Religion:Midnight Mass
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History
The tradition of midnight Mass on Christmas Eve was first chronicled by Egeria, a Galician woman who went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land around 381. She witnessed how the early Catholics of Jerusalem honored the Christmas mystery with a midnight vigil at Bethlehem.[1] This was followed by a torchlight procession to Jerusalem, arriving at the Church of the Resurrection at dawn. The tradition reached the Western world in 430 under Pope Sixtus III in the Basilica of St Mary Major.[2] He instituted the practice of a midnight Mass after the cockcrow in the grotto-like oratory of the famed Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. There are discrepancies, however, as to the exact time of the cockcrow due to the fact that the ancient Romans set it at the start of the day.
By the twelfth century, the practice of midnight Mass had become more widespread as all priests had been granted the faculty of celebrating three Masses on Christmas Day (previously reserved to the Pope), provided the three different propers were celebrated at their appropriate times of midnight, dawn and day.[2]
In 1587, the head priest of the Church of San Agustin de Acolman in Mexico, Diego de Soria, petitioned Pope Sixtus V to allow the Mass to be held outdoors because the church could not accommodate the large number of attendees at the evening celebration.[3]
Traditions
Roman Catholicism
The Roman liturgy for the Midnight Mass starts with an overview of salvation history, the Proclamation of the Birth of Christ.
Roman Catholics have traditionally celebrated Midnight Mass with church services beginning at midnight, although the Mass itself is officially called Missa in nocte (Ad Missam in nocte)[4] or Mass during the Night in English[5] and need not start at midnight, as has been the case in the Vatican since 2009, first at 10:00 pm,[6] then subsequently earlier in the evening.
In Splendoribus Sanctorum is used for the Communion chant during traditional Catholic midnight mass.
Lutheranism
Lutherans often observe Midnight Mass in addition to Christmas Vespers and Matins. In his famous work, Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde, Bernard Picart describes the Lutheran Midnight Mass:
In some Lutheran Countries, the People go to Church on the Night of the Nativity of our Blessed Saviour with lighted Candles, or Wax-Tapers in their Hands. The Faithful who are met together in the Church, spend the whole Night there in singing, and saying their Prayers by the Light of them. Sometimes they burn such a large Quantity of Incense, that the Smoke thereof ascends in the Form of a Whirlwind, and their Devotees may properly enough be said to be wrapt up in it.[7]
Anglicanism
Churches of the Anglican Communion also traditionally celebrate Midnight Communion for Christmas at 11 or 11:30 pm.
Methodism
Methodist observations vary as many hold services at 11 p.m. which involve the ringing of church bells when the stroke of midnight is reached.
Presbyterianism
The Church of Scotland observes a service just before midnight which involves the singing of carols, although it does not include Mass and is called a watchnight service (held elsewhere on New Year's Eve).
Eastern Christian traditions
While Midnight Mass is not observed in Eastern traditions, All-Night Vigil is common on Christmas Eve and involves the celebration of Matins, the hour which is traditionally observed at midnight.
Misa de Gallo
| Misa de Gallo | |
|---|---|
 Altar decorated for a Misa de Gallo | |
| Also called | Rooster's Mass Shepherd's Mass |
| Observed by | Roman Catholics |
| Significance | Advent season |
| Begins | December 16 |
| Ends | December 24 |
| Related to | Misa de Aguinaldo Christmas Day |
Misa de Gallo (Spanish for "Rooster's Mass", also Misa de los Pastores, "Shepherds' Mass;" Portuguese: Missa do Galo; Catalan: Missa del gall) is the Midnight Mass celebrated in Portugal and many former Portuguese colonies and also in Spain and many former Spanish colonies on Christmas Eve and sometimes in the days immediately preceding Christmas. The tradition of Misa de Gallo is still observed today, mostly by Spanish-speaking Roman Catholic countries in Latin America and in the Philippines.
Spain
In Spain, locals begin Christmas Eve by lighting small oil lamps in every home, then proceed to church to hear Midnight Mass.[8]
The most popular of these holy services is in the Basílica de Montserrat also known as Santa Maria de Montserrat, a Benedictine monastery built on the steep cliffs of the Montserrat mountain range. The Escolania de Montserrat, Europe's oldest boys' choir known for their angelic voices, graces the celebration.
Bolivia
Bolivians attend Christmas Eve Mass, and the celebration is followed by a sit-down meal featuring a traditional bowl of picana del pollo. It is a stew[9] made of chicken with peas, carrots, and potatoes.
Philippines
Simbang Gabi (Tagalog for "Night Mass"), also called Misa de Aguinaldo ("gift mass"), is the Filipino version of the Misa de Gallo. It traditionally begins on December 16 and ends on December 24. In most parts of Philippines, however, the term "Misa de Gallo" specifically only refers to the last mass on Christmas Eve.[10] In Zamboangueño Chavacano, the series of masses is also called Misa de los Pastores.[11]
Simbang Gabi is associated with a nine-day novena procession, as well as a reenactment of the search for lodgings by Joseph and the pregnant Virgin Mary known as the Panunulúyan.[12][13]
Puerto Rico
In Puerto Rico, locals celebrate Mass by singing Christmas songs, which they call aguinaldos. The more religious versions of these songs are called villancicos and the ones with a Criollo inspiration are called décimas navideñas.[14]
Venezuela
In Venezuela, the Misa de Gallo is only one of a series of Masses held at dawn called Misa de Aguinaldo. The name comes from the Spanish word for "Christmas box". The Masses are held for nine days and culminate on Christmas Eve. The songs of the liturgy are replaced by songs of the "gaita" genre [1], which is a folk genre from the Zulia state, and which are heard most widely throughout the country during Christmas. The lyrics of these gaitas are liturgical and approved to be played during ceremonies.
See also
- Misa de Gallo, a version of the Midnight Mass in many Spanish-speaking countries
- Pasterka, a Midnight Mass celebrated in Poland
- Plygain, a Welsh service of worship taking place on Christmas morning
- Watchnight service, a service of worship observed on New Year's Eve
- Messe de minuit pour Noël H.9 by Marc-Antoine Charpentier
- Proclamation of the Birth of Christ
- Rorate Coeli
References
- ↑ "A Zenith Daily Dispatch: 3 Masses on Christmas". EWTN. http://www.ewtn.com/library/liturgy/zlitur156.htm.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "The Tradition of Midnight Mass". http://www.aquinasandmore.com/catholic-articles/the-tradition-of-midnight-mass/article/119.
- ↑ "Going to Mass at Christmas". Filipinas Heritage Library. http://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/news/40-filipiniana/112-going-to-mass-at-christmas.
- ↑ "Missale Romanum 2002". https://media.musicasacra.com/books/latin_missal2002.pdf.
- ↑ "The Roman Missal". http://www.ldysinger.com/@magist/1978_SCDW/2011_roman_missal/THE%20ROMAN%20MISSAL-bookmarked.pdf.
- ↑ Squires, Nick (7 December 2009). "Pope to hold Midnight Mass at 10 pm". https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/vaticancityandholysee/6753375/Pope-to-hold-Midnight-Mass-at-10pm.html.
- ↑ The Ceremonies and Religious Customs of the Various Nations of the Known World with Additions and Remarks Omitted by the French Author, London: 1741, p. 511
- ↑ "Spain – Christmas traditions and customs". The History of Christmas. http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/traditions/spain.htm.
- ↑ Draper, Faith. "Christmas in Bolivia". http://voices.yahoo.com/christmas-bolivia-5069690.html?cat=16.
- ↑ Lilia Borlongan - Alvarez (December 15, 2013). "Misa de Gallo or Misa de Aguinaldo – What's the difference?". Manila Bulletin. http://www.mb.com.ph/misa-de-gallo-or-misa-de-aguinaldo-whats-the-difference/.
- ↑ "Misa de Gallo is not the dawn mass". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 19 December 2012. http://opinion.inquirer.net/43033/misa-de-gallo-is-not-the-dawn-mass.
- ↑ Tan, Nigel (17 December 2016). "PH X'mas symbols, practices trace roots to Spanish era". Rappler. https://r3.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/46589-ph-christmas-symbols-spanish-roots.
- ↑ Orejas, Tonette (14 December 2012). "'Lubenas' is alive in Angeles City". Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/324159/lubenas-is-alive-in-angeles-city.
- ↑ "Puerto Rican Christmas Traditions". El Boricua. http://www.elboricua.com/traditions.html.
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