Drimios likely formed a cult group with Zeus and Hera, perhaps the son of this couple, who was forgotten by archaic times.[35]
  15. โ†‘ Found on the KN M 719 tablet.[37]
  16. โ†‘ Cf. แผ˜ฮฝฮฟฯƒฮฏฯ‡ฮธฯ‰ฮฝ, แผ˜ฮฝฮฝฮฟฯƒฮฏฮณฮฑฮนฮฟฯ‚, Poseidon's later epithets.[38]
  17. โ†‘ ๐€๐€”๐€, when in the nominative, is thought to be read as แผ™ฯฮผฮฌแผฯ‚ (แผ™ฯฮผฮฌhฮฑฯ‚).[43]
  18. โ†‘ Found on the lacunose KN E 842 tablet.[10]
  19. โ†‘ Hiller's[2] or Schofield's[23] pa-ja-wo is not actually attested per se; the word actually attested on the damaged KN V 52 tablet and the fragments thereof, reads pa-ja-wo-ne; the latter would be the dative case form of the former.[50][51]
  20. โ†‘ Found on the PY Tn 316 and PY Fr 1204 tablets.[17][62]
  21. โ†‘ See the words ฯ„ฯฮฏฯ‚, แผฅฯฯ‰ฯ‚.[63][64][65]
  22. โ†‘ It is generally thought to be connected to ฯ„ฯฮนฯ€ฮฌฯ„ฮฟฯฮตฯ‚, i.e. the "collective, anonymous family ancestors",[60][66][67] but it could perhaps instead refer to Triptolemus, himself possibly "a โ€˜hypostasisโ€™ of Poseidon".[66][68]
  23. โ†‘ 23.0 23.1 The King and the Two Queens are sometimes attested on tablets together, in the offerings or the libations to them; forms of both "the King" and "the Two Queens" are in the dative case. An example of said concurrent attested worship is the PY Fr 1227 tablet.[70]
  24. โ†‘ 24.0 24.1 On the other hand, there are scholars who have argued that "the King" and "the Two Queens" are not theonyms, that they simply refer to mortal royalty.[71]
  25. โ†‘ Pertaining to the Dikti.[76]
  26. โ†‘ Found on the KN Fp 1 tablet.[6]
  27. โ†‘ Found on the PY An 607 tablet.[84]
  28. โ†‘ Found in a tablet from Pylos, also found on the KN Dv 1462 tablet.
  29. โ†‘ Foreign scholars interpret this name as "matinal", "matutino", "maรฑanero", meaning "of the early morning", "of the dawn".[88]
  30. โ†‘ Found on the KN Fp 1, KN V 52, and KN Fh 390 tablets.[51][97]
  31. โ†‘ Cf. ko-ma-we, ฮบฮฟฮผฮฎฮตฮนฯ‚, ฮบฯŒฮผฮท.[101][102]
  32. โ†‘ Found on the KN Xd 58 tablet. Some doubts have been cast over its connection to Leto due to the non-matching geography.[106]
  33. โ†‘ Cf. the Hindu goddess of the same name.
  34. โ†‘ See the nouns ฮผฮฎฯ„ฮทฯ, ฮธฮตฯŒฯ‚, ฮธฮตฮฌ and the adjective ฮธฮตแฟ–ฮฟฯ‚-ฮฑ-ฮฟฮฝ.[111][112]
  35. โ†‘ Cf. Diktynna about word formation, considered to be characteristically Pre-Greek.[30][116]
  36. โ†‘ Found on the KN V 52 tablet.[51]
  37. โ†‘ See the words แผตฯ€ฯ€ฮตฮนฮฟฯ‚-ฮฑ-ฮฟฮฝ, แผตฯ€ฯ€ฮฟฯ‚.[120]
  38. โ†‘ Could also be precursor of Leto.[citation needed]
  39. โ†‘ See the noun ฯƒแฟ–ฯ„ฮฟฯ‚ and the epithet ฮฃฮนฯ„ฯŽ.[122]
  40. โ†‘ Said Potnia or Potnia in general is found on only one table at Thebes: TH Of 36.[125] Her premises, her house is thought to have been her shrine.[22][123]
  41. โ†‘ The word, on the same tablet, ๐€ก๐€ฉ๐€™, po-re-na, *phorenas, understood to mean "those brought or those bringing" (it actually reads ๐€ก๐€ฉ๐€™๐€ค, po-re-na-qe, but a postfixed ๐€ค, qe, is usually a conjunction; cf. ฮบฮฑฮฏ, ฯ„ฮต, and Latin et, qve),[128][129] has been interpreted by some scholars as evidence of human sacrifice at said sanctuary:[130] "According to this interpretation, the text of Tn 316 was written as one of many extreme emergency measures just before the destruction of the palace. Tn 316 would then reflect a desperate, and abnormal, attempt to placate divine powers through the sacrifice of male victims to male gods and female victims to female gods".[131]
  42. โ†‘ The nominative case form of the place (i.e. of the sanctuary) is ๐€ž๐€‘๐€Š๐€š, pa-ki-ja-ne; it is also found in other forms, including derivative words; the specific form found on the PY Tn 316 tablet is ๐€ž๐€‘๐€Š๐€ฏ, pa-ki-ja-si, i.e. possibly its locative plural form.[127]
  43. โ†‘ Possibly an ethnic or geographic adjective of Asia understood in this context as referring to Lydia or the Assuwa league; i.e. in the sense of, or similar to, Anatolia.[132]
  44. โ†‘ Perhaps an epithet of Artemis.
  45. โ†‘ Perhaps an epithet of Hera.[citation needed]
  46. โ†‘ Could be some kind of "under" or "to weave" epithet;[81] cf. the preposition แฝ‘ฯ€ฯŒ and the verb แฝ‘ฯ†ฮฑฮฏฮฝฯ‰.[133][134]
  47. โ†‘ Found on the PY An 1281 tablet.[135]
  48. โ†‘ Possibly an epithet of Artemis; cf. ฮ ฯŒฯ„ฮฝฮนฮฑ ฮธฮทฯแฟถฮฝ, ฮธฮฎฯ.[139][140][141]
  49. โ†‘ Could be instead, form of Tiresias.[citation needed]
  50. โ†‘ Cf. the noun ฮฒฮฟแฟฆฯ‚.[142]
  51. โ†‘ Perhaps connected to proposed PIE *Gสทouuฬฏindฤ; cf. Govinda and Old Irish Boand.[143]
  52. โ†‘ Also attested once on the PY 1219 table as ๐€ท๐€œ๐€ฐ๐€‚, wa-no-so-i.[145][146]
  53. โ†‘ This term is for example found, on the Kn Fp 1 and KN Fp 13 tablets.[6][7]
  54. โ†‘ It should be made clear that an absence of offerings, in parallel, to explicitly named deities or people (like priests or priestesses) on relevant attested inscriptions, does not necessarily follow from the presence of this special dedication; for example, the Kn Fp 1 inscription also includes, among others, offerings to Zeus Diktaios, Pade, Erinys and Anemon Hiereia.
  55. โ†‘ The words are two - despite the lack of a separator symbol - and in the dative plural case; their reconstructed form is *pansi tสฐeoihi; see the words ฯ€แพถฯ‚, ฮธฮตฯŒฯ‚.[33][112][149]
  56. โ†‘ See Etymology of แผ™ฮปฮญฮฝฮท.

References

  1. โ†‘ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Gulizio (2008), page 4.
  2. โ†‘ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 Hiller (1997), page 206.
  3. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: a-ne-mo.
  4. โ†‘ Billigmeier, Jon-Christian; Turner, Judy A. (2004). "The socio-economic roles of women in Mycenaean Greece: A brief survey from evidence of the Linear B tablets". in Foley, Helene P.. Reflections of Women in Antiquity. Rootledge. p. 15. ISBN 0-677-16370-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=8T66FZciSqkC&pg=PA15. 
  5. โ†‘ แผฑฮญฯฮตฮนฮฑ. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greekโ€“English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  6. โ†‘ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Dฤmos: KN Fp 1 + 31.
  7. โ†‘ 7.0 7.1 Dฤmos: KN 13 Fp(1) (138)
  8. โ†‘ R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 118.
  9. โ†‘ Herda, Alexander (2008). "Apollon Delphinios โ€“ Apollon Didymeus: Zwei Gesichter eines milesischen Gottes und ihr Bezug zur Kolonisation Milets in archaischer Zeit" (in de). Internationale Archรคologie Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Symposium, Tagung, Kongress. Band 11: Kult(ur)kontakte. Apollon in Milet/Didyma, Histria, Myus, Naukratis und auf Zypern. Akten des Table Ronde in Mainz vom 11.โ€“12. Mรคrz 2004: 16. ISBN 978-3-89646-441-5. https://www.academia.edu/515462. 
  10. โ†‘ 10.0 10.1 "KN 842 E", Dฤ€MOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo, University of Oslo. Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas, https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/775, retrieved 2014-03-26 
  11. โ†‘ Gulizio, Joann. "A-re in the Linear B Tablets and the Continuity of the Cult of Ares in the Historical Period". Journal of Prehistoric Religion 15: 32โ€“38. http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/are.pdf. 
  12. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: a-re.
  13. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word a-re.
  14. โ†‘ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 14.20 14.21 14.22 14.23 14.24 14.25 14.26 14.27 14.28 14.29 14.30 14.31 14.32 14.33 14.34 14.35 14.36 14.37 Hรคgg (1997), page 165.
  15. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: do-po-ta.
  16. โ†‘ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 Chadwick (1976), page 95.
  17. โ†‘ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Dฤmos: PY 316 Tn (44).
  18. โ†‘ Balcer, Jack Martin; Stockhausen, John Matthew, Mycenaean society and its collapse, pp. 66โ€“67, http://custom.cengage.com/static_content/OLC/053427000X.bak/etep_ch03.pdf [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}].
  19. โ†‘ ฮดฮตฯƒฯ€ฯŒฯ„ฮทฯ‚, ฮดฯŒฮผฮฟฯ‚, ฯ€ฯŒฯƒฮนฯ‚ in Liddell and Scott.
  20. โ†‘ Harper, Douglas. "despot". Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/?term=despot. 
  21. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word di-wo-nu-so.
  22. โ†‘ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Chadwick (1976), page 99.
  23. โ†‘ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Schofield (2007), page 160.
  24. โ†‘ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Trzaskoma et al (2004), page 443โ€“446.
  25. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: Khania Linear B Transliterations.
  26. โ†‘ Dฤmos: KH 5 Gq (1).
  27. โ†‘ Marinatos, Spyridon (1966). "ฮ ฮฟฮปฯ…ฮดฮฏฯˆฮนฮฟฮฝ แผŒฯฮณฮฟฯ‚". in Palmer, L.R.; Chadwick, John. Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 265โ€“274. https://books.google.com/books?id=s-48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA265. 
  28. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: di-pi-si-jo
  29. โ†‘ 29.00 29.01 29.02 29.03 29.04 29.05 29.06 29.07 29.08 29.09 29.10 29.11 29.12 29.13 Budin (2004), pages 235โ€“236.
  30. โ†‘ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Garcรญa-Ramรณn, J.L., in Duhoux and Morpurgo Davies (2011), page 236.
  31. โ†‘ ฮดฮนฯˆฮฌฯ‰ in Liddell and Scott.
  32. โ†‘ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Ventris and Chadwick (1973).
  33. โ†‘ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 Garcรญa-Ramรณn, J.L., in Duhoux and Morpurgo Davies (2011), page 230.
  34. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word i-je-we.
  35. โ†‘ Larson, p. 33
  36. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: e-ne-si-da-o-ne.
  37. โ†‘ Dฤmos: KN 719 M (140).
  38. โ†‘ แผ˜ฮฝฮฟฯƒฮฏฯ‡ฮธฯ‰ฮฝ, แผ˜ฮฝฮฝฮฟฯƒฮฏฮณฮฑฮนฮฟฯ‚ in Liddell and Scott.
  39. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: a-pa-i-ti-jo.
  40. โ†‘ Gulizio (2000).
  41. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: e-ma-a2.
  42. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word e-ma-ha.
  43. โ†‘ Gulizio (2000), page 106.
  44. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: a-re-ja.
  45. โ†‘ Logozzo and Poccetti, p. 644
  46. โ†‘ Castleden (2003), page 122.
  47. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: ma-ri-ne, ma-ri-ne-we.
  48. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: pa-de.
  49. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: KN V 52+.
  50. โ†‘ 50.0 50.1 Chadwick (1976), page 89.
  51. โ†‘ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Dฤmos: KN 52 V + 52 bis + 8285 (unknown).
  52. โ†‘ 52.0 52.1 Palaima, Thomas G. (2009). "Continuity from the Mycenaean Period in a historical Boeotian Cult of Poseidon (and Erinys)". in Danielidou, Despoina. ฮ”ฯŽฯฮฟฮฝ. ฮคฮนฮผฮทฯ„ฮนฮบฯŒฯ‚ ฮคฯŒฮผฮฟฯ‚ ฮณฮนฮฑ ฯ„ฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮธฮทฮณฮทฯ„ฮฎ ฮฃฯ€ฯฯฮฟ ฮ™ฮฑฮบฯ‰ฮฒฮฏฮดฮท. ฮฃฮตฮนฯฮฌ ฮœฮฟฮฝฮฟฮณฯฮฑฯ†ฮนฯŽฮฝ. 6. Athens: Academy of Athens. pp. 527โ€“536. http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/continuity.pdf. 
  53. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: po-se-da-o.
  54. โ†‘ Dฤmos: PY 609 En.
  55. โ†‘ ฮ ฮฟฯƒฮตฮนฮดฯŽฮฝ in Liddell and Scott.
  56. โ†‘ Beekes, Robert (2010). "E.g., s.v. ฮณฮฑแฟ–ฮฑ, ฮดฮฌฮผฮฑฯ, ฯ€ฯŒฯƒฮนฯ‚, ฮ”ฮทฮผฮฎฯ„ฮทฯ". Etymological Dictionary of Greek. With the assistance of Lucien van Beek. In two volumes.. Leiden, Boston. ISBN 9789004174184. 
  57. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: da-ma-te.
  58. โ†‘ ฮดฮฌฮผฮฑฯ in Liddell and Scott.
  59. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word ti-ri-se-ro-e.
  60. โ†‘ 60.0 60.1 Linear B Transliterations: ti-ri-se-ro-e.
  61. โ†‘ Trckova-Flamee, Alena. "Thrice-Hero". http://www.threes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2890:thrice-hero&catid=82:mythology&Itemid=62. 
  62. โ†‘ Dฤmos: PY 1204 Fr (4).
  63. โ†‘ ฯ„ฯฮฏฯ‚ in Liddell and Scott.
  64. โ†‘ แผฅฯฯ‰ฯ‚ in Liddell and Scott.
  65. โ†‘ Harper, Douglas. "hero". Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/?term=hero. 
  66. โ†‘ 66.0 66.1 Herda, Alexander (2011). "Burying a Sage: The Heroon of Thales in the Agora of Miletos". Rencontres d'Archรฉologie de l'IFEA (Istanbul: Institut franรงais d'รฉtudes anatoliennes): 105. http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/80/82/17/PDF/05_Herda.pdf. 
  67. โ†‘ ฯ„ฯฮนฯ€ฮฌฯ„ฯ‰ฯ in Liddell and Scott.
  68. โ†‘ Peters, Martin (2002), "Aus der Vergangenheit von Heroen und Ehegรถttinnen", in Fritz, Matthias; Zeifelder, Susanne (in de), Novalis Indogermanica: Festschrift fรผr Gรผnter Neumann zum 80. Geburstag, Grazer vergleichende Arbeiten, Graz: Leykam, pp. 357โ€“380, ISBN 3701100322 .
  69. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: wa-na-ka.
  70. โ†‘ Dฤmos: PY 1227 Fr (2).
  71. โ†‘ 71.0 71.1 Palaima (2006), page 66.
  72. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: di-we.
  73. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word di-we; The Linear B word di-wo.
  74. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: di-ka-ta.
  75. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word di-ka-ta-jo.
  76. โ†‘ ฮ”ฮนฮบฯ„ฮฑแฟ–ฮฟฯ‚ in Liddell and Scott.
  77. โ†‘ Chadwick, John; Baumbach, Lydia (1963). "The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary". Glotta 41.3&4: 157โ€“271, p. 176f; s.v. แผŒฯฯ„ฮตฮผฮนฯ‚. "a-te-mi-to- (genitive)". 
  78. โ†‘ Souvinous, C. (1970). "A-TE-MI-TO and A-TI-MI-TE". Kadmos 9: 42โ€“47. doi:10.1515/kadm.1970.9.1.42. 
  79. โ†‘ Christidis, T. (1972). "Further remarks on A-TE-MI-TO and A-TI-MI-TE". Kadmos 11.2: 125โ€“28. 
  80. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word a-ti-mi-te.
  81. โ†‘ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 81.5 81.6 81.7 81.8 81.9 Nosch, Marie-Louise, in Fischer-Hansen and Poulsen (2009), page 22.
  82. โ†‘ Palaima, Thomas G. (2008). "DAIS The Aegean Feast. Proceedings of the 12th International Aegean Conference". in Hitchcock, Louise A.; Laffineur, Robert; Crowley, Janice. 12th International Aegean Conference. University of Melbourne. Liรจge, Austin. 383โ€“389. 
  83. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: do-qe-ja.
  84. โ†‘ Dฤmos: PY 607 An (1).
  85. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: KN Gg 705, KN Od 714+.
  86. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: e-re-u-ti-ja.
  87. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word e-re-u-ti-ja.
  88. โ†‘ Bernabรฉ, Alberto; Lujรกn, Eugenio R. Introducciรณn al Griego Micรฉnico: Gramรกtica, selecciรณn de textos y glosario. Monografรญas de Filologรญa Grega Vol. 30. Zaragoza: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. 2020. p. 234.
  89. โ†‘ Lujรกn, Eugรฉnio R. "Los temas en -s en micรฉnico". In: Donum Mycenologicum: Mycenaean Studies in Honour of Francisco Aura Jorro. Edited by Alberto Bernabรฉ and Eugenio R. Lujรกn. Bibliothรจque des cahiers de L'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain Vol. 131. Louvain-la-Neuve; Walpole, MA: Peeters. 2014. p. 68.
  90. โ†‘ Lejeune, Michel. "Une prรฉsentation du Mycรฉnien". In: Revue des ร‰tudes Anciennes. Tome 69, 1967, nยฐ 3–4. p. 281. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rea.1967.3800]; www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1967_num_69_3_3800
  91. โ†‘ Nakassis, Dimitri. "Labor and Individuals in Late Bronze Age Pylos". In: Labor in the Ancient World. Edited by Piotr Steinkeller and Michael Hudson. Dresden: ISLET-Verlag. 2015 [2005]. p. 605. ISBN:978-3-9814842-3-6.
  92. โ†‘ Davies, Anna Morpurgo (1972). "Greek and Indo-European semiconsonants: Mycenaean u and w". In: Acta Mycenaea, vol. 2 (M.S. Ruipรฉrez, ed.). Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca. p. 93.
  93. โ†‘ Jorro, Francisco Aura. "Reflexiones sobre el lรฉxico micรฉnico" In: Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clรกsico. Coord. por Jesรบs de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, Josรฉ Francisco Gonzรกlez Castro, Marรญa Josรฉ Muรฑoz Jimรฉnez, Vol. 1, 2017, pp. 307. ISBN:978-84-697-8214-9.
  94. โ†‘ Chadwick, John, and Lydia Baumbach. "The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary". In: Glotta 41, no. 3/4 (1963): 198. Accessed March 12, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40265918.
  95. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: e-ri-nu.
  96. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word e-ri-nu-we.
  97. โ†‘ Dฤmos: KN 1 Fp(1) + 31 (138), KN 390 Fh (141).
  98. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word e-ra.
  99. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word i-pe-me-de-ja.
  100. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon: ko-ma-we-te-ja.
  101. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: ko-ma-we.
  102. โ†‘ ฮบฯŒฮผฮท in Liddell and Scott.
  103. โ†‘ Beekes 2009, pp 858-859.
  104. โ†‘ "ra-ti-jo". http://www.palaeolexicon.com/Word/Show/26496/. 
  105. โ†‘ "ra-to". http://www.palaeolexicon.com/Word/Show/16912/. 
  106. โ†‘ West, David R. (1995). Some Cults of Greek Goddesses and Female Daemons of Oriental Origin. Butzon & Bercker. p. 99. ISBN 9783766698438. https://books.google.com/books?id=sZ9tAAAAMAAJ. 
  107. โ†‘ 107.0 107.1 Castleden (2003), page 112.
  108. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: ma-na-sa.
  109. โ†‘ "Mother Goddesses". http://www.timelessmyths.com/classical/mother.html. 
  110. โ†‘ 110.0 110.1 110.2 110.3 110.4 110.5 Burkert (1985), page 44.
  111. โ†‘ ฮผฮฎฯ„ฮทฯ in Liddell and Scott.
  112. โ†‘ 112.0 112.1 ฮธฮตแฟ–ฮฟฯ‚-ฮฑ-ฮฟฮฝ, ฮธฮตฯŒฯ‚, ฮธฮตฮฌ in Liddell and Scott.
  113. โ†‘ Francisco & Francisco 1999, p. 121.
  114. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: KN Fp 13.
  115. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word pi-pi-tu-na.
  116. โ†‘ Hรคgg (1997), page 166.
  117. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: Po-ti-ni-ja.
  118. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word po-ti-ni-ja.
  119. โ†‘ ฯ€ฯŒฯ„ฮฝฮนฮฑ in Liddell and Scott.
  120. โ†‘ แผตฯ€ฯ€ฮตฮนฮฟฯ‚-ฮฑ-ฮฟฮฝ, แผตฯ€ฯ€ฮฟฯ‚ in Liddell and Scott.
  121. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: si-to-po-ti-ni-ja.
  122. โ†‘ ฯƒแฟ–ฯ„ฮฟฯ‚, ฮฃฮนฯ„ฯŽ in Liddell and Scott.
  123. โ†‘ 123.0 123.1 Nosch, Marie Louise, in Fischer-Hansen and Poulsen (2009), page 31.
  124. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: wo-ko-de.
  125. โ†‘ Dฤmos: TH Of 36 (303).
  126. โ†‘ 126.0 126.1 "Lesson 26: Narrative. Mycenaean and Late Cycladic Religion and Religious Architecture". Dartmouth College. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/?page_id=651. 
  127. โ†‘ 127.0 127.1 Linear B Transliterations: pa-ki-ja-ne.
  128. โ†‘ ฮบฮฑฮฏ, ฯ„ฮต in Liddell and Scott.
  129. โ†‘ et, qve. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
  130. โ†‘ Gulizio (2000), pages 107โ€“108.
  131. โ†‘ Trzaskoma et al (2004), page 450.
  132. โ†‘ 132.0 132.1 Linear B Transliterations: a-si-wi-ja, a-*64-ja.
  133. โ†‘ แฝ‘ฯ€ฯŒ in Liddell and Scott.
  134. โ†‘ แฝ‘ฯ†ฮฑฮฏฮฝฯ‰ in Liddell and Scott.
  135. โ†‘ Dฤmos: PY 1281 An + frr.: 10 + fr. (12).
  136. โ†‘ Burkert (1985), pages 45, 364.
  137. โ†‘ Chadwick, John (1966). "The Olive Oil tablets of Knossos". in Palmer, L.R.; Chadwick, John. Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. https://books.google.com/books?id=s-48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA30. 
  138. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: qe-ra-si-ja.
  139. โ†‘ 139.0 139.1 Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word qe-ra-si-ja.
  140. โ†‘ ฮธฮฎฯ in Liddell and Scott.
  141. โ†‘ Nosch, Marie Louise, in Fischer-Hansen and Poulsen (2009), pages 22โ€“23.
  142. โ†‘ ฮฒฮฟแฟฆฯ‚ in Liddell and Scott.
  143. โ†‘ Campanile, Enrico (1985). "Old Irish Boand". Journal of Indo-European Studies 13.3&4: 477โ€“479. 
  144. โ†‘ Bartonฤ›k, Antonรญn (2002). "2. Substantiva und Adjektiva der I., II. und III. Deklination: I. Deklination (Substantiva)". Handbuch des mykenischen Griechisch. Heidelberg: Universitรคtsverlag C. WINTER. pp. 165โ€“6. ISBN 3825314359. 
  145. โ†‘ Ventris and Chadwick (1973), Mycenaean Vocabulary wa-no-so-i.
  146. โ†‘ Dฤmos: PY 1219.
  147. โ†‘ Gulizio (2008), page 3ff.
  148. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: pa-si-te-o-i.
  149. โ†‘ ฯ€แพถฯ‚ in Liddell and Scott.
  150. โ†‘ Linear B Transliterations: po-ro-te-u.
  151. โ†‘ Bartonฤ›k, Antonin (2002). "Mycenaean words in Homer". in Clairis, Christos. Recherches en linquistique grecque. L'Harmattan. p. 94. ISBN 2-7475-2742-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=KKWlkCfX1ZsC&pg=PA94. 
  152. โ†‘ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word po-ro-te-u.
  153. โ†‘ Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005). The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations. Cambridge University Press. 

Sources

Books

Articles in journals, periodicals and of conferences

Online databases and dictionaries

Mycenaean Greek and Linear B
Ancient Greek, Latin and of English etymology

Further reading

  • Duev, Ratko. "di-wi-ja and e-ra in the Linear B texts". In: Pierre Carlier, Additional editors: Charles De Lamberterie, Markus Egetmeyer, Nicole Guilleux, Franรงoise Rougemont and Julien Zurbach (editors). ร‰tudes mycรฉniennes 2010. Actes du XIIIe colloque international sur les textes รฉgรฉens, Sรจvres, Paris, Nanterre, 20-23 septembre 2010. Biblioteca di Pasiphae. 10. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2012. pp. 195โ€“205. ISBN:9788862274722
  • Flouda, Georgia. โ€œThe Goddess Eileithyia in the Knossian Linear B Tabletsโ€. In: Honors to Eileithyia at Ancient Inatos: The Sacred Cave of Eileithyia at Tsoutsouros. Crete: Highlights of the Collection. Edited by Athanasia Kanta et al., INSTAP Academic Press, 2022. pp. 33โ€“36, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2f4v5x3.12. Accessed 10 Apr. 2022.
  • LEUVEN, JON C. (1979). "MYCENAEAN GODDESSES CALLED POTNIA". Kadmos 18 (2): 112-129. doi:10.1515/kadm.1979.18.2.112. 
  • Morris, S.P. (2001). Laffineur, R.; Hรคgg, R.. eds. "Potnia Aswiya: Anatolian Contributions to Greek Religion". Aegaeum (Belgium) 22: Potnia. Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 8th International Aegean Conference; Gรถteborg, Gรถteborg University: 423โ€“434. 
  • Sergent, Bernard (1990). "Hรฉortologie du mois Plowistos de Pylo". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 16 (1): 175โ€“217. doi:10.3406/dha.1990.1464. 
  • Wachter, Rudolf. "Homeric โ€“ Mycenaean Word Index (MYC)". In: Prolegomena. Edited by Joachim Latacz, Anton Bierl and Stuart Douglas Olson [English Edition]. Berlin, Mรผnchen, Boston: De Gruyter, 2015. pp. 236โ€“258. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501501746-015