Religion:Operation Trojan Horse

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Operation Trojan Horse refers to what was described as being an organised attempt by some individuals to introduce an Islamist or Salafist ethos into several schools in Birmingham, England .[1][2][3] The name, based on the Greek legend, comes from a leaked letter discovered in March 2014, alleged to be from Birmingham Islamists detailing how to wrest control of a school, and speculating about expanding the scheme to other cities. Around a month later, Birmingham City Council said that it had received "hundreds" of allegations of plots similar to those illustrated in the letter, some dating back over 20 years.[4] Tahir Alam, former chairman of the Park View Educational Trust which ran three schools in Birmingham, was found to have written a 72-page document for the Muslim Council of Britain in 2007 detailing a blueprint for the "Islamisation" of secular state schools.[5][6]

Background

Ofsted and the Education Funding Authority in 21 schools in Birmingham said it had found evidence of an organised campaign to target certain schools by Islamists and that head teachers had been "marginalised or forced out of their jobs".[3][7][8] Golden Hillock School, Nansen Primary School, Park View School – all run by the Park View Educational Trust – Oldknow Academy and Saltley School were placed in special measures after inspectors found systemic failings including the schools having failed to take adequate steps to safeguard pupils against extremism. Another school investigated, Alston Primary, was already in special measures. A sixth school was labelled inadequate for its poor educational standards and twelve schools were found needing of improvements. Three schools were commended.[3][9][unreliable source?] Ofsted subsequently expanded their investigation into schools in East London, Bradford and Luton over concerns regarding a limited curriculum and pupils' detachment from the wider community.[10]

Ofsted chief Sir Michael Wilshaw accused Birmingham City Council of a "serious failure" in supporting schools in protecting children from extremism.[3] Its leader, Sir Albert Bore, said that the Council accepted the Ofsted findings that schools in the city were failing pupils.[11] A government report, commissioned by the Ministry of Education, written by Peter Clarke, the former head of the Metropolitan police's counterterrorism command, found that there is "no evidence to suggest that there is a problem with governance generally" nor any "evidence of terrorism, radicalisation or violent extremism in the schools of concern in Birmingham," but said that there was "evidence that there are a number of people, associated with each other and in positions of influence in schools and governing bodies, who espouse, sympathise with or fail to challenge extremist views," and that there had been "co-ordinated, deliberate and sustained" attempts "by a number of associated individuals, to introduce an intolerant and aggressive Islamic ethos" into "a few schools in Birmingham."[1][12] The report found that senior council officials and elected members were apparently aware of these issues, but dealt with them on a case-by-case basis rather than making "any serious attempt to see if there was a pattern," though it is not clear whether this was due to "community cohesion," an "issue of education management," or appeasement.[1][2] Birmingham City Council imposed a temporary freeze on the appointment of school governors after probes into Operation Trojan Horse were announced.[13]

The British Prime Minister, David Cameron, said that "protecting our children [was] one of the first duties of government" and convened an emergency meeting of the Extremism Taskforce and a ministerial meeting to discuss the affair.[14] He announced proposals to send Ofsted to any school without warning, saying that the schools in question had been able to stage a "cover-up' previously.[15] The government terminated its funding arrangement with three of the schools.[16] In the wake of the findings, Michael Gove, the Education Secretary, announced that all schools in the country will have to promote "British values" of tolerance and fairness and said that teachers will be banned from the profession if they allow extremists into schools.[17]

A number of governors and the Muslim Council of Britain dubbed the reaction of authorities to the plot a "witch-hunt".[18] In protest of the investigations, Tahir Alam and several governors of affected schools resigned.[19]

Letter

The leaked letter on the plot was reported by media including the BBC on 7 March 2014.[20] In it, Islamists claimed responsibility for installing a new headteacher at four schools in Birmingham, and highlighted 12 others in the city which would be easy targets due to large Muslim attendance and poor inspection reports.[20] It encouraged parents to complain about the school's leadership with false accusations of sex education, forced Christian prayer and mixed physical education, with the aim of obtaining a new leadership of Islamists.[20] It was also encouraged to attain Academy status for successfully infiltrated schools, so as to have a curriculum independent of the Local Education Authority.[21] The letter was alleged to have been written from Birmingham and sent to a contact in Bradford to expand the operation into that city.[20] Its author described the plan as "totally invisible to the naked eye and [allowing] us to operate under the radar".[21]

The Times described the letter as 'a crude forgery', noting that "The document appears to show that the conspirators were working to remove a primary school headmistress who was actually dismissed 20 years ago",[22] although it was not sceptical of Ofsted's investigations of the schools.[23][unreliable source?] The Guardian and The Independent both stated that the letter is "widely regarded as a fake".[24][25]

However, Birmingham City's education commissioner Sir Mike Tomlinson stated his belief that what the letter described was happening "without a shadow of doubt".[26]

The controversy started with a disclosure by a former teacher from Parkview School,[27] who was later named as Michael White. His complaints were published on 24 February 2014,[28] whereas the 'trojan horse' letter was not sent to the press until 2 March 2014.[29]

Allegations

On 14 April, the City Council confirmed that it had received over 200 reports from parents and staff at 25 schools in Birmingham. Council leader Sir Albert Bore stated that his council had spoken to authorities in Bradford and Manchester, and said that there are "certainly issues in Bradford which have similarities with the issues being spoken about in Birmingham".[30] Concerns have also been raised by the National Association of Head Teachers about schools in parts of East London and other "large cities around the country".[31] Senior Department for Education sources have also been reported as claiming that coordinated attempts to undermine and supplant head teachers have occurred in Bradford, Manchester, and the London boroughs of Waltham Forest and Tower Hamlets.[32]

Two anonymous members of staff at Park View School told BBC Radio 4 that school assemblies had praised Anwar al-Awlaki.[33] Although the school describes itself as "multi-faith", there are claims that the Islamic call to prayer is broadcast to the entire school.[33] Park View Headteacher Lindsey Clark told inspectors that her role had been marginalised and that major decisions were being made by governor Tahir Alam and a small group of "hardliners". A senior teacher told inspectors that the solution to all problems would be a global Caliphate under Sharia law.[34]

Michael White, a former teacher at Park View School which was mentioned in the letter, told the BBC that the school's governing board had been "taken over by a Muslim sect" in 1993. He claims he was pressured to ban sex education and the teaching of non-Muslim religions, and was dismissed in 2003 after he told prospective teachers to question the governors.[35]

On 13 March several teachers were arrested for extreme pornography possession.[36] The connection between Parkview School and Golden Hillock School became apparent to the public and media at this point.

In May 2014, the BBC reported that Tim Boyes, the former headteacher of Queensbridge School, had written anonymously to Birmingham City Council in 2010 to try to expose Operation Trojan Horse,[37] and in June a former prospective school governor said that he had informed authorities of the conspiracy in 2008.[38]

Reverend John Ray, OBE, and ex-head teacher of a school in Pakistan, resigned as a governor of Golden Hillock School after 25 years. He raised concerns about the governance of Golden Hillock 20 years ago stating that the Trojan horse plot "reveals something, something that is true." [39] Reverend Ray claims that in the 1990s when John Major was Prime Minister, he made the government aware of Islamists from Hizb ut-Tahrir becoming involved at his school.[40]

Bhupinder Kondal, principal at Oldknow Academy, stated in July 2014 after the publishing of the reports that she recognised the steps illustrated in the letter and that governors had been trying to undermine her since 2009, although the Local Education Authority would not support her. She also said, "It is not just an academy problem, this was happening before we became an academy."[41]

Gender segregation and intimidation by governors were alleged at Carlton Bolling College in Bradford

In Bradford, teachers reported instances of governors imposing an Islamic ethos. The BBC reported on gender segregation at a state secondary school, Carlton Bolling College, during trips and after-school workshops, as well as boys-only school trips. The school has a largely Muslim governing body. In 2012, head teacher Chris Robinson resigned, having felt that her reputation, integrity and leadership were being questioned by governors.[42]

Investigation

The Educational Funding Authority, Ofsted and Birmingham City Council agreed to investigate the letter, although West Midlands Police decided that it was not a matter for them.[20] Michael Gove, the Secretary of State for Education, said that "wider, more comprehensive action" was needed and appointed Peter Clarke, a former senior Metropolitan Police officer and ex-head of the Counter Terrorism Command. to lead the Department for Education analysis of "evidence of extremist infiltration in both academies and council-run schools"[43]

Ofsted investigated in 21 schools in Birmingham in March 2014. The Education Funding Authority conducted a parallel investigation. Ofsted subsequently expanded their investigation into schools in the north and south-east of England. They investigated schools in East London, Bradford and Luton over concerns regarding a limited curriculum and pupils' detachment from the wider community.[10]

Birmingham City Council announced an investigation into the allegations, estimated to last six months.[13] Ian Kershaw, a former Headteacher in nearby Coventry, was named as its full-time special adviser.[44]

In May, Mark Rogers, Birmingham City Council's Chief Executive, had a meeting with head teachers of affected schools. Despite calling for secrecy, a hidden recording was sent to The Daily Telegraph, in which Rogers criticised the approach to the conspiracy by Education Secretary Michael Gove and Chief Schools Inspector Sir Michael Wilshaw. He said that the overview report on the matter could trigger “some kind of bloody firestorm” and “may well lead to significant structural proposals” for the city council.[45]

Findings

Government report

An investigation ordered by the government found a "sustained, co-ordinated agenda to impose segregationist attitudes and practices of a hardline, politicised strain of Sunni Islam" in several Birmingham schools. The investigation found there to be "no evidence to suggest that there is a problem with governance generally" nor any "evidence of terrorism, radicalisation or violent extremism in the schools of concern in Birmingham," but said there was "evidence that there are a number of people, associated with each other and in positions of influence in schools and governing bodies, who espouse, sympathise with or fail to challenge extremist views."[1] It found that a number of governors and senior teachers had been promoting a form of Islamism or Salafism. The report identified the Muslim Council of Britain and the Association of Muslim Schools as organisations "[stemming] from an international movement to increase the role of Islam in education".[1][2]

Peter Clarke, former counterterrorism chief, conducted the investigation which gathered and examined 2,000 documents and generated 2,000 pages of interview transcripts from 50 witnesses, including former headteachers, teachers, council staff and school governors. He said some of the witnesses had been very nervous and anxious. He found "very clear evidence" that young people were encouraged to "accept unquestionably a particular hardline strand of Sunni Islam that raises concerns about their vulnerability to radicalisation in the future." It described the ideology being promoted as: "an intolerant and politicised form of extreme social conservatism that claims to represent and ultimately seeks to control all Muslims. In its separatist assertions and attempts to subvert normal processes it amounts to what is often described as Islamism."[2]

Detailed findings

The report outlined instances of Islamism or Salafism found in the schools. They included:[1][2]

  • Anti-Western rhetoric, particularly anti-US and anti-Israel;
  • Segregationism – dividing the world into us and them, with them to include all non-Muslims and other Muslims who disagree;
  • Perception of a worldwide conspiracy against Muslims;
  • Attempts to impose its views and practices upon others;
  • Intolerance of difference, whether the secular, other religions or other Muslims.
Education and curriculum changes

The report found there had been changes made to the curriculum and education plans, including increasing the faith component. The choice of modern language teaching had been restricted to the study of Arabic or Urdu at several schools. At Park View, Golden Hillock, Nansen and Oldknow academy, teachers were instructed not to use images in any subject which displayed even slight intimacy between sexes. The investigation found that "terms such as condom, the pill and so forth have been banned" and that governors had insisted on an Islamic approach to subjects, such as Personal, Social and Health Education, science, religious education, and sex and relationships education.[2] Governors also restricted teaching topics which were part of the Department for Education's Prevent strategy, such as forced marriage and female genital mutilation.[2] Creationism was taught as fact in school assemblies and science lessons at both Park View and Golden Hillock. Children were banned from playing musical instruments and drama lessons were dropped from the schedule. The art curriculum was altered to "remove full faces or immodest images, such as paintings by Gustav Klimt."[2]

Intolerance and racism

The report found evidence of intolerance at several schools toward gay, lesbian, bisexual and transsexual people, and said that governors and staff exhibited openly homophobic behaviour. Staff wishing to discuss LGBT matters were lambasted by governors.[2]

The investigation found that at Anderton Park School, after a white child joined the school, a Muslim parent instructed staff: "get a white chair and white desk and put the white kid in a white corner with a white teacher and keep him away from the others. If that fails get rid of the white kid." A three-year-old in a nursery said that his family were poor because the Jews and Zionists had all the money.[2]

Student ambassadors, known as "religious police" were appointed at Park View to report "the names of staff or students who exhibit behaviours deemed unacceptable by conservative Muslims".[2]

Park View Brotherhood

The investigation obtained 3000 messages, spanning 130 pages of transcripts, of a private WhatsApp discussion between a group of teachers at Park View School called the Park View Brotherhood. The report stated the messages evidenced that the group had "either promoted, or failed to challenge, views that are grossly intolerant of beliefs and practices other than their own."[2][46]

The discussions contained: "Explicit homophobia, highly offensive comments about British service personnel, a stated ambition to increase segregation at the school, disparagement of Muslims in sectors other than their own, scepticism about the truth of reports of the murder of Lee Rigby and the Boston Marathon bombing and a constant undercurrent of anti-western, anti-America and anti-Israel sentiment."[2] The group promoted links to extremist speakers that betrayed "an Islamist approach that denied the validity of alternative belief", and some group members who believed that the murder of Lee Rigby was staged encouraged other members to promulgate this view.[2]

Figures in the group included Park View Headmaster Mozz Hussain, Deputy Head of Nansen Primary Razwan Faraz (brother of convicted terrorist Ahmed Faraz)[47] and Shahid Akmal, the Chairman of Governors at Nansen. In a discussion on 5 February 2014, a teacher at Oldknow and governor at Small Heath School, revealed that the group's favoured candidate had become the head teacher at Small Heath.[48] Nasim Awan, a governor at Springfield, said that the "first agenda item" should be to apply for Islamic assemblies at the secular school. Faraz replied by saying that the new head "has to establish herself with minimum controversy for first six months", also referring to starting an eventual "Islamising agenda", but at the same time ensuring that the new head does not become a "coconut" in the process.[49] Another participant in the discussion said that "JEWS" (emphasis in original) were making websites with false information on the Quran, while Akhmed Hussein, Deputy Head of Carlton Bolling College in Bradford wrote “Al-Islam will prevail over all other ways of life. Look at how [the] Muslim population is increasing in the UK.”[47]

Criticism of Birmingham City Council

The report concluded that based on the examination of emails and correspondence: "There is incontrovertible evidence that both senior officials and elected members of Birmingham council were aware of activities that bear a striking resemblance to those described in the Trojan horse letter many months before it surfaced."

It said that the council had been aware of the extremist activities as early as the end of 2012, and that discussions had taken place between officials as early as July 2013, half a year before the emergence of the Trojan Horse letter. Yet, "eight weeks after the letter was received there was no systematic attempt to deal with the issue." Instead, the report concluded, the council was focused on community cohesion. It said that there was never a serious effort to ascertain what was happening in school governing bodies, and that council's approach had been described as one of "appeasement and a failure in their duty of care towards their employees."[2]

Ofsted and EFA findings

Investigations by Ofsted and the Education Funding Authority in 21 schools found evidence of an "organised campaign to target certain schools" by Islamists.

Golden Hillock School, Nansen Primary School, Park View Academy - all run by the Park View Educational Trust - Oldknow Academy and Saltley School were placed in special measures after inspectors found systemic failings including the schools having failed to take adequate steps to safeguard pupils against extremism. Another school investigated, Alston Primary, was already in special measures. A sixth school was labelled inadequate for its poor educational standards and twelve schools were found needing of improvements. Three schools were commended.[3]

Ofsted expressed concerns about an exclusively Muslim culture in non-faith schools and children not being taught to "develop tolerant attitudes towards other faiths".[3] The inspections found that head teachers have been "marginalised or forced out of their jobs". Ofsted found that the curriculum was being narrowed to reflect the "personal views of a few governors". Teachers reported unfair treatment because of their gender or religious beliefs. Ofsted found a breakdown of trust between governors and staff and that family members had been appointed to unadvertised senior leadership posts[3]

Parkview Education Trust were found to be in breach of the Education Funding Agreement by failing to promote social cohesion, failing to promote the social, moral, spiritual, and cultural development of pupils, failing to promote balanced political treatment of issues, and failure to comply fully with safeguarding issues concerning criminal records checks.[50]

Park View School

At Park View School Ofsted reported that "students are not taught citizenship well enough or prepared properly for life in a multi-cultural and diverse society.”[51]

The EFA inspection found a classroom culture which was not welcoming to non-Muslim pupils. It described a "madrassa curriculum" and reported that "posters were written in Quranic Arabic in most of the classrooms visited. Posters were found in the classrooms encouraging children to begin lessons with a Muslim prayer, one saying: “If you do not pray, you are worse than a kafir”, and staff reported that loudspeakers were set up in the school to broadcast a call to prayer. The few pupils that elected to study a Christianity unit as part of the Religious Studies GCSE course had to "teach themselves", because the teacher focused on Islamic studies which the majority were studying.[52][53]

Year 11 pupils about to sit their GCSEs at the school were instructed to partake in an Islamic fast, taking neither food nor drink, to place them in the right “spiritual frame of mind” for the exams. Additionally, students were expected to fast during the month of Ramadan. Some staff at the school expressed fear that neither eating nor drinking amid high temperatures during the 18 hours of daylight in the months of June and July would compromise pupils’ health and their ability to learn.[54]

The sexes were segregated in the classrooms and boys and girls suspected of being too friendly towards each other were disciplined. The Department for Education inspection found the seating arrangements "often with boys sitting towards the front of the class and girls at the back or around the sides". The annual sports event for boys and girls was scheduled in different days.[54] Girls claimed to have been discriminated against and said some were sent home from a tennis tournament because their dress was too "revealing".[55]

Subjects such as Personal, Social and Health Education, Biology and Sex and Relationships Education were bowdlerised to conform with a conservative Islamic teaching. Pupils studying biology were not taught the section of the syllabus about Reproduction and the teacher stated when briefly outlining Evolution that "this is not what we believe".[56] A former staff member said that one teacher had handed out a worksheet stating that women “must obey their husbands,” and told his class that wives were forbidden from refusing their husbands sex.[53]

A former teacher at the school reported that the current head teacher, Monzoor Hussain, expressed “mind-blowing” anti-American views at school assemblies, describing the US as the “source of all evil in the world".[6] In school assemblies, former staff alleged that a senior teacher frequently praised Anwar al-Awlaki, an al-Qaeda recruiter that had been involved with at least three major terror attacks, and referred to non-Muslims as “kuffar”, an insulting term for infidel. The teacher also used school facilities to copy Osama bin Laden DVDs. External speakers were improperly vetted.[51] An extended Islamic assembly for its Year 10 and 11 pupils was arranged with Sheikh Shady al-Suleiman, an extremist preacher who has called on God to “destroy the enemies of Islam”, "give victory to all the Mujahideen all over the world" and to "prepare us for the jihad".[57][58]

A head of department at the school, Inam Ul Haq Anwar, posted on Facebook in support of alleged Islamist extremists, including one that been imprisoned after being convicted of 11 counts of possessing and disseminating terrorist publications.[59] Abid Ali, the head of extra-curricular activities at the school, posted a flyer advertising a meeting in Birmingham in which "raising Muslim children in the West" was to be discussed. The flyer said that "it is only natural that as parents we seek to protect our children from the values of secular culture by inculcating within our children the pristine values of Islam." He also wrote online: "We need a muslim khalifa [movement]. Where the people will be those of imaan [faith] and will be prepared to defend our muslim ummah [nation]. One ummah. Mohammed’s ummah. One deep islam. Fighting to save our religion from the zalims [tyrants]."[59]

A teacher from Park View School was reported to the police after he broke into a female pupil’s mobile telephone to prove she was having a “forbidden” relationship with a boy. The 16-year-old girl's phone was confiscated by the teacher during a Sunday event and then taken to a shop for its passcode to be broken, and its contents were then examined by the school. Texts and images of the girl with a boy, a fellow Year 11 pupil at Park View, were used to justify the girl's suspension weeks before her GCSE exams.[54]

Golden Hillock School

Golden Hillock School in Sparkhill, Birmingham, was put under special measures by Ofsted on 5 June 2014, after being rated "inadequate" in all categories. The inspection said that "too little is done to keep students safe from the risks associated with extremist views".[60] The Ofsted report stated that "students' understanding of other religions is scant as the religious education curriculum focuses primarily on the study of Islam"[61] and said there was a "perceived unfairness and lack of transparency" over appointments to the school and that female members of staff had felt intimidated.[51] Governors at the school banned any discussions regarding sexual orientation and intimacy. This affected the teaching of English, Art, Religious Education and Personal, Social and Health Education. Staff were prevented from teaching Sex and Relationships Advice freely as well as aspects of Safeguarding and Child Protection.[56]

Forced segregation of the genders was observed at Golden Hillock and was mandated in some departmental policy documents.[62]

On 9 June 2014, Lord Nash, parliamentary under Secretary of State for schools, wrote to Tahir Alam concerning the OFSTED and EFA reports and outlined the actions required by the school.[63]

In August 2014, the Principal Hardeep Saini was replaced by an interim principal.[64][65] Two other senior teachers have also been suspended.

In July 2015, Ofsted stated that Golden Hillock was still inadequate.[66]

At the tribunal held in October and November 2015, Mr Saini was accused of advising a teacher who had been arrested for having extreme pornography to throw his mobile phone into the canal to make sure there was no problem.[67]

As of September 2015, Golden Hillock School was rebranded Ark Boulton Academy after being taken over by the Ark Academy Chain.[68][69][70]

Oldknow Academy

Ofsted found that a small group of governors were "endeavouring to promote a particular and narrow faith-based ideology in what is a maintained and non-faith academy." Staff were afraid to speak out about the significant changes.[51] Ofsted stated that the school had failed to protect students from "the risks of radicalisation and extremism".[71] The school's curriculum was deemed inadequate because it did not promote tolerance and harmony between different cultural traditions.[51]

The Education Funding Agency (EFA) found that the school lacked a balanced and broad curriculum and saw several subjects marginalised. It found that non-Muslim staff were banned from assemblies in which the children were preached at and told that white women were "prostitutes". Children were urged to join in anti-Christian chants.[23][72] Exchange visits with nearby churches had been curtailed.[73] The EFA team concluded: "We saw evidence that Oldknow academy is acting as a faith school and is not making active efforts to make the academy attractive to all faith denominations including pupils of no faith.[73]

Segregation was found in one classroom with girls sitting at the back with their heads covered. The school had spent £50,000 on three subsidised trips to Saudi Arabia so that pupils could visit the cities of Mecca and Medina in what the EFA described as “an extravagant use of public funds”.[14] Pupils and staff stayed in luxury five-star hotels. The contracts for the taxpayer-funded school trips never underwent a formal tender process, and instead a travel firm was used with close links to a current teacher and former director of the school.[74] For three years running non-Muslim pupils and staff were excluded from these trips.[73][75] Christmas events were cancelled and raffles and tombolas were banned at a recent school fete because they were considered un-Islamic.[71][73] The summer play was criticised by staff for its "use of musical instruments” and a teacher was observed covering his ears during his music lesson. Some staff members admonished girls not to partake in school extracurricular visits and activities.[76]

Oldknow's deputy principal Mazhar Hussain Al Maazari posted a comment on Facebook saying, "do not love the one who does not love Allah".[59] Belal Ballali, the spokesman for the Oldknow Academy Parents’ Association, was reported to have close links to alleged terrorists. Samir Rauf, a teacher at Oldknow and also a governor at another Birmingham school, Small Heath, campaigned in support of Babar Ahmad, an Islamic extremist who was extradited to the U.S. and imprisoned there after pleading guilty to ‘conspiracy and providing material support to terrorism’.[6][59] He is also a member of the "Educational Activists" group of which its leader, Razwan Faraz, says, pursues an “Islamising agenda” in Birmingham state schools.[6]

During the tribunal it emerged that a photo of a white person was shown to students as an example of what Christians look like. Students were also told that it is un-islamic to have a pet dog.[77]

Nansen Primary School

Pupils had limited knowledge of any religion apart from Islam.[75] Effective strategies were not in place to deal with extremism and “governance, safety, pupils’ cultural development, equal opportunities and the teaching of religious education are all inadequate".[51] Ofsted found that "the governing body has removed some subjects, such as music, from the timetable."[3][75] Inspectors found that no humanities, arts or music was taught in Year 6 and only "limited" teaching of these subjects in Year 5.[56] The deputy head of Nansen Primary School, Razwan Faraz, leads a group called the “Educational Activists” which he says introduces an “Islamising agenda” in Birmingham state schools. He worked for a charity believed by the US to have links with terrorist organisations.[6]

Saltley School and Specialist Science College

Ofsted found that the governing body interfered with the running of Saltley School and undermined the work of its senior leaders. It criticised the spending of the school's budget on paying private investigators to investigate the emails of senior staff and paying for meals in restaurants.[51]

Olive Tree Primary School

The government ordered an inspection of the Olive Tree school following comments by its head, Abdul Qadeer Baksh, that in an ideal Islamic state, homosexuality would be punishable by death.[78][79]

An Ofsted inspection found that the Islamic school, which shares its premises with a mosque, had books in its library with content that had "no place in British society". The books contained fundamentalist views and promoted executions, stoning and lashing as appropriate punishments. Books available to the children included one which advocated parents hitting children if they did not pray by the age of 10 and another which praised individuals who "loved death more than life in their pursuit of righteous and true religion." Additionally, the inspection stated that "there are too few books about the world's major religions other than Islam." Senior leaders did not ensure "balanced views of the world" were taught and that "contact with different cultures, faiths and traditions is too limited to promote tolerance and respect for the views, lifestyles and customs of other people."[80][81] The school was rated "inadequate".[80]

Laisterdyke Business and Enterprise College

During the inspection at Laisterdyke Business and Enterprise College in Bradford, a mainly Muslim secondary school,[82] pupils were forced to revise for their GCSE exams outside in the street as staff did not want them to have an opportunity to speak to inspectors.[78]

After resisting attempts by governors to impose an Islamic ethos, teachers were suspended and its principal, Jennifer McIntosh, and her deputy, faced attempts to oust them.[82] It was alleged by teachers that the governors sought to hire the Trojan Horse "ringleader" Tahir Alam and model the school on his Park View School in Birmingham.[82] The governors of the school were sacked in April because of inappropriate interference in the running of the school.[78]

Birmingham City Council report

The report commissioned by Birmingham City Council and compiled by former head teacher, Ian Kershaw, concluded that school governors and teachers had tried to promote and enforce radical Islamic values and found evidence of extremism in 13 schools. It said that "manipulative" governors had been determined to introduce "unacceptable" practices and to deny students a broad and balanced education.[12] It found evidence that the "five steps" to destabilise a school's leadership, as outlined in the original Trojan Horse letter, were "present in a large number of the schools considered part of the investigation." It said evidence pointed to a group of "British male governors and teachers, predominantly of Pakistani heritage".[83]

The investigation, however, did not find evidence of a "conspiracy" to promote "violent extremism or radicalisation" values.[12]

Criticism of Birmingham City Council

Mr Kershaw stated that the council had been "slow to respond" to allegations in the letter and said there was "culture within of not wanting to address difficult issues and problems with school governance" for risk of incurring accusations of racism or Islamophobia."[83] The report said that the extremism went unchallenged as the council prioritised community cohesion over "doing what is right".[12]

Extremism

The report found that attempts were made to introduce Sharia law in schools. There were posters in schools warning the children that if they didn't pray, they would "go to hell". Girls were taught they could not refuse sex with their husbands, and would be "punished" by angels "from dusk to dawn" if they did. Teachers taught the children at Park View Academy that "good" Muslim women must wear a hijab and tie up their hair.[12]

In an incident that was referred to counter-terrorism police, a teacher told the pupils at the Golden Hillock school "not to listen to Christians as they were all liars". Another teacher told the children that were "lucky to be Muslims and not ignorant like Christians and Jews."[12]

At Nansen School, Islamic religious assemblies were introduced and Christmas and Diwali celebrations were cancelled. The study of French was replaced by Arabic. At the Oldknow academy, children were asked whether they believed in Christmas and encouraged to chant "no we don't" in response. The pupils were told at an assembly not to send Christmas cards and that Mary was not the mother of Jesus.[12]

Kershaw revealed to MPs at the Commons select committee on education in September 2014 that at one school “a film about violent extremism” was shown to the children.[84]

Criticism of the report

Russell Hobby, the general secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers said the organisation could not fully endorse the report. He said that its conclusions did not reflect the full reality in schools, and that discrepancies between this and the governmental report were "regrettable and unhelpful". He said that Birmingham City Council had limited its process and terms of reference "in a way which excludes critical evidence", that it had employed "too narrow a definition of extremism" and that the governmental report had reached a very different set of conclusions by accessing a different evidence base.[85]

Response

Political

Prime Minister David Cameron declared that refusing to accept British laws and way of life was "not an option"

Prime Minister David Cameron, on a visit to Birmingham, praised his government's swift action in investigating the conspiracy.[86] He said that "protecting our children" was "one of the first duties of government" and convened an emergency meeting of the Extremism Taskforce and a ministerial meeting to discuss the affair.[14] He announced proposals to send Ofsted to any school without warning, saying that the schools in question had been able to stage a "cover-up' previously.[15] Cameron announced that the 800th anniversary of the Magna Carta, on 15 June 2015, would be used to reassert "British values" with a "muscular" approach against "preachers of hate". He also said that refusing to accept British laws and way of life was "not an option", and that schools should teach the Magna Carta.[87]

Former Prime Minister, Tony Blair, said that the Trojan Horse plot was driven by the same Islamic extremism as that of Boko Haram, the Nigerian terrorist group. He said that the efforts to instil fundamentalist practices into Birmingham classrooms were based on a "warped and abusive view of the religion".[88]

Michael Gove, Secretary of State for Education, announced after the investigation that schools must promote "British values"

Michael Gove, the Education secretary, announced that all of England’s schools would have to promote "British values" of tolerance and fairness and that teachers would be banned from the profession if they allowed extremists into schools.[17] New clauses were added into funding agreements for academies, stating that the Secretary for Education could close schools whose governors do not comply with "fundamental British values".[89]

Harriet Harman, the shadow Culture Secretary, urged the Culture Secretary, Sajid Javid, to protect music from being dropped from school curriculums after learning this had taken place at one of the investigated schools.[76]

Deputy Prime Minister and leader of the Liberal Democrats Nick Clegg also backed the investigation, stating that schools should not become "silos of segregation".[90] Later, he was critical of the Conservatives' plan to teach "British values", claiming that it would alienate moderate Muslims.[91]

In a letter to Park View Trust chairman Tahir Alam, Education Minister Lord Nash criticised its running of the schools, saying he was "deeply mindful of the need to eliminate discrimination, advance equality of opportunity and foster good relations." He said the government would be terminating its funding arrangement with three of the schools.[16]

Members of Parliament of all three major parties in Birmingham wrote a joint letter for an inquiry.[92] Khalid Mahmood, the Labour MP for Perry Barr, said that the City Council may have known of previous plots, but not acted due to fears of being seen as anti-Islamic.[93] Mahmood, who is a Muslim, said that he felt that it was certain that "Salafists" were attempting to change the school's secular nature and "split young people away from their parents".[34] He accused Tahir Alam, chairman of the Park View Educational Trust, of "planning this for 15 years" and honing in Birmingham tactics that he had drafted in his 72-page document, published by the Muslim Council of Britain in 2007, on how to subvert schools to fundamentalist Islam.[53] Mahmoud told Channel 4 that he did not believe that the investigation was Islamophobic, stating "Over 200 people complaining to the local authority about what’s gone on and you can’t really claim that it’s a witch-hunt".[94] When the reports were published, Mahmoud said that scepticism of the original letter could be "put in the bin", but some people still had "their heads buried in the sand".[85]

After the reports were published, Liam Byrne, Labour MP for Birmingham Hodge Hill, said that cultural division in Birmingham had been caused by the rhetoric of the government, and "[Birmingham]'s school system is so fragmented it feels at times likes the Balkans".[95]

In May, David Blunkett announced that if in government again, the Labour Party would appoint an ‘Independent Director of School Standards’ with the power to monitor academies as “In April 2014, the alleged Operation Trojan Horse in Birmingham demonstrated the difficulties that have arisen from this ‘absence of transparency’".[96]

The Labour MP for Poplar and Limehouse, Jim Fitzpatrick, warned of a 'Trojan Horse'-style Islamist plot to infiltrate councils in London. He said that "the Trojan Horse in east London was a political one rather than an educational one" and spoke of racial politics taking hold. He noted that in Tower Hamlets, a borough in which 32 per cent of the population is Bangladeshi, the Tower Hamlets First Party, of which the Mayor is a member, has 18 councillors who are all Bangladeshi and 17 of them are men.[97]

Salma Yaqoob, a former Birmingham City Councillor and prominent Muslim spokesperson, began a group named "Hands Off Birmingham Schools" in the aftermath of the inspections, saying that they were influenced by “a climate of political and media hysteria”.[98]

Political row between Home Office and Department for Education

In June 2014, there was a highly public argument between the Home Office and Department for Education ministers about the responsibility for the alleged extremism.[99][100] The Prime Minister, David Cameron, intervened, requiring that Secretary for Education Michael Gove apologise to the Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism head Charles Farr for briefings critical of him appearing in The Times, and Home Secretary Theresa May to sack a close adviser, Fiona Cunningham, known to be in a relationship with Farr,[101] who was found by a Downing Street inquiry to have been the source of a negative briefing against Gove.[101][102]

Unions

The National Union of Teachers (NUT) demanded a full review of academies after the letter was revealed, expressing that political and religious groups had exploited the status at thousands of schools to indoctrinate children.[103] The National Association of Head Teachers (NAHT) has also expressed concerns about the scope of the problem in other major cities, whilst advising that there was no "cause for panic".[31] The general secretary of the headteachers’ union, Russell Hobby, said the union has found "concerted efforts" by hardliners to infiltrate Birmingham schools, and that it was working with 30 of its members in 12 schools and had "serious concerns" about some of them.[104]

Birmingham City Council

Sir Albert Bore, the leader of Birmingham City Council, called the original Trojan Horse letter "defamatory" and "hugely difficult to investigate" and offered protection to the whistleblower if they would come forward to help in the investigation.[105] He later said that the Council accepted the Ofsted findings that schools in the city were failing pupils.[11] The Council's Chief Executive, Mark Rogers, said that there was no plot, but that "new communities" had raised "legitimate questions and challenges" to the "liberal education system".[45]

In July 2014, after the reports had been published, Bore apologised and admitted that the Council had ignored Operation Trojan Horse due to ‘‘fear of being accused of racism”.[106]

Schools

David Hughes, a trustee at Park View School, claimed that Ofsted's investigation of the school was biased, and dubbed the inspection a "witch hunt".[107] Tahir Alam, a governor at Park View School since 1997, and former chair of the education committee of the Muslim Council of Britain, said that the accusations had been "motivated by anti-Muslim, anti-Islam sentiment". The Muslim Council of Britain also described the investigation as a 'witch hunt'.[18][33] Waseem Yaqub, former Head of Governors at Al-Hijrah school, called it "a McCarthy-style witch-hunt" and that the letter was used by councillors "to turn on [Muslims] and use Muslims as scapegoats".[108]

Helena Rosewell, a Music teacher at Park View for 15 years, stated that her "blood [was] boiling" when investigations started at the school. She however admitted that senior staff had warned her not to let pupils dance to pop or Bollywood music. Assistant principal Lee Donaghy, a self-declared agnostic, said that the school was achieving more by "accommodating" Muslim practices, but called it "pernicious" the idea "that people running the school are trying to force more religion on these kids than the parents want".[109]

On reaction to Gove's call for "British values" in schools, the Muslim Council of Britain expressed fear that it would effectively bar conservative Muslims from becoming school trustees or governors.[89]

Governors resigned from Saltley School in protest after the Ofsted findings were released, stating that they doubted the inspectors' impartiality.[110]

Tahir Alam, chair of governors at Park View and labelled by some newspapers as the "ringleader" of Operation Trojan Horse, resigned alongside all of his board of trustees on 15 July. He denied all allegations against him.[19]

Media

Media coverage of Operation Trojan Horse was varied.

Andrew Gilligan of The Daily Telegraph wrote extensively on the episode. He criticised the approaches to the story by the BBC[111] and The Guardian , which he claimed were unduly biased in favour of the schools.[104] Pieces in The Guardian included criticism of the academy system,[112] and demands that all state schools be made secular. The latter piece concluded that in the present system, the schools investigated could have registered themselves as faith schools and been allowed to teach Islamic values with permission from the state.[113] The Guardian also analysed Michael Gove's book on combatting Islamist terror, Celsius 7/7, pointing out that a chapter is titled "The Trojan Horse".[114]

In July 2014, Channel 4's investigative programme Dispatches aired an episode titled "No Clapping in Class" on the issue of faith schools. It interviewed Mohammed Zabar, a Muslim parent who wrote to the Prime Minister in December 2013 about the lack of cultural balance in the curriculum at his daughter's school, Oldknow. A member of staff at Park View also alleged that the school had handed out worksheets stating that wives can not refuse to have sex with their husbands, a claim that the school denied. The show also found evidence of unregistered Haredi Jewish schools in London, which an ex-pupil claimed were not teaching a balanced curriculum.[94]

Daily Mirror exposé

An undercover reporter working for the Daily Mirror posed as a wealthy businessman and potential client of the training firm Exquisitus, a firm owned by Shahid Akmal, the chairman of governors at Nansen Primary School. The reporter recorded a series of meetings with him which the Mirror alleged exposed Akmal as a "sexist, racist bigot".[115]

Akmal was recorded saying that “white women have the least amount of morals” and since women were “emotionally weaker” than men, their role was to look after children and the home. Akmal criticised female politicians, saying: “She has to sacrifice her family, she has to sacrifice her children, she has to sacrifice her husband, all in the name of equality." He claimed that girls should be taught cooking and sewing while boys should be taught trades.[115]

He claimed that white children were lazy and that white people "still think they rule half the world." He said that the "colonial blood" within white people was "very difficult to get rid of that very quickly".[115]

Akmal said that jailing gay people and adulterers was a "moral position to hold" and that they should be exiled from the community. He said "man-made" British laws were "very confusing" unlike those "given by God", which were fair.[115]

Reinstatement of headteachers

Headteacher of Oldknow Academy, Bhupinder Kondal, handed in her notice in January 2014. Ms Kondal alleged she had been the victim of undue and unlawful pressure to resign her position by both parents and governors. The previous trustees of the academy having been replaced, she withdrew her resignation and returned to her post on 19 August 2014. Speaking after withdrawing her resignation, Ms Kondal said: "The pressures outlined in the Trojan Horse letter are very real and it mustn't be allowed to happen again." Shabina Bano, chair of the Oldknow Academy Parents' Association, said parents would welcome Ms Kondal back because they wanted "stability as soon as possible... At the same time we want to know why she deserted parents. These questions have been left unanswered... She has not been held to account. The governors have been made to resign... Has she come back because she wants to take the school forward or is she fulfilling a personal vendetta?"[116] Ms Bano had previously been highly critical of the terms of the inspections of the school, claiming that "(My children) never knew words like radicalisation, but have now been exposed to them."[117]

Aftermath

In May 2015, the National Association of Head Teachers' annual conference heard that the problems associated with Operation Trojan Horse persisted, and there were claims that teachers had received death threats for attempting to dissuade students away from homophobia. Responding to those claims, Education Secretary Nicky Morgan said that there was no place for extremism in education, and there was still more work to be done to eradicate it. "This is a reminder that this is a serious issue and something that is not going to be solved overnight. We have taken action to remove and continue to take action to remove people from being in schools who don't follow British values."[118]

High Court Judgement overturning lifetime bans

Previous 'legal' proceedings had involved non-legal expert 'Lay Panels' of the NCTL whose usual remit is focused on professional misconduct. Two teachers challenged their lifetime bans on the basis of a number of procedural and factual errors committed by the NCTL Lay Panel in arriving at their judgements. In October 2016 a High Court Judge threw out the NCTL judgements citing 'serious procedural impropriety'.[119]

See also

  • Islamism in the United Kingdom
  • Al-Madinah School, Muslim academy investigated in 2013 over allegations of discrimination and subsequently shut down
  • Sharia patrols (London), vigilante gang convicted in 2014 of violently enforcing Islamic principles in East London

References

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  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 Wintour, Patrick (18 July 2014). "Trojan horse inquiry: 'A coordinated agenda to impose hardline Sunni Islam'". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jul/17/birmingham-schools-inquiry-hardline-sunni-islam-trojan-horse. Retrieved 18 July 2014. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 "Trojan Horse: Ofsted says schools were targeted". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-27763113. 
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  5. ↑ Gilligan, Andrew (26 April 2014). "Guide to school Islamisation, by 'ringleader’ of Trojan Horse plot". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/10790441/Guide-to-school-Islamisation-by-ringleader-of-Trojan-Horse-plot.html. Retrieved 18 May 2014. 
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  65. ↑ "Message from Principal". Goldenhillock.bham.sch.uk. http://www.goldenhillock.bham.sch.uk/index.php/about-us/message-from-principal. Retrieved 2015-05-05. 
  66. ↑ McKinney, Emma (2015-07-15). "Trojan Horse school Golden Hillock still 'inadequate', Ofsted finds". Birmingham Mail. http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/trojan-horse-school-golden-hillock-9660049. Retrieved 2016-01-17. 
  67. ↑ "Hardeep Saini, Sikh Teacher In Britain Accused Of Unprofessional Conduct Towards The Students". 2015-10-21. http://www.darpanmagazine.com/news/international/hardeep-saini-sikh-teacher-in-britain-accused-of-unprofessional-conduct-towards-the-students/. Retrieved 2016-01-17. 
  68. ↑ "Ark Boulton Academy" (in English). Ark. http://arkonline.org/academy/ark-boulton-academy. Retrieved 22 May 2016. "Ark Boulton Academy is a six form entry secondary school situated in Sparkbrook, Birmingham and replaces Golden Hillock school" 
  69. ↑ Mckinney, Emma (5 January 2016). "Trojan Horse school looking to new future" (in English). Trinity Mirror Midland Group. http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/news/regional-affairs/trojan-horse-school-looking-new-10684178. Retrieved 22 May 2016. 
  70. ↑ Mckinney, Emma (7 November 2015). "Trojan Horse school forced to recruit teachers from Australia" (in English). Trinity Mirror Midlands. http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/trojan-horse-school-forced-recruit-10398879. Retrieved 22 May 2016. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 "Culture of fear and intimidation in Birmingham schools, says Ofsted chief". Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/jun/09/culture-fear-intimidation-birmingham-schools-extremism-trojan-horse. 
  72. ↑ "Gove to order teaching of ‘British values’". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/99c989b0-efce-11e3-bee7-00144feabdc0.html. Retrieved 9 June 2014. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 "Dossier of Trojan horse evidence finally laid bare after leaks and allegations". Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/jun/09/trojan-horse-evidence-laid-bare-after-birmingham-schools-allegations. 
  74. ↑ "Trojan Horse: Birmingham academy spent £50,000 on trip to Saudi Arabia using travel firm linked to school director". Birmingham Mail. http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/trojan-horse-birmingham-academy-spent-7248217. Retrieved 11 June 2014. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 "'Trojan Horse': Campaign to impose 'faith-based' ideology". BBC News. 9 June 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-27762341. Retrieved 9 June 2014. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Clark, Nick (12 June 2014). "Trojan Horse schools: Harriet Harman calls on Government to protect music lessons". Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/trojan-horse-schools-harriet-harman-calls-on-government-to-protect-music-lessons-9532929.html. Retrieved 12 June 2014. 
  77. ↑ McKinney, Emma (2015-11-16). "Trojan Horse hearings: Pupils shown picture of white person to teach them what Christians looks like". Birmingham Mail. http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/trojan-horse-hearings-pupils-shown-10451993. Retrieved 2016-01-17. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 "Ofsted's snap visits over fears Trojan Horse plot has spread: Inspectors at schools in Bradford and Luton amid concerns governors are abusing their position". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2655653/Ofsteds-snap-visits-fears-Trojan-Horse-plot-spread-Inspectors-schools-Bradford-Luton-amid-concerns-governors-abusing-position.html. Retrieved 12 June 2014. 
  79. ↑ "Michael Gove calls for further schools investigations after Trojan Horse affair". Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/21/gove-investigations-muslim-schools-uk-trojan-horse. Retrieved 12 June 2014. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 "Five schools placed in special measures after 'Trojan Horse' inspections". The Express. http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/481233/Islamic-schools-in-Birmingham-placed-in-special-measures-over-Trojan-Horse-fears. 
  81. ↑ "Books 'promoting stoning' found at Olive Tree Primary School". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-27761075. 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 "Trojan Horse row: Teachers suspended for refusing to impose strict Islamic model". Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/trojan-horse-row-teachers-suspended-for-refusing-to-impose-strict-islamic-model-9530535.html. Retrieved 12 June 2014. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 "Trojan Horse report finds 'aggressive Islamist ethos' in schools". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-28349706. Retrieved 19 July 2014. 
  84. ↑ Garner, Richard (2 September 2014). "Pupils at 'Trojan Horse' school shown extremist jihadi promotional video, MPs told". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/pupils-at-trojan-horse-school-shown-extremist-jihadi-promotional-video-mps-told-9706701.html. Retrieved 9 September 2014. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "Trojan Horse: Reaction to council and government reports". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-28374058. Retrieved 19 July 2014. 
  86. ↑ Hiles, Hannah (4 April 2014). "Birmingham schools Trojan Horse probe: PM David Cameron backing Ofsted". Birmingham Mail. http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/birmingham-schools-trojan-horse-probe-6916821. Retrieved 11 April 2014. 
  87. ↑ Walters, Simon (14 June 2014). "Be more British Cameron tells UK Muslims: PM issues powerful new pledge to combat extremism". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2658033/Be-British-Cameron-tells-UK-Muslims-PM-issues-powerful-new-pledge-combat-extremism.html. Retrieved 21 June 2014. 
  88. ↑ "Trojan Horse plot driven by same 'warped' Islamic extremism as Boko Haram, says Tony Blair". Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/10900955/Trojan-Horse-plot-driven-by-same-warped-Islamic-extremism-as-Boko-Harams-says-Tony-Blair.html. Retrieved 18 June 2014. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Adams, Richard (19 June 2014). "Governors of new academies and free schools told to abide by 'British values'". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/jun/19/governors-academies-free-schools-british-values-michael-gove. Retrieved 23 June 2014. 
  90. ↑ Arkell, Harriet (14 April 2014). "Did Muslim hardliners try to infiltrate and takeover TWENTY FIVE Birmingham schools? Probe into 'Trojan horse' plot expands". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2604211/Now-probe-Trojan-horse-plot-expands-25-schools-claimed-infiltrated-Muslim-hardliners.html. Retrieved 14 April 2014. 
  91. ↑ Grice, Andrew (20 June 2014). "Nick Clegg: Teaching 'British values' in schools could upset moderate Muslims". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/nick-clegg-teaching-british-values-in-schools-could-upset-moderate-muslims-9552742.html. Retrieved 21 June 2014. 
  92. ↑ Savvas, Christina (8 April 2014). "MPs unite in call for 'school plot' inquiry". Birmingham Mail. http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/trojan-horse-probe-birmingham-mps-6937429. Retrieved 11 April 2014. 
  93. ↑ Elkes, Neil (1 April 2014). "Birmingham Muslim MP Khalid Mahmood says city schools are being targeted by Islamic fundamentalists". Birmingham Mail. http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/birmingham-muslim-mp-khalid-mahmood-6900381. Retrieved 11 April 2014. 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 "C4 Dispatches questions the role of faith communities in schools". Channel 4. 14 July 2014. http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/c4-dispatches-questions-the-role-of-faith-communities-in-schools. Retrieved 16 July 2014. 
  95. ↑ Mason, Rowena (22 July 2014). "Birmingham schools 'feel like the Balkans', says Labour". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/jul/22/birmingham-schools-balkans-liam-byrne-trojan-horse-islamism. Retrieved 22 July 2014. 
  96. ↑ Walker, Jonathan (1 May 2014). "Labour education plan aimed at stopping further Trojan Horse controversies". Birmingham Mail. http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/labour-education-plan-aimed-stopping-7058855. Retrieved 15 May 2014. 
  97. ↑ "Tower Hamlets council has been 'targeted in Trojan Horse-style Islamist infiltration plot'". Evening Standard. https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/tower-hamlets-council-has-been-targeted-in-trojan-horsestyle-plot-9515423.html. Retrieved 11 June 2014. 
  98. ↑ Gibbons, Brett (9 June 2014). "Salma Yaqoob brands Ofsted probe into Trojan Horse schools as 'politically motivated". Birmingham Mail. http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/salma-yaqoob-brands-ofsted-probe-7236168. Retrieved 16 June 2014. 
  99. ↑ Benedict Brogan (4 June 2014). "Theresa May is angry. Really angry". Daily Telegraph. http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/benedictbrogan/100274682/theresa-may-is-angry-really-angry/. Retrieved 8 June 2014. 
  100. ↑ Toby Young (4 June 2014). "Five things you need to know about Theresa May's row with Michael Gove". Daily Telegraph. http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/tobyyoung/100274724/five-things-you-need-to-know-about-theresa-mays-row-with-michael-gove/. Retrieved 8 June 2014. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Toby Helm; Daniel Boffey; Warwick Mansell (7 June 2014). "Furious Cameron slaps down Gove and May over 'Islamic extremism' row". The Observer. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jun/07/cameron-gove-may-extremism-row. Retrieved 8 June 2014. 
  102. ↑ "Michael Gove apologises over 'Trojan Horse' row with Theresa May". BBC. 8 June 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-27750921. Retrieved 8 June 2014. 
  103. ↑ Hallam, Katy (5 April 2014). "Trojan Horse probe: Teachers union demands review of academies as Birmingham schools are investigated". Birmingham Mail. http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/trojan-horse-probe-teachers-union-6922877. Retrieved 11 April 2014. 
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 "Trojan Horse: how The Guardian ignored and misrepresented evidence of Islamism in schools". Telegraph. http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/andrewgilligan/100275346/trojan-horse-how-the-guardian-ignored-and-misrepresented-evidence-of-islamism-in-schools/. 
  105. ↑ "Birmingham schools 'Islam plot' letter 'is defamatory'". BBC News. 19 March 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-26653923. Retrieved 11 April 2014. 
  106. ↑ Elkes, Neil (18 July 2014). "'We're sorry' Council leader admits staff ignored Trojan Horse issue for 'fear of being accused of racism'". Birmingham Mail. http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/birmingham-mail-trojan-horse-investigation-7456936. Retrieved 22 July 2014. 
  107. ↑ Marks, Gary (9 April 2014). "Trojan Horse probe at Birmingham schools: Academy hits out at 'witch-hunt'". Birmingham Mail. http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/trojan-horse-probe-birmingham-schools-6939070. Retrieved 11 April 2014. 
  108. ↑ "Trojan Horse letter 'used to target Muslim schools', axed governor claims". BBC News. 28 May 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-27602369. Retrieved 30 May 2014. 
  109. ↑ Boffey, Daniel (7 June 2014). "Park View Academy hits back in Trojan horse row". The Observer. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/jun/07/park-view-trojan-horse-staff-pupils-angry. Retrieved 9 July 2014. 
  110. ↑ Adams, Richard (20 June 2014). "Saltley school governors resign en masse in wake of 'Trojan horse' inquiry". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/jun/20/saltley-school-governors-resign-ofsted-trojan-horse. Retrieved 10 July 2014. 
  111. ↑ Gilligan, Andrew (10 May 2014). "Islamism in Birmingham schools: how the BBC is selectively reporting the 'Trojan horse' plot". The Daily Telegraph. http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/andrewgilligan/100270920/islamism-in-birmingham-schools-how-the-bbc-is-selectively-reporting-the-trojan-horse-plot/. Retrieved 16 June 2014. 
  112. ↑ Downs, Carolyn (24 April 2014). "Birmingham 'Trojan Horse plot' raises questions about school accountability". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/local-government-network/2014/apr/24/birmingham-trojan-horse-plot-school-accountability. Retrieved 16 June 2014. 
  113. ↑ Bennett, Catherine (7 June 2014). "Forget these 'Trojan horses' – the real issue is faith schools". The Observer. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jun/07/trojan-horse-infiltration-faith-schools-secular-education. Retrieved 16 June 2014. 
  114. ↑ Travis, Alan (6 June 2014). "Michael Gove book offers clue to Trojan horse row and his views on Islamism". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jun/06/michael-gove-trojan-horse-islam. Retrieved 16 June 2014. 
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 115.2 115.3 "Trojan Horse school chief exposed as bigot who wants adulterers and gays sent into exile". The Daily Mirror. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/trojan-horse-school-chief-exposed-3893455. Retrieved 22 July 2014. 
  116. ↑ "Calls to reinstate Birmingham Trojan Horse head teachers". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-28839534. Retrieved 19 August 2014. 
  117. ↑ "'Trojan horse' schools launch 'kids first' campaign". Channel 4 News. http://www.channel4.com/news/trojan-horse-schools-birmingham-muslim-oldknow-academy. Retrieved 27 June 2014. 
  118. ↑ Coughlan, Sean. "Heads warn Trojan Horse 'not gone away' - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-32573643. Retrieved 2015-05-05. 
  119. ↑ Adams, Richard (13 October 2016). "High court overturns lifetime bans for Trojan horse teachers". https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/oct/13/high-court-overturns-lifetime-bans-trojan-horse-teachers-park-view-islam. 

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