Riccardo Cortese

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Short description: Italian scientist and entrepreneur
Riccardo Cortese

Riccardo Cortese (Siena, Italy, March 29, 1944 - Basel, Switzerland, April 27, 2017) was an Italian scientist, entrepreneur, and innovator in the field of gene expression, drug discovery and genetic vaccines. His work led to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention and cure of viral infections, including HIV, HCV, Ebola and RSV. He pioneered a novel platform technology based on simian adenoviral vectors for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, and authored more than 300 publications in peer reviewed journals in the field of gene expression, transcriptional control, molecular virology and immunology.

Scientific career

Riccardo Cortese received his medical degree in 1968 from the University of Naples, Italy. Shortly after, he joined the lab of Bruce Ames at the University of California Berkeley as a PhD student, where he studied transcriptional regulation and RNA post-transcriptional modification in bacteria. In 1973, he returned to Naples as an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Biochemistry of the II Medical School, where he pursued research efforts investigating post-transcriptional modifications of tRNA dealing in particular with tRNA pseudouridylation.[1][2][3]

In 1976 he took a post-doctoral position at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, where he forged lasting professional relationships with leading figures in Molecular Biology, including Max Perutz, John Gurdon, Fred Sanger and Sydney Brenner. While at the MRC, his research focus was the maturation of tRNAs in eukaryotic systems.[4][5][6][7]

In 1979 Cortese was recruited as Group Leader at the EMBL-Heidelberg, and subsequently established and directed the Gene Expression Programme (now the Genome Biology Unit).[citation needed]

During this period, Cortese and his lab published numerous seminal papers on the transcriptional regulation of RNA polymerase III-transcribed genes[8][9][10][11][12][13] and on liver-specific gene expression. To identify gene products enriched in the liver, he undertook the first ever direct DNA sequencing experiment on tissue-specific cDNAs libraries.[14]

In 1990, Cortese left EMBL to found and direct the Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare (IRBM) in Pomezia (Rome, Italy), a joint venture between Merck and Sigma Tau, where he remained until 2006. In 2000, Merck bought out the shares it did not own in IRBM, making it a fully owned subsidiary.[citation needed]

At IRBM, Cortese created an internationally renowned research center with approximately 200 employees. IRBM’s research focus was the development of drugs and vaccines for the treatment of infectious diseases. He used Phage display technology to isolate peptides for diagnostic and vaccination purposes.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][excessive citations]

A substantial research effort at IRBM was in drug discovery aimed at identifying inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), a virus that had been recently discovered but not yet fully characterized. The work at IRBM elucidated key features of the HCV replication cycle[23][24][25] and infection mechanisms[26] and positioned the IRBM among the leading research centers in the field of HCV. This work would later inform the development of a novel class of antiretroviral agents, HIV integrase inhibitors, and ultimately of an approved drug product, Isentress, the first anti-integrase of HIV to reach the market.[27][28][29][30]

In his last years at IRBM, Cortese oversaw the development of a new approach to vaccines based on chimpanzee adenoviral vectors.[31] This became the founding idea of Okairos, a biotech company that he founded in 2007 upon leaving IRBM.[citation needed]

With Okairos, Cortese made major scientific contributions, establishing a successful pipeline of candidate vaccines against HCV, malaria, RSV and Ebola. These vaccines were tested in animal models and in clinical trials, demonstrating safety and immunogenicity[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][excessive citations]

The success of Okairos led to its acquisition by Glaxo-Smith Kline (GSK) in 2013; from that date the company changed its name to ReiThera, and continued independent work in the further development and manufacture of viral vector-based therapeutics and vaccines.

In 2015, Cortese founded a new company, Nouscom, dedicated to the generation of anti-cancer vaccines.

During his career, Cortese received many academic and professional recognitions. Among others, he was elected member of the Academia Europaea; associate foreign member of the Academie des Sciences; elected Member of the Council of the European Molecular Biology Organization; President of the Italian Society of Life Science (FISV); and recipient of the Assobiotec Award in 2017.

Cortese died in Basel, Switzerland on April 27, 2017 of metastatic cancer.  He is survived by his wife of almost 50 years, Karen Jonkman, his daughter Irene, son Maurizio and five grandchildren.

References

  1. ↑ Singer C.E., Smith G.R., Cortese R. and Ames B.N. (1972). "Mutant tRNAHis ineffective in repression and lacking two pseudouridine modifications". Nature New Biology 238 (81): 72–74. doi:10.1038/newbio238072a0. PMID 4558263. 
  2. ↑ Cortese R., Kammen H.O., Spengler S.J. and Ames B.N. (1974). "Biosynthesis of pseudouridine in transfer Ribonucleic Acid". Journal of Biological Chemistry 249 (4): 1103–1108. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42947-5. PMID 4592259. 
  3. ↑ Cortese R., Landsberg R., Von Der Haar R.A., Umbarger H.E. and Ames B.N. (1974). "Pleiotrophy of hisT mutants blocked in pseudouridine synthesis in tRNA: leucine and isoleucine-valine operons". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 71 (5): 1857–1861. doi:10.1073/pnas.71.5.1857. PMID 4151955. Bibcode: 1974PNAS...71.1857C. 
  4. ↑ Melton D.A., Cortese R. (1979). "Transcription of cloned tRNA genes and the nuclear partitioning of a tRNA precursor". Cell 18 (4): 1165–1172. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(79)90229-0. PMID 391407. 
  5. ↑ Cortese R., Harland R., Melton D. (1980). "Transcription of tRNA genes in vivo: Single-stranded compared to double-stranded templates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 77 (7): 4147–4151. doi:10.1073/pnas.77.7.4147. PMID 7001455. Bibcode: 1980PNAS...77.4147C. 
  6. ↑ Melton D.A., De Robertis E.M., Cortese R. (1980). "Order and intracellular location of the events involved in the maturation of a spliced tRNA". Nature 284 (5752): 143–148. doi:10.1038/284143a0. PMID 6987526. Bibcode: 1980Natur.284..143M. 
  7. ↑ Ciampi M.S., Melton D.A., Cortese R. (1982). "Site-directed mutagenesis of a tRNA gene: base alterations in the coding region affect transcription". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 79 (5): 1388–1392. doi:10.1073/pnas.79.5.1388. PMID 6951183. Bibcode: 1982PNAS...79.1388C. 
  8. ↑ Ciliberto G., Castagnoli L., Melton D.A., Cortese R. (1982). "Promoter of a eukaryotic tRNAPro gene is composed of three noncontiguous regions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 79 (4): 1195–1199. doi:10.1073/pnas.79.4.1195. PMID 6951168. Bibcode: 1982PNAS...79.1195C. 
  9. ↑ Ciliberto G., Traboni C., Cortese R. (1982). "Relationship between the two components of the split promoter of eukaryotic tRNA genes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 79 (6): 1921–1925. doi:10.1073/pnas.79.6.1921. PMID 6952243. Bibcode: 1982PNAS...79.1921C. 
  10. ↑ Traboni C., Ciliberto G., Cortese R. (1982). "A novel method for site-directed mutagenesis: its application to an eukaryotic tRNAPro gene promoter". The EMBO Journal 1 (4): 415–420. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01184.x. PMID 6329678. 
  11. ↑ Dente L., Fasano O., Costanzo F., Traboni C., Ciliberto G., Cortese R. (1982). "A prokaryotic tRNATyr gene, inactive in Xenopus laevis oocytes, is activated by recombination with a eukaryotic tRNAPro gene". The EMBO Journal 1 (7): 817–820. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01253.x. PMID 6329706. 
  12. ↑ Ciliberto G., Raugei G., Costanzo F., Dente L., Cortese R. (1983). "Common and interchangeable elements in the promoters of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III". Cell 32 (3): 725–733. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90058-2. PMID 6299574. 
  13. ↑ Traboni C., Ciliberto G., Cortese R. (1984). "Mutations in Box B of the promoter of a eucaryotic tRNAPro gene affect rate of transcription, processing, and stability of the transcripts". Cell 36 (1): 179–187. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90087-4. PMID 6559106. 
  14. ↑ Costanzo F., Castagnoli L., Dente L., Arcari P., Smith M., Costanzo P., Raugei G., Izzo P., Pietropaolo T.C., Bougueleret L., Cimino F., Salvatore F., Cortese R. (1983). "Cloning of several cDNA segments for human liver proteins". The EMBO Journal 2: 57–61. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01380.x. 
  15. ↑ Folgori A., Tafi R., Meola A., Felici F., Galfré G., Cortese R., Monaci P., Nicosia A. (1994). "A general strategy to identify mimotopes of pathological antigens using only random peptide libraries and human sera". The EMBO Journal 13 (9): 2236–2243. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06501.x. PMID 7514533. 
  16. ↑ Cortese R., Monaci P., Nicosia A., Luzzago A., Felici F., Galfré G., Pessi A., Tramontano A. and Sollazzo M. (1995). "Identification of biologically active peptides using random libraries displayed on phage". Current Opinion in Biotechnology 6 (1): 73–80. doi:10.1016/0958-1669(95)80012-3. PMID 7534506. 
  17. ↑ Meola A., Delmastro P., Monaci P., Luzzago A., Nicosia A., Felici F., Cortese R., Galfré G. (1995). "Derivation of vaccines from mimotopes. Immunologic properties of Human Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen mimotopes displayed on filamentous phage". The Journal of Immunology 154 (7): 3162–3172. PMID 7534789. 
  18. ↑ Martin F., Toniatti C., Salvati A.L., Ciliberto G., Cortese R., Sollazzo M. (1996). "Coupling protein design and in vitro selection strategies: improving specificity and affinity of a designed β-protein IL-6 antagonist". Journal of Molecular Biology 225 (1): 86–97. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0008. PMID 8568877. 
  19. ↑ Galfré G., Monaci P., Nicosia A., Luzzago A., Felici F., Cortese R. (1996). "Immunization with Phage-Displayed Mimotopes". Methods in Enzymology, J. N. Abelson Ed.. Methods in Enzymology 267: 109–115. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(96)67008-6. ISBN 9780121821685. PMID 8743312. 
  20. ↑ Mecchia M., Casato M., Tafi R., Filocamo G., Bonomo L., Fiorilli M., Cortese R., Migliaccio G., Nicosia A. (1996). "Nonrheumatoid IgM in Human Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Type II Cryoglobulinemia Recognize Mimotopes of the CD4-Like LAG-3 Protein". The Journal of Immunology 157 (8): 3727–3736. PMID 8871676. 
  21. ↑ Cortese I., Tafi R., Grimaldi L.M.E., Martino G., Nicosia A., Cortese R. (1996). "Identification of peptides specific for cerebrospinal fluid antibodies in multiple sclerosis by using phage libraries". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93, 20 (20): 11063–11067. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.11063. PMID 8855309. Bibcode: 1996PNAS...9311063C. 
  22. ↑ Puntoriero G., Meola A., Lahm A., Zucchelli S., Bruni Ercole B., Tafi R., Pezzanera M., Mondelli M.U., Cortese R., Tramontano A., Galfré G., Nicosia A. (1998). "Towards a solution for hepatitis C virus hypervariability: mimotopes of the hypervariable region 1 can induce antibodies cross-reacting with a large number of viral variants". The EMBO Journal 17, 13 (13): 3521–3533. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.13.3521. PMID 9649423. 
  23. ↑ Failla C., Tomei L., De Francesco R. (1994). "Both NS3 and NS4A are required for proteolytic processing of hepatitis C virus nonstructural proteins". Journal of Virology 68 (6): 3753–3760. doi:10.1128/jvi.68.6.3753-3760.1994. PMID 8189513. 
  24. ↑ Behrens S.E., Tomei L., De Francesco R. (1996). "Identification and properties of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of hepatitis C virus". The EMBO Journal 15 (1): 12–22. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00329.x. PMID 8598194. 
  25. ↑ Steinkühler C., Biasiol G., Brunetti M., Urbani A., Koch U., Cortese R., Pessi A., De Francesco R. (1998). "Product inhibition of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease". Biochemistry 37 (25): 8899–8905. doi:10.1021/bi980313v. PMID 9636031. 
  26. ↑ Scarselli E., Ansuini H., Cerino R., Roccasecca RM., Acali S., Filocamo G., Traboni C., Nicosia A., Cortese R., Vitelli A. (2002). "The human scavenger receptor class B type I is a novel candidate receptor for the hepatitis C virus". The EMBO Journal 21 (19): 5017–5025. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf529. PMID 12356718. 
  27. ↑ Summa V, Petrocchi A., Pace P., Matassa V.G., De Francesco R., Altamura S., Tomei L., Koch U., Neuner P. (2004). "Discovery of alpha,gamma-diketo acids as potent selective and reversible inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5b RNA-dependent RNA polymerase". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 47 (1): 14–17. doi:10.1021/jm0342109. PMID 14695815. 
  28. ↑ Summa V., Petrocchi A., Matassa V.G., Taliani M., Laufer R., De Francesco R., Altamura S., Pace P. (2004). "HCV NS5b RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors: from alpha,gamma-diketoacids to 4,5-dihydroxypyrimidine- or 3-methyl-5-hydroxypyrimidinonecarboxylic acids. Design and synthesis". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 47 (22): 5336–5339. doi:10.1021/jm0494669. PMID 15481971. 
  29. ↑ Petrocchi A., Koch U., Matassa V.G., Pacini B., Stillmock K.A., Summa V. (2007). "From dihydroxypyrimidine carboxylic acids to carboxamide HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: SAR around the amide moiety". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 17 (2): 350–353. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.054. PMID 17107799. 
  30. ↑ Hazuda DJ., Anthony NJ., Gomez RP., Jolly SM., Wai JS., Zhuang L., Fisher TE., Embrey M., Guare JP. Jr, Egbertson MS., Vacca JP., Huff JR., Felock PJ., Witmer MV., Stillmock KA., Danovich R., Grobler J., Miller MD., Espeseth AS., Jin L., Chen IW., Lin JH., Kassahun K., Ellis JD., Wong BK., Xu W., Pearson PG., Schleif WA., Cortese R., Emini E., Summa V., Holloway MK., Young SD. (2004). "A naphthyridine carboxamide provides evidence for discordant resistance between mechanistically identical inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (31): 11233–11238. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402357101. PMID 15277684. 
  31. ↑ Folgori A., Capone S., Ruggeri L., Meola A., Sporeno E., Bruni Ercole B., Pezzanera M., Tafi R., Arcuri M., Fattori E., Lahm A., Luzzago A., Vitelli A., Colloca S., Cortese R., Nicosia A. (2006). "A T-cell based HCV vaccine eliciting effective immunity against heterologous virus challenge in chimpanzees". Nature Medicine 12 (2): 190–197. doi:10.1038/nm1353. PMID 16462801. 
  32. ↑ Barnes E., Folgori A., Capone S., Swadling L., Aston S., Kurioka A., Meyer J., Huddart R., Smith K., Townsend R., Brown A., Antrobus R., Ammendola V., Naddeo M., O'Hara G., Willberg C., Harrison A., Grazioli F., Esposito ML., Siani L., Traboni C., Oo Y., Adams D., Hill A., Colloca S., Nicosia A., Cortese R., Klenerman P. (2012). "Novel Adenovirus-Based Vaccines Induce Broad and Sustained T Cell Responses to HCV in Man". Science Translational Medicine 4 (115): 115. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003155. PMID 22218690. 
  33. ↑ Colloca S., Barnes E., Folgori A., Ammendola V., Capone S, Cirillo A., Siani L., Naddeo M., Grazioli F., Esposito ML., Ambrosio M., Sparacino A., Bartiromo M., Meola A., Smith K., Kurioka A., O’Hara G.A., Ewer K. J., Anagnostou N., Bliss C., Hill AVS., Traboni C., Klenerman P., Cortese R., Nicosia A. (2012). "Vaccine Vectors Derived from a Large Collection of Simian Adenoviruses Induce Potent Cellular Immunity Across Multiple Species". Science Translational Medicine 4 (115): 115. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002925. PMID 22218691. 
  34. ↑ Stanley DA., Honko AN., Asiedu C., Trefry JC., Lau-Kilby AW., Johnson JC., Hensley L., Ammendola V., Abbate A., Grazioli F., Foulds KE., Cheng C., Wang L., Donaldson MM., Colloca S., Folgori A., Roederer M., Nabel GJ., Mascola J., Nicosia A., Cortese R., Koup RA., Sullivan NJ (2014). "Chimpanzee adenovirus vaccine generates acute and durable protective immunity against ebolavirus challenge". Nature Medicine 20 (10): 1126–1129. doi:10.1038/nm.3702. PMID 25194571. 
  35. ↑ Swadling L., Capone S., Antrobus RD., Brown A., Richardson R., Newell EW., Halliday J., Kelly C., Bowen D., Fergusson J., Kurioka A., Ammendola V., Del Sorbo M., Grazioli F., Esposito ML., Siani ., Traboni C., Hill A., Colloca S., Davis M., Nicosia A., Cortese R., Folgori A., Klenerman P., Barnes E. (2014). "A human vaccine strategy based on chimpanzee adenoviral and MVA vectors that primes, boosts, and sustains functional HCV-specific T cell memory". Science Translational Medicine Nov 5;6 (261): 261. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3009185. PMID 25378645. 
  36. ↑ Ledgerwood J.E., DeZure A.D., Stanley D.A., Coates E., Novik L., Enama ME., Berkowitz NM., Hu Z., Joshi G., Ploquin A., Sitar S., Gordon IJ., Plummer SA., Holman LA., Hendel CS., Yamshchikov G., Roman F., Nicosia A., Colloca S., Cortese R., Bailer RT., Schwartz RM., Roederer M., Mascola JR., Koup RA., Sullivan NJ., Graham BS.; the VRC 207 Study Team (2017). "Chimpanzee Adenovirus Vector Ebola Vaccine". The New England Journal of Medicine Mar. 9 (10): 928–993. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1410863. PMID 25426834. 
  37. ↑ Ewer K., Rampling T., Venkatraman N., Bowyer G, Wright D, Lambe T., Imoukhuede E.B., Payne R., Fehling S.K., Strecker T., Biedenkopf N., Krähling V., Tully C.M., Edwards N.J., Bentley E.M., Samuel D., Labbé G., Jin J., Gibani M., Minhinnick A., Wilkie M., Poulton I., Lella N., Roberts R., Hartnell F., Bliss C., Sierra-Davidson K., Powlson J., Berrie E., Tedder R., Roman F., De Ryck I., Nicosia A., Sullivan N.J., Stanley D.A., Mbaya O.T., Ledgerwood J.E., Schwartz R.M., Siani L., Colloca S., Folgori A., Di Marco S., Cortese R., Wright E., Becker S., Graham B.S., Koup R.A., Levine M.M., Volkmann A., Chaplin .P, Pollard A.J., Draper S.J., Ballou W.R., Lawrie A., Gilbert S.C., Hill A.V (2016). "A Monovalent Chimpanzee Adenovirus Ebola Vaccine". The New England Journal of Medicine Apr. 28: 374(17):1635-46. 
  38. ↑ Green C.A., Scarselli E., Sande C.J., Thompson A.J., De Lara C.M., Taylor K.S., Haworth K., Del Sorbo M., Angus B., Siani L., Di Marco S., Traboni C., Folgori A., Colloca S., Capone S., Vitelli A., Cortese R., Klenerman P., Nicosia A., Pollard A.J. (2015). "Chimpanzee adenovirus- and MVA-vectored respiratory syncytial virus vaccine is safe and immunogenic in adults". Science Translational Medicine Aug. 12. 
  39. ↑ Swadling L., Halliday J., Kelly C., Brown A., Capone S., Ansari M.A., Bonsall D., Richardson R., Hartnell F., Collier J., Ammendola V., Del Sorbo M., Von Delft A., Traboni C., Hill A.V., Colloca S., Nicosia A., Cortese R., Klenerman P., Folgori A., Barnes E. (2016). "Highly-Immunogenic Virally-Vectored T-cell Vaccines Cannot Overcome Subversion of the T-cell Response by HCV during Chronic Infection". Vaccines Aug. 2. 
  40. ↑ Capone S., Brown A., Hartnell F., Sorbo M.D., Traboni C., Vassilev V., Colloca S., Nicosia A., Cortese R., Folgori A., Klenerman P., Barnes E., Swadling L. (2020). "Optimising T cell (re)boosting strategies for adenoviral and modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine regimens in humans". NPJ Vaccines Oct. 12. 

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