Religion:Megachurch
A megachurch is a church with a very large membership that also offers a variety of educational and social activities. They are usually Protestant, including Evangelical. The Hartford Institute for Religion Research defines a megachurch as any Protestant Christian church having 2,000 or more people in average weekend attendance. The megachurch is an organization type, not a denomination.
The first megachurch was established in London in 1861. More emerged in the 20th century, especially in the United States, and expanded rapidly through the 1980s and 1990s. In the early 21st century, megachurches were widespread in the U.S. and a growing phenomenon in several African countries, Australia, and elsewhere. In the late 2000s and early 2010s, they became more untraditional, with most newer ones having stadium-type seating.
History
The origins of the megachurch movement, with many local congregants who return on a weekly basis, can be traced to the 19th century.[1][2] There were large churches earlier, but they were considerably rarer.
The first evangelical megachurch, the Metropolitan Tabernacle with a 6,000-seat auditorium, was inaugurated in 1861 in London by Charles Spurgeon.[3]
In the United States, in 1923, the Angelus Temple was inaugurated in 1923 with a 5,300-seat auditorium in Los Angeles by Aimee Semple McPherson.[4]
Features
A megachurch has been defined by Hartford Institute for Religion Research (2006) and others as any Protestant Christian church which at least 2,000 attend in a weekend.[5][6][7][8] The OED suggests that megachurches often include educational and social activities and are usually Protestant and Evangelical.[9] Globally, these large congregations are a significant development in Protestant Christianity.[10]
Most of these churches build their building in the suburbs of large cities, near major roads and highways, to be visible to as many people as possible and easily accessible by car.[11][12] Some install a large cross to edify believers and evangelize potential new members.[13]
A 2020 study by the Hartford Institute found that 70 percent of American megachurches had a multi-site network and an average of 7.6 services per weekend.[14] The study also found that most U.S. megachurches are in Florida, Texas, California, and Georgia.[15]
Churches in which more than 10,000 people gather every Sunday have been dubbed gigachurches.[16][17] In 2015, there were about 100 gigachurches in the United States. [18]
By region
Africa
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Megachurches are found in many countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, including Tanzania, Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda.[19] The largest church auditorium, The Glory Dome, was inaugurated in 2018 with 100,000 seats, in Abuja, Nigeria.[20]
The Americas
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United States
In 2010, the Hartford Institute's database listed more than 1,300 megachurches in the United States; according to that data, about 50 churches on the list had average attendance exceeding 10,000, with the highest recorded at 47,000 in average attendance.[21] On one weekend in November 2015, around one in ten Protestant churchgoers in the US, or about 5 million people, attended service in a megachurch.[22] 3,000 individual Catholic parishes have 2,000 or more attendants for an average Sunday Mass, but they are not called megachurches as that is a specifically Protestant term.[8]
In the United States, the phenomenon has more than quadrupled in the two decades to 2017.[23]
Asia
In 2007, five of the ten largest Protestant churches were in South Korea.[24] The largest megachurch in the world by attendance is South Korea's Yoido Full Gospel Church, an Assemblies of God (Pentecostal) church, with more than 830,000 members as of 2007.[24][25]
Australia
According to Australian scholar Hey (2011), "in Australia, almost all megachurch developments are Pentecostal, or charismatic and neo-Pentecostal offshoots".[26]
One of the first megachurches in Australia was the Christian Outreach Centre (COC),[26] now the International Network of Churches.[27][28]
Hillsong Church, was founded in 1983 in Sydney, New South Wales out of two Christian Life Centre churches and has since planted churches all around Australia and the world. [29] Another significant Australian international Pentecostal network is the C3 Global Network, founded in 1980.[28]
Criticism
In 2005, Baptist Pastor Al Sharpton criticized megachurches for focusing on "bedroom morals", statements against same-sex marriage and abortion, by ignoring issues of social justice, such as the immorality of war and the erosion[clarification needed] of affirmative action.[30]
In 2018, American professor Scot McKnight of Northern Baptist Theological Seminary criticized nondenominational megachurches for the weak external accountability relationship of their leaders, by not being members of a Christian denomination, further exposing them to abuse of power.[31] However, a study by the Hartford Institute for Religion Research published in 2020 found that 60% of American megachurches were members of a Christian denomination.[32]
Some megachurches and their pastors have been accused by critics of promoting a "prosperity gospel", where the poor and vulnerable are encouraged to donate their money to the church rather than saving it, in the hopes that God will bless them with wealth.[33][34][35] This in turn increases the wealth of the pastors, with some revealed to wear designer clothing during sermons and own luxury vehicles.[36][37][38]
See also
- List of the largest evangelical churches
- List of the largest evangelical church auditoriums
- List of megachurches in the United States
- Pentecostalism in Australia
References
- ↑ Loveland & Wheeler 2003, p. 35.
- ↑ "Exploring the Megachurch Phenomena: Their characteristics and cultural context". Hirr.HartSem.edu. http://hirr.hartsem.edu/bookshelf/thumma_article2.html.
- ↑ Hunt 2019, p. 50.
- ↑ Kurian, George Thomas; Lamport, Mark A.; Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5, Rowman & Littlefield, 2016, p. 1471.
- ↑ "Church Sizes". http://www.usachurches.org/church-sizes.htm.
- ↑ Baird, Julia (February 23, 2006). "The good and bad of religion-lite". The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/the-good-and-bad-of-religionlite/2006/02/22/1140563858123.html.
- ↑ Turner, Bryan S.; The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion, John Wiley & Sons, 2010, p. 251.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Megachurch Definition". http://hirr.hartsem.edu/megachurch/definition.html.
- ↑ megachurch (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/115861 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Loveland & Wheeler 2003, p. 3.
- ↑ Hunt 2019, p. 77.
- ↑ Wilford, Justin G.; Sacred Subdivisions: The Postsuburban Transformation of American Evangelicalism, NYU Press, 2012, p. 78.
- ↑ Loveland & Wheeler 2003, p. 156.
- ↑ Baer, Maria; US Megachurches Are Getting Bigger and Thinking Smaller, christianitytoday.com, November 19, 2020.
- ↑ Kim, Allen (April 27, 2019). "What is a megachurch?". https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/27/us/what-is-a-megachurch-explainer/index.html.
- ↑ Tribune, Jeff Strickler Star. "What makes a gigachurch go?". https://www.startribune.com/what-makes-a-gigachurch-go/25636704/.
- ↑ Stanley D. Brunn, The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practices and Politics, Springer, USA, 2015, p. 1683
- ↑ Jim Tomberlin, Multisite 2016: What’s New and What’s Next?, outreachmagazine.com, USA, December 31, 2015
- ↑ Ukah, Asonzeh (6 February 2020). "Chapter 15: Sacred Surplus and Pentecostal Too-Muchness: The Salvation Economy of African Megachurches". Handbook of Megachurches. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion, Volume 19. Brill. pp. 323–344. doi:10.1163/9789004412927_017. ISBN 9789004412927. https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004412927/BP000019.xml. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ↑ Berglund, Taylor; World's Largest Church Auditorium Dedicated in Nigeria, charismanews.com, December 7, 2018.
- ↑ "Hartford Institute for Religion Research, database of Megachurches". Hirr.HartSem.edu. http://hirr.hartsem.edu/megachurch/database.html.
- ↑ "The megachurch boom rolls on, but big concerns are rising too". December 2, 2015. http://www.religionnews.com/2015/12/02/megachurch-evangelical-christians/.
- ↑ "Redirect". http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=tflynn_26_5.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 "O come all ye faithful". Special Report on Religion and Public Life (The Economist): p. 6. November 3, 2007. http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10015239&CFID=25385374.
- ↑ "In Pictures: America's 10 Biggest Megachurches". Forbes. June 26, 2009. https://www.forbes.com/2009/06/26/americas-biggest-megachurches-business-megachurches_slide_2.html.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Hey, Sam (2011). God in the Suburbs and Beyond: The Emergence of an Australian Megachurch and Denomination (PhD). Griffith University. doi:10.25904/1912/3059. Retrieved 5 February 2022. PDF.
- ↑ "About". https://www.inc.org.au/about/.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Hillsong becomes a denomination". 19 September 2018. https://www.eternitynews.com.au/australia/hillsong-becomes-a-denomination/.
- ↑ Sam Hey, Megachurches: Origins, Ministry, and Prospects, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2013, p. 66-67, 265-266
- ↑ Associated Press, Megachurches have wrong focus, black leaders say, chron.com, July 2, 2006.
- ↑ Wellman, James Jr.; Corcoran, Katie; Stockly, Kate; Ficquet, Éloi; High on God: How Megachurches Won the Heart of America, Oxford University Press, 2020, p. 212
- ↑ Bird, Warren; Thumma, Scott; Megachurch 2020 : The Changing Reality in America’s Largest Churches, hirr.hartsem.edu, 2020.
- ↑ Biema, David Van (October 3, 2008). "Maybe We Should Blame God for the Subprime Mess" (in en-US). Time magazine. ISSN 0040-781X. http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1847053,00.html.
- ↑ "How Megachurches Blurred the Line Between Religion and Riches" (in en). December 1, 2017. https://people.howstuffworks.com/do-megachurches-preach-that-prayer-will-make-rich.htm.
- ↑ "The Worst Ideas of the Decade (washingtonpost.com)". https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/opinions/outlook/worst-ideas/prosperity-gospel.html.
- ↑ Niemietz, Brian. "Megachurch preacher buys wife a $200,000 Lamborghini, tells parishioners 'Don't confuse what I do with who I am'". https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/ny-news-john-gray-mega-church-lamborghini-20181216-story.html.
- ↑ Rojas, Rick (April 17, 2019). "Let He Who Is Without Yeezys Cast the First Stone" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/17/nyregion/preachers-sneakers-instagram-account.html.
- ↑ Stevens, Alexis; The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. "Creflo Dollar's ministry says he will get his $65 million jet" (in en). The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. https://www.ajc.com/news/local/creflo-dollar-ministry-says-will-get-his-million-jet/Z1Oa81oGK9BYz1LO4KswAK/.
Bibliography
- Loveland, Anne C.; Wheeler, Otis B. (2003). From Meetinghouse to Megachurch: A Material and Cultural History. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-1480-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=2SjXNHvt3AIC. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- Hunt, Stephen J., ed (2019). Handbook of Megachurches. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-41292-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=rmzDDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
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