Social:Adyghe language

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Short description: Northwest Caucasian language

Adyghe
West Circassian
Адыгабзэ
Ādəɣābză (Adyghe) written in the Cyrillic script, the ABX Latin script and the now-defunct Perso-Arabic variant
Native toAdygea
Krasnodar Krai
EthnicityCircassians, Cherkesogai
Native speakers
610,000 (2010–2020)e25
Northwest Caucasian
  • Circassian
    • Adyghe
Early forms
Dialects
  • Abdzakh
  • Bzhedug
  • Hatuqwai
  • Mamkhegh
  • Natukhaj (†)
  • Shapsug
  • Temirgoy (standard dialect)
  • Yegeruqwai
  • Hakuchi
  • Zhaney†
  • Makhosh (†)
  • Ademey (†)
Cyrillic
Latin
Perso-Arabic script
Official status
Official language in
 Russia
  •  Adygea
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-1ady
ISO 639-3ady
Glottologadyg1241[1]
Distribution of the Adyghe language in Adygea, Russia (2002)[image reference needed]
Adyghe is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[2]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Template:Circassians Template:Adyghe language File:WIKITONGUES- Yinal speaking Adyghe and Kabardian.webm Adyghe (/ˈædɪɡeɪ/ or /ˌɑːdɪˈɡeɪ/;[3][lower-alpha 1] also known as West Circassian) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians.[4] It is spoken mainly in Russia, as well as in Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Iraq and Israel, where Circassians settled after the Circassian genocide (c. 1864–1870) by the Russian Empire. It is closely related to the Kabardian (East Circassian) language, though some reject the distinction between the two languages in favor of both being dialects of a unitary Circassian language.

The literary standard of Adyghe is based on its Temirgoy dialect. Adyghe and Russian are the two official languages of the Republic of Adygea in the Russian Federation.

In Russia, there are around 128,000 speakers of Adyghe, almost all of them native speakers. In total, some 300,000 speak it worldwide. The largest Adyghe-speaking community is in Turkey, spoken by the diaspora from the Russian–Circassian War (c. 1763–1864). In addition, the Adyghe language is spoken by the Cherkesogai in Krasnodar Krai.

Adyghe belongs to the family of Northwest Caucasian languages. Kabardian (also known as East Circassian) is a very close relative, treated by some as a dialect of Adyghe or of an overarching Circassian language. Ubykh, Abkhaz and Abaza are somewhat more distantly related to Adyghe.

Dialects

Main article: Social:Proto-Circassian language
The West Circassian (Adyghe) dialects family tree

The Black Sea coast dialects

  • Shapsug dialect (Шапсыгъабзэ)
    • North Shapsugs, Great Shapsugs, Kuban Shapsugs (Шапсыгъэ шху) dialect
      • Kfar Kama dialect (Кфар Камэм ишапсыгъэбзэ)
    • Temirgoy-Shapsugs, Pseuşko accent (Кӏэмгуе-шапсыгъ)
    • South Shapsugs, Small Shapsugs, Coastal Shapsugs, Black Sea Shapsugs (Шапсыгъэ-цӏыкӏу) dialect
    • Hakuchi dialect (Хьакӏуцубзэ, Къарацхаибзэ)
  • Natukhai dialect (Нэтӏхъуаджэбзэ)
  • Zhaney dialect

The Kuban River dialects

  • Bzhedug dialect (Бжъэдыгъубзэ): spoken by Circassians in the Republic of Adygea and the Biga district of the city of Çanakkale in Turkey
  • Temirgoy (Adyghe: Кӏэмыгуябзэ, Кӏэмгуибзэ): literary standard of Adyghe. Also spoken by Circassians in the Republic of Adygea
  • Abzakh dialect (Aбдзэхабзэ): spoken by Circassians in the village of Rehaniya in Israel and Circassians in Syria from the Golan Heights
  • Mamkhegh dialect
  • Yegeruqay dialect
  • Hatuqwai dialect
  • Mequash dialect

Phonology

Main article: Social:Adyghe phonology

Adyghe exhibits between 50 and 60 consonants depending on the dialect. All dialects possess a contrast between plain and labialized glottal stops. A very unusual minimal contrast, and possibly unique to the Abzakh dialect of Adyghe, is a three-way contrast between plain, labialized and palatalized glottal stops (although a palatalized glottal stop is also found in Hausa and a labialized one in Tlingit). The Shapsug (Black Sea) dialect of Adyghe contains a very uncommon sound: a voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆], which corresponds to the voiceless velar fricative [x] found in other varieties of Adyghe. This sound is only known to be used in the Black Sea dialect.

Labial Bidental Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Alveolo-
palatal 		Retroflex Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
plain lab. plain sib. lab. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab.
Nasal m mʷ n
Plosive/

Affricate

ejective pʼ pʷʼ tʼ t͡sʼ tʷʼ t͡ʃʼ t͡ʂʼ kʼ kʷʼ
voiceless p t t͡s t͡sʷ t͡ʃ t͡ɕ2 t͡ɕʷ t͡ʂ k kʷ q qʷ ʔ ʔʷ
voiced b d d͡z d͡zʷ d͡ʒ d͡ʑ2 d͡ʑʷ d͡ʐ ɡ1 ɡʷ
Fricative ejective ɬʼ ʃʼ ʃʷʼ ɕʼ ɕʷʼ
voiceless f h̪͆2 ɬ s ʃ ʃʷ ɕ ɕʷ ʂ x xʷ χ χʷ ħ
voiced v1 ɮ z ʒ ʒʷ ʑ ʑʷ ʐ ɣ ʁ ʁʷ
Approximant w j w
Trill r
  1. These consonants exist only in borrowed words.
  2. Note: Adyghe has many consonants that appear across its dialects, and thus has a complex system of consonant allophony. More information on those can be found at Adyghe phonology.

In contrast to its large inventory of consonants, Adyghe has only three phonemic vowels in a vertical vowel system.[5]

Central
Mid ə
Near-open ɐ
Open aː

Grammar

Adyghe, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, has a basic subject–object–verb typology and is characterised by the ergative construction of sentences.

Orthography

The official alphabet for Adyghe is the Cyrillic script, which has been used since 1936. Before that, the Perso-Arabic script was used. A new Latin alphabet based on the Turkish alphabet was designed in Turkey with the motivation to make Adyghe and Kabardian education in Turkey easier.[6]

Cyrillic Arabic Latin[7] IPA Pronunciation Examples
А а ا Ā ā [aː] File:Adygheа.oga ачъэ, āčă, 'goat'
апчъы, āpčə, 'they count'
Б б ب B b [b] File:Adygheб.ogg баджэ, bāǯʼă, 'fox'
бэ, bă, 'a lot'
В в[lower-alpha 2] ڤ V v [v] File:Adygheв.ogg жъвэ, ẑvă, 'oar', лавэ, lāvă, 'lava'
Г г ݝ Ɣ ɣ [ɣ] File:Adygheг.ogg гыны, ɣənə, 'powder'
чъыгы, čəɣə, 'tree'
Гу гу گو G˚ g˚ [ɡʷ] File:Adygheгу.ogg гу, g˚, 'heart'
гущыӏ, g˚šʼəʾ, 'word'
Гъ гъ غ Ġ ġ [ʁ] File:Adygheгъ.ogg гъатхэ, ġātxă, 'spring'
гъэмаф, ġămāf, 'summer'
Гъу гъу غو Ġ˚ ġ˚ [ʁʷ] File:Adygheгъу.ogg гъунэгъу, ġ˚năġ˚, 'neighbour'
гъунджэ, ġ˚nǯʼă, 'mirror'
Д д د D d [d] File:Adygheд.ogg дыджы, dəǯʼə, 'bitter'
дахэ, dāxă, 'pretty'
Дж дж ج Ǯʼ ǯʼ [d͡ʒ] File:Adygheдж.ogg джан, ǯʼān, 'shirt'
лъэмыдж, łăməǯʼ, 'bridge'
Дз дз ذ Ʒ ʒ [d͡z] File:Adygheдз.ogg дзыо, ʒəo, 'bag'
дзын, ʒən, 'to throw'
Дзу дзу ذو Ʒ˚ ʒ˚ [d͡zʷ] File:Adygheдзу.ogg хьандзу, ḥānʒ˚, 'rick'
хьандзуачӏ, ḥānʒ˚āč̣, 'lower rick'
Е е ئە / ەي E e [ɜj] [jɜ] File:Adygheе.ogg ешэн, ešăn, 'to catch'
еплъын, epłən, 'to look at'
Ё ё[lower-alpha 2] – Jo jo [jo] File:Adygheё.ogg ёлк, jolk, 'Christmas tree'
Ж ж ڒ Ž ž [ʒ] File:Adygheж.ogg жэ, žă, 'mouth'
жакӏэ, žāč̣ʼă, 'beard'
Жъ жъ ظ Ẑ ẑ [ʐ] File:Adygheжъ.ogg жъы, ẑə, 'old'
жъажъэ, ẑāẑă, 'slow'
Жъу жъу ظو Ẑ˚ ẑ˚ [ʒʷ] File:Adygheжъу.ogg жъун, ẑ˚n, 'to melt'
жъуагъо, ẑ˚āġo, 'star'
Жь жь ژ Žʼ žʼ [ʑ] File:Adygheжь.ogg жьыбгъэ, žʼəbġă, 'wind'
жьао, žʼāo, 'shadow'
З з ز Z z [z] File:Adygheз.ogg занкӏэ, zānč̣ʼă, 'straight'
зандэ, zāndă, 'steep'
И и ئي / ي I i [ɘj] [jɘ] File:Adygheи.ogg ихьан, iḥān, 'to enter'
икӏыпӏ, ič̣ʼəṗ, 'exit'
Й й ي J j [j] File:Adygheй.ogg йод, jod, 'iodine'
бай, bāj, 'rich'
К к[lower-alpha 2] ك K k [k] File:Adygheк.ogg кнопк, knopk, 'button'
команд, komānd, 'team, command'
Ку ку کو K˚ k˚ [kʷ] File:Adygheку.ogg кушъэ, k˚ŝă, 'cradle'
ку, k˚, 'cart'
Къ къ ق Q q [q] File:Adygheкъ.ogg къалэ, qālă, 'city'
къэкӏон, qăč̣ʼon, 'to come'
Къу къу قو Q˚ q˚ [qʷ] File:Adygheкъу.ogg къухьэ, q˚ḥă, 'ship'
къушъхьэ, q˚ŝḥă, 'mountain'
Кӏ кӏ ڃ Č̣ʼ č̣ʼ [kʼ] [tʃʼ] File:Adygheкӏ.oga кӏымаф, č̣ʼəmāf, 'winter'
кӏыхьэ, č̣ʼəḥă, 'long'
кӏэ, č̣ʼă, 'tail'
шкӏэ, šč̣ʼă, 'calf'
Кӏу кӏу ࢰو Ḳ˚ ḳ˚ [kʷʼ] File:Adygheкӏу.oga кӏон, č̣ʼon, 'to walk'
кӏуакӏэ, ḳ˚āč̣ʼă, 'walking manner'
Л л ل L l [l] File:Adygheл.ogg лагъэ, lāġă, 'painted'
лы, lə, 'meat'
Лъ лъ ݪ Ł ł [ɬ] File:Adygheлъ.ogg лъэбэкъу, łăbăq˚, 'step'
лъащэ, łāšʼă, 'lame'
Лӏ лӏ ࢦ Ḷ ḷ [ɬʼ] File:Adygheлӏ.oga лӏы, ḷə, 'man'
лӏыгъэ, ḷəġă, 'bravery'
М м م M m [m] File:Adygheм.ogg мазэ, māză, 'moon'
мэлы, mălə, 'sheep'
Н н ن N n [n] File:Adygheн.ogg нэ, nă, 'eye'
ны, nə, 'mother'
О о ئۆ / ۆ O o [ɜw] [wɜ] File:Adygheо.ogg мощ, mošʼ, 'that'
коны, konə, 'bin'
о, o, 'you'
осы, osə, 'snow'
ощхы, ošʼxə, 'rain'
П п پ P p [p] File:Adygheп.ogg пэ, pă, 'nose'
сапэ, sāpă, 'dust'
Пӏ пӏ ࢠ Ṗ ṗ [pʼ] File:Adygheпӏ.oga пӏэ, ṗă, 'bed'
пӏэшъхьагъ, ṗăŝḥāġ, 'pillow'
Пӏу пӏу ࢠو Ṗ˚ ṗ˚ [pʷʼ] File:Adygheпӏу.oga пӏун, ṗ˚n, 'to rise; to adopt'
пӏур, ṗ˚r, 'pupil; apprentice'
Р р ر R r [r] File:Adygheр.ogg рикӏэн, rič̣ʼăn, 'to pour'
риӏон, riʾon, 'to tell'
С с س S s [s] File:Adygheс.ogg сэ, să, 'I, me'
сэшхо, săšxo, 'sabre'
Т т ت T t [t] File:Adygheт.ogg тэтэжъ, tătăẑ, 'grandfather'
тэ, tă, 'we, us'
Тӏ тӏ ط Ṭ ṭ [tʼ] File:Adygheтӏ.oga тӏы, ṭə, 'ram'
ятӏэ, jāṭă, 'dirt'
Тӏу тӏу طو Ṭ˚ ṭ˚ [tʷʼ] File:Adygheтӏу.oga тӏурыс, ṭ˚rəs, 'old'
тӏурытӏу, ṭ˚rəṭ˚, 'pair'
У у و U u / W w [ɘw] [wɘ] File:Adygheу.ogg ушхун, ušx˚n, 'to straighten'
убэн, ubăn, 'to tamp; to smoothen'
Ф ф ف F f [f] File:Adygheф.ogg фыжьы, fəžʼə, 'white'
фэен, făen, 'to want'
Х х ݗ X x [x] File:Adygheх.ogg хы, xə, 'sea; six'
хасэ, xāsă, 'council'
Хъ хъ خ Ꭓ ꭓ [χ] File:Adygheхъ.ogg хъыен, ꭓəen, 'to move'
пхъэн, pꭓăn, 'to sow'
Хъу хъу خو Ꭓ˚ ꭓ˚ [χʷ] File:Adygheхъу.ogg хъун, ꭓ˚n, 'to happen'
хъурай, ꭓ˚rāj, 'circle'
Хь хь ح Ḥ ḥ [ħ] File:Adygheхь.ogg хьэ, ḥă, 'dog'
хьаку, ḥāk˚, 'oven'
Ц ц ث C c [t͡s] File:Adygheц.ogg цагэ, cāɣă, 'rib'
цы, cə, 'body hair'
Цу цу ثو C˚ c˚ [t͡sʷ] File:Adygheцу.ogg цуакъэ, c˚āqă, 'shoe'
цу, c˚, 'ox'
Цӏ цӏ ڗ C̣ c̣ [t͡sʼ] File:Adygheцӏ.oga цӏынэ, c̣ənă, 'wet'
цӏыфы, c̣əfə, 'person'
Ч ч چ Čʼ čʼ [t͡ʃ] File:Adygheч.ogg чэфы, čʼăfə, 'cheerful'
чэты, čʼătə, 'chicken'
Чъ чъ x15px Č č [t͡ʂ] File:Adygheчъ.ogg чъыгай, čəɣāj, 'oak'
чъыӏэ, čəʾă, 'cold'
Чӏ чӏ x15px Č̣ č̣ [t͡ʂʼ] File:Adygheчӏ.oga чӏыпӏэ, č̣əṗă, 'area'
чӏыфэ, č̣əfă, 'debt'
Ш ш x18px Š š [ʃ] File:Adygheш.ogg шы, šə, 'brother'
шыблэ, šəblă, 'thunder'
Шъ шъ ص Ŝ ŝ [ʂ] File:Adygheшъ.ogg шъэ, ŝă, 'hundred'
шъабэ, ŝābă, 'soft'
Шъу шъу صو Ŝ˚ ŝ˚ [ʃʷ] File:Adygheшъу.ogg шъугъуалэ, ŝ˚ġ˚ālă, 'envious'
шъукъакӏу, ŝ˚qāḳ˚, 'to come'
Шӏ шӏ ض Ṣ̂ ṣ̂ [ʃʼ] File:Adygheшӏ.oga шӏын, ṣ̂ən, 'to do'
шӏэныгъ, ṣ̂ănəġ, 'knowledge'
Шӏу шӏу ضو Ṣ̂˚ ṣ̂˚ [ʃʷʼ] File:Adygheшӏу.oga шӏуцӏэ, ṣ̂˚c̣ă, 'black'
шӏуфэс, ṣ̂˚făs, 'greetings'
Щ щ ش Šʼ šʼ [ɕ] File:Adygheщ.ogg щагу, šʼāg˚, 'yard'
щатэ, šʼātă, 'sour cream'
(Ъ ъ) – – –
Ы ы ئہـ‍ / ‍ہ‍ Ə ə [ɘ] File:Adygheы.ogg ыкӏи, əč̣ʼi, 'and also'
зы, zə, 'one'
(Ь ь) – – Template:IPA blink
Э э ئە / ە Ă ă [ɜ] File:Adygheэ.ogg ӏэтаж, ʾătāž, 'floor'
нэнэжъ, nănăẑ, 'grandmother'
Ю ю یو Ju ju [ju] File:Adygheю.ogg Юсыф, Jusəf, 'Joseph'
Юныс, Junəs, 'Jonah'
Я я یا Jā jā [jaː] File:Adygheя.ogg яй, jāj, 'theirs'
ябгэ, jābɣă, 'evil'
Ӏ ӏ ئ ʾ [ʔ] File:Adygheӏ.oga ӏэ, ʾă, 'hand'
кӏасэ, č̣ʼāsă, 'like'
Ӏу ӏу ؤ ʾ˚ [ʔʷ] File:Adygheӏу.oga ӏукӏэн, ʾ˚č̣ʼăn, 'to meet'
ӏусын, ʾ˚sən, 'to be near sitting'
ӏудан, ʾ˚dān, 'thread'

Orthography rules

  • The letter ⟨ы⟩ [ə] is not written after a ⟨у⟩ [w], ⟨й⟩ [j] or a labialised consonant. For example: унэ [wənɐ] "house" instead of уынэ.
  • In case the letter ⟨у⟩ is the first letter of a word or when it is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as [wə] ⟨уы⟩. For example: унэ instead of уынэ. When it is related to a consonant, it becomes a vowel and pronounced as [əw~u] ⟨ыу⟩. For example: чэту [t͡ʃɐtəw] "cat" instead of чэтыу.
  • In case a labialised consonant is followed by a vowel ⟨э⟩ [ɐ], instead of the letter ⟨у⟩ there is a ⟨о⟩. For example: гъогу [ʁʷɐɡʷ] "road" instead of гъуэгу.
  • In case a labialised consonant is followed by a vowel ⟨а⟩ [aː] or ⟨и⟩ [əj~i], the labialised consonant letter is written fully. For example: цуакъэ [t͡sʷaːqɐ] "shoes".
  • In case the letter ⟨о⟩ is the first letter of a word or when it is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as [wɐ] ⟨уэ⟩. For example, о [wɐ] "you" instead of уэ.
  • In case the letter ⟨е⟩ is the first letter of a word or when it is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as [jɐ] ⟨йэ⟩. For example: еӏо [jɐʔʷɐ] "he says" instead of йэӏо. When it is related to a consonant, it becomes a vowel and pronounced as [ɐj~e] ⟨эй⟩. For example: делэ [dɐjlɐ] "fool" instead of дэйлэ.
  • In case the letter ⟨и⟩ is the first letter of a word or when is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as [jə] ⟨йы⟩. For example: илъэс [jəɬɐs] "year" instead of йылъэс. When it is related to a consonant, it becomes a vowel and pronounced as [əj~i] ⟨ый⟩. For example: сиӏ [səjʔ] "I have" instead of сыйӏ.

Vowels

The vowels are written ⟨ы⟩ [ə], ⟨э⟩ [ɐ] and ⟨а⟩ [aː]. Other letters represent diphthongs: ⟨я⟩ represents [jaː], ⟨и⟩ [jə] or [əj], ⟨о⟩ [wɐ] or [ɐw], ⟨у⟩ represent [wə] or [əw], and ⟨е⟩ represents [jɐ] or [ɐj].

Other writing systems

The language of Adyghe is officially written in the Cyrillic script, and is also unofficially written in the Latin script. Before 1927, Adyghe was written in a version of the Perso-Arabic script; after the Soviet Latinisation campaign, an older variant of the Latin alphabet had been in use in the Soviet Union until 1938, when all Soviet languages transitioned into the Cyrillic alphabet.

Prior to the mid-19th century, Adyghe had no writing system. Starting from 1853, the process of creating an orthography for Adyghe was started. In Tbilisi in 1853, a document titled "Primer of the Circassian Language" (Archive) was published, in which an Perso-Arabic-based orthography influenced by the Ottoman Turkish alphabet was developed. This document became the first ever publication in Adyghe. In this document, several new letters were introduced to represent the consonants that exist in Adyghe language. This proposed orthography, although with many shortcomings, received widespread approval and usage. And thus, Perso-Arabic script became the accepted orthography for Adyghe.[8]

Over the following decades, several authors attempted to further improve the Adyghe Arabic orthography. The most successful attempt was the alphabet created by Akhmetov Bekukh. In this version, letters were designated for vowel sounds, and the orthography was transformed from an "Impure abjads to a true alphabet. In 1918, on the initiative of the Kuban Revolutionary Committee, a primer was published in Yekaterinodar. This official endorsement resulted in a literary boom in Adyghe and the publication of various newspapers, textbooks and other literature, including the Adyghe Maq, the main Adyghe language newspaper established in 1923.[8]

During the abovementioned decades, parallel with this process, the Perso-Arabic orthography had also been standardized for the sister Circassian language of Kabardian. Although very similar in many aspects, there were minor variations, in which letters were included based on each respective phonology, and there were minor differences in presentation of a few consonants as well.[8][9]

Adyghe Arabic alphabet

Below table shows the Adyghe Perso-Arabic alphabet as it was officially adopted between 1918 and 1927.[8][10]

Forms IPA Adyghe Cyrillic equivalent Adyghe Latin equivalent (1927–1938) Unicode Notes
Isolated Final Medial Initial
ا ـا ـا آ [aː] А а ᴀ U+0622
U+0627
ئ ـئ ـئـ ئـ [ʔ] Ӏ ӏ h U+0626
  1. This letter plays another role as well. It proceeds a vowel letter at the beginning of a word, with the exception of آ (equivalent to Cyrillic А а)
ؤ ـؤ - - [ʔʷ] Ӏу ӏу hv U+0624
ە ـە - ئە [a] Э э
Е е1 		e U+06D5
  1. The sound equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Е е" is represented by a digraph ئەیـ / ئەی / ـەی / ەی.
‍ہ‍ ـہ‍ ـہـ ئہـ [ə] Ы ы ə U+06C1
and
U+200D1
  1. The main character consists of U+06C1 (ـہ / ہ), and is always written in medial form. Thus, the use of Zero-width joiner (U+200D) may be necessary based on context. Below are sample scenarios:
    • صہص
    • د‍ہص
    • صہ‍
    • د‍ہ‍
ب ـب ـبـ بـ [b] Б б ʙ U+0628
ت ـت ـتـ تـ [t] Т т t U+062A
ث ـث ـثـ ثـ [t͡s] Ц ц c U+062B
پ ـپ ـپـ پـ [p] П п ᴘ U+067E
ࢠ ـࢠ ـࢠـ ࢠـ [pʼ] Пӏ пӏ x13px U+08A0
  1. Equivalent to ٮ (U+066E) in Kabardian Arabic alphabet.
ن ـن ـنـ نـ [n] Н н n U+0646
ح ـح ـحـ حـ [ħ] Хь хь ɦ U+062D
ج ـج ـجـ جـ [d͡ʒ] Дж дж ǥ U+062C
خ ـخ ـخـ خـ [χ] Хъ хъ x9px U+062E
ݗ ـݗ ـݗـ ݗـ [x] Х х x U+0757
ڃ ـڃ ـڃـ ڃـ [kʼ][tʃʼ] Кӏ кӏ1 ⱪ U+0683
  1. When the following letter is a و (Equivalent to Cyrillic Кӏу кӏу), instead of the letter ڃ, the letter ࢰ is used.
چ ـچ ـچـ چـ [t͡ʃ] Ч ч ꝁ U+0686
x15px x15px x15px x15px [t͡ʂ] Чъ чъ đ - 1
  1. Letter does not exist in unicode yet. Can be created by typing the letter ح (U+062D) and the symbol combining caron below ◌̬ (U+032C), thus resulting in
    • ح̬ـ / ـح̬ـ / ـح̬ / ح̬
x15px x15px x15px x15px [t͡ʃʼ] ЧI чI x16px - 1
  1. Letter does not exist in unicode yet. Can be created by typing the letter ح (U+062D) and the diacritic inverted damma below ◌ࣣ (U+08E3), thus resulting in
    • حࣣـ / ـحࣣـ / ـحࣣ / حࣣ
د ـد - - [d] Д д d U+062F
ذ ـذ - - [d͡z] Дз дз ᴣ U+0630
ر ـر - - [r] Р р r U+0631
ز ـز - - [z] З з z U+0632
ژ ـژ - - [ʑ] Жь жь x13px U+0698
ڗ ـڗ - - [t͡sʼ] Цӏ цӏ x11px U+0697
ڒ ـڒ - - [ʒ] Ж ж x13px U+0692
س ـس ـسـ سـ [s] С с s U+0633
x18px x18px x18px x18px [ʃ] Ш ш ħ - 1
  1. Letter does not exist in unicode yet. Can be created by typing the letter س (U+0633) and the diacritic combining diaeresis ◌̈ (U+0308), thus resulting in
    • س̈ـ / ـس̈ـ / ـس̈ / س̈
ش ـش ـشـ شـ [ɕ] Щ щ ʃ U+0634
ص ـص ـصـ صـ [ʂ] Шъ шъ š U+0635
ض ـض ـضـ ضـ [ʃʼ] Шӏ шӏ x13px U+0636
ط ـط ـطـ طـ [tʼ] Тӏ тӏ x13px U+0637
ظ ـظ ـظـ ظـ [ʐ] Жъ жъ ⱬ U+0638
غ ـغ ـغـ غـ [ʁ] Гъ гъ x8px U+063A
ݝ ـݝ ـݝـ ݝـ [ɣ] Г г1 x12px U+075D
  1. When the following letter is a و (Equivalent to Cyrillic Гу гу), instead of the letter ݝ, the letter گ is used.
ف ـف ـفـ فـ [f] Ф ф f U+0641
ق ـق ـقـ قـ [q] Къ къ q U+0642
ڤ ـڤ ـڤـ ڤـ [v] В в w U+06A4
  1. Equivalent to ۋ (U+06CB) in Kabardian Arabic alphabet.
ک ـک ـکـ کـ [k] К к k U+0643
گ ـگ ـگـ گـ [g] ([gʷ])1 Г г
(Гу гу) 		g U+06AF
  1. When the following letter is a و (Equivalent to Cyrillic Гу гу), the letter گ is used. In all other cases, the letter ݝ is used for this specific homophone.
ࢰ ـࢰ ـࢰـ ࢰـ [kʼ] ([kʷʼ])1 Кӏ кӏ
(Кӏу кӏу) 		ⱪ U+08B0
  1. When the following letter is a و (Equivalent to Cyrillic Кӏу кӏу), the letter ࢰ is used. In all other cases, the letter ڃ is used for this specific homophone.
ل ـل ـلـ لـ [l]/[ɮ] Л л l U+0644
ݪ ـݪ ـݪـ ݪـ [ɬ] Лъ лъ x15px U+076A
ࢦ ـࢦ ـࢦـ ࢦـ [ɬʼ] Лӏ лӏ x18px U+08A6
م ـم ـمـ مـ [m] М м m U+0645
و ـو - ئو / و [ɘw] [wɘ] У у v U+0648
ی ـی ـیـ ئیـ / یـ [i] / [j] И и
Й й 		i / j U+06CC
ۆ ـۆ - ئۆ [ɜw] [wɜ] О о o U+06C6

Adyghe Latin alphabet

The Adyghe orthography was officially switched to the Latin alphabet in 1927. The Adyghe Latin alphabet was compiled and finalized a year prior, in 1926. This alphabet was the sole official script in the Soviet Union. The Adyghe Latin alphabet consisted of 50 letters, many of them newly created, some even borrowed from Cyrillic. Another interesting feature of this iteration of the Adyghe Latin alphabet was that there was no distinction between lower case and upper case letters. Each letter only had one single case.[8]

Below table shows Adyghe Latin alphabet as it was officially adopted between 1927 and 1938.[8]

Letter ᴀ ʙ c d ᴣ e ə f x15px
IPA [aː] [b] [t͡s] [t͡sʼ] [d] [d͡z] [e] [ə] [f]
Letter g ǥ ɦ i y k ꝁ ʀ ⱪ l
IPA [ɡ] [d͡ʒ] [ħ] [i] [j] [k] [t͡ʃ] [ʲ] [kʼ] [l]
Letter x15px x18px m n o ᴘ q r s
IPA [ɬ] [ɬʼ] [m] [n] [o] [p] [pʼ] [q] [r] [s]
Letter š ʖ ʃ ħ t ƀ u v x x9px
IPA [ʂ] [ʃʼ] [ɕ] [ʃ] [t] [tʼ] [u] [w] [x] [χ]
Letter z ⱬ x13px x13px г г̌ đ x16px h w
IPA [z] [ʐ] [ʑ] [ʒ] [ʁ] [ɣ] [t͡ʂ] [t͡ʃʼ] [ʔ] [v]

Latin Alphabet in Turkey (ABX Alphabet)

In 2012, the Circassian Language Association (Adyghe: Адыге Бзэ Хасэ or Adıǵe Bze Xase, abbreviated as ABX; Turkish: Adıge Dil Derneği; danef.com) in Turkey has issued a call for the Circassian people for the creation of a standard Latin script to be used by all Circassian people on the globe.[6] Their main motivation for the creation of this alphabet was that the majority of Circassian people live in Turkey and use the Latin alphabet in their daily life because they know Turkish. However, when trying to teach the language to the younger generation, teaching them a new alphabet takes time and makes the process more laborsome. ABX has created a Latin script based on the Turkish alphabet and chose the Abzakh dialect as their base because it is the dialect with the most speakers in Turkey. However, the alphabet employed by the Circassian Language Association has been criticized by others. Some suggested that they created the alphabet without a good understanding of the Circassian phonology and have not even considered former Latin alphabets used to write Circassian[11] and that the use of the Latin script would sever the ties with the homeland.[12] Despite the criticism, the CLA has obtained a €40,000 funding from the European Union for the recording of the Circassian language with a Latin script and the preparation of multi-media learning materials for the language,[13] and the materials created by ABX were accepted by the Ministry of National Education to be taught in Secondary Schools.[14] This decision was protested and legally objected by the Federation of Caucasian Associations (Turkish: Kafkas Dernekleri Federasyonu; KAFFED) who created the materials for Circassian and Abaza languages with the Cyrillic script;[15] however, the court ruled in favour of the Latin alphabet created by the CLA and continued the use of their alphabet in Circassian courses.[16] Some glyphs in the Temirgoy-based Cyrillic alphabet have no equivalent in the Abzakh-based Latin alphabet because of dialectal differences. The most notable of these differences is the lack of differentiation between post-alveolar, alveolo-palatal and retroflex sounds. Though there are some additional letters in the alphabet for Kabardian, the materials in the CLA website are primarily in Adyghe.[17]

Latin Aa Bb Cc Ćć (1) Çç (2) Dd Ee Éé (3) Ff
Cyrillic А а Б б Дж дж ЧI чI Ч ч Д д Э э Е е Ф ф
IPA [aː] [b] [d͡ʒ] [t͡ʃʼ] [t͡ʃ] [d͡z] [ɜ] [e] [f]
Latin Gg Ǵǵ Ğğ Hh Ḣḣ Iı İi (3) Jj Kk
Cyrillic Г г Г г Гъ гъ Хь хь Хъ хъ Ы ы И и Ж ж Къ къ
IPA [ɡ] [ɣ] [ʁ] [ħ] [χ] [ə] [i] [ʒ] [q]
Latin Ḱḱ Ll Ĺĺ Mm Nn Oo (4) Öö (4) Pp Ṕṕ
Cyrillic К к Л л Лъ лъ М м Н н О о П п Пӏ пӏ
IPA [k] [l] [ɬ] [m] [n] [o] [p] [pʼ]
Latin Qq (1) Rr Ss Śś Šš Şş Tt Ṫṫ Uu (4)
Cyrillic Кӏ кӏ Р р С с Ц ц Цӏ цӏ Ш ш Т т Тӏ тӏ У у
IPA [kʼ] [r] [s] [t͡s] [t͡sʼ] [ʃ] [t] [tʼ] [u]
Latin Üü (4) Ww Xx Yy Zz Źź ` (5) Áá*
Cyrillic У у Х х Й й З з Дз дз Ӏ ӏ
IPA [w] [x] [j] [z] [ɣ] (varies) [aː]

1) Ć is the equivalent of both Кӏ and Чӏ and shows the ejective potalveolar affricate. Qq, on the other hand, only corresponds to Кӏ and shows an ejective velar plosive.

2) Ç normally stands for Ч but when it is followed by Ü and Ö, it is equivalent to Цу in the Cyrillic script.

3) É and İ are not direct equivalents of Е and И. The Cyrillic letters denote the [jɜ] and [jə] sounds at the beginning of syllables and [e] and [i] sounds at the end. The Latin letters are only used for the sounds [e] and [i]. The diphthongs are written as "Ye" and "Yi", respectively.

4) Circassian languages do not have phonemic rounded vowels but the labialized consonants affect the vowels around them to create allophonic rounded vowels.[18] The letters O, Ö, U and Ü are used to show these allophonic rounded vowels. O/Ö and U/Ü works similar to the vowel use О and У in the Adyghe Cyrillic alphabet with O/Ö showing labialized consonant+[ɜ] combinations and U/Ü the labialized consonant+[ə] combinations. However, Ö and Ü are used when these combinations occur next to postalveolar sounds (Ş, J, Ç). The diphthongal uses of О and У, i.e. [wɜ] and [wə], are written as "We" and "Wı". Another use of Ö and Ü is writing Turkish loanwords containing these letters.

5) Wıçüpe (уцупэ; the place of stopping) is written with a ` (accent grave) or ' (apostrophe) and has a complicated use. It is equivalent to Ӏ (palochka) in its use an ejective marker but not as the glottal stop. The glottal stop is not written as a letter but is implied through the use of consecutive vowels like in "mıerıs" (мыӀэрыс; apple). As many ejective sounds have their own letters (Ć, Ṕ, Q, Š, Ṫ), only some ejective sounds are written with the wıçüpe (ş`, ĺ`). Another use of wıçüpe is to show that an U at the end of a word represents a labialized consonant and not a labialized consonant + [ə] combination. For example, джэгу in Cyrillic is written cegu` to make sure that it is pronounced [d͡ʒɜgʷ] as a single syllable but wıçüpe is removed when the word takes a suffix and the allophonic [u] is audible, as in cegum [d͡ʒɜgum].

  • Adyghe Arabic alphabet used before 1927
    Adyghe Arabic alphabet used before 1927
  • Adyghe Latin alphabet used from 1927 to 1938 (page 1)
    Adyghe Latin alphabet used from 1927 to 1938 (page 1)
  • Adyghe Latin alphabet used from 1927 to 1938 (page 2)
    Adyghe Latin alphabet used from 1927 to 1938 (page 2)
  • Comparison of Adyghe Latin and Adyghe Cyrillic alphabets
    Comparison of Adyghe Latin and Adyghe Cyrillic alphabets
  • Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
    Adyghe Arabic alphabet letters
  • Adyghe Latin alphabet letters
    Adyghe Latin alphabet letters

Examples of literary Adyghe

Native vocabulary

Cyrillic Latin IPA Translation
сэ să ady I
пшъашъэ pŝāŝă ady girl
тӏыс ṭəs ady to sit
тэдж tăǯʼ ady to stand
Тэу ущыт? Tăw ušʼət? ady How are you?
Сышӏу. Səṣ̂˚. ady I'm fine.
шы šə ady horse
щы šʼə ady three
жъуагъо ẑ˚āġo ady star
тыгъэ təġă ady sun
мазэ māză ady moon
цуакъэ c˚āqă ady shoe
шъукъеблагъ ŝ˚qeblāġ ady welcome
лъэхъуамбэ łăꭓ˚āmbă ady toe
хьамлыу ḥāmləw ady worm
кӏэнкӏэ č̣ʼănč̣ʼă ady egg
хьампӏырашъу ḥāmṗərāŝ˚ ady butterfly
мэшӏоку măṣ̂ok˚ ady train
пхъэтӏэкӏу pꭓăṭăḳ˚ ady chair
тхьалъыкӏо tḥāłəč̣ʼo ady prophet
къамзэгу qāmzăg˚ ady ant
псычэт psəčʼăt ady duck

Loanwords

Cyrillic Latin IPA Translation Etymology
республикэ respublikă ady republic From Latin rēs pūblica ("public concern") via Russian республика.
компутер komputer ady computer From Latin computāre ("to settle together") via Russian компьютер.
математикэ mātemātikă ady mathematics From Ancient Greek μάθημα máthēma ("study, knowledge") via Russian математика.
спорт sport ady sports From English sport via Russian спорт.
быракъ byraq ady flag Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *badrak ("spear, stick").
къартӏоф qārṭof ady potato From German Kartoffel ("potato") via Russian картофель.
томат tomāt ady tomato From Spanish tomate, which in turn derives from Nahuan tomatl, via Russian томат.
орэндж orănǯʼ ady orange From Persian نارنگ nârang or نارنج nâranj.
нэмаз nămāz ady salah (Islamic praying) From Persian نماز namâz.
къалэ qālă ady city Akkadian kalakku ("fort").
дунай dunāj ady earth From Arabic دنيا dunyā ("world").
  • There are thirteen labialised consonants; however, in some dialects, there are three additional ones: Кхъу [q͡χʷ], Ху [xʷ] and Чъу [t͡ɕʷ].

Adyghe outside Circassia

Adyghe is taught outside Circassia in Prince Hamza Ibn Al-Hussein Secondary School, a school for Jordanian Adyghes in Jordan's capital city of Amman. This school, established by the Jordanian Adyghes with support from the late king Hussein of Jordan, is one of the first schools for the Adyghe communities outside Circassia. It has around 750 Jordanian Adyghe students, and aims to preserve the Adyghe language and traditions among future generations.[19]

Adyghe is spoken by Circassians in Iraq and by Circassians in Israel, where it is taught in schools in their villages. It is also spoken by many Circassians in Syria, although the majority of Syrian Circassians speak Kabardian.[citation needed]

Publications

There are many books written in or translated into Adyghe. An Adyghe translation of the Quran by Ishak Mashbash is available.[20] The New Testament and many books of the Old Testament have been published in Adyghe by the Institute for Bible Translation in Moscow.

Vitality

According to the UNESCO 2009 map entitled "UNESCO Map of the World's Languages in Danger", the status of the Adyghe language in 2009, along with all its dialects (Adyghe, Western Circassian tribes; and Kabard-Cherkess, Eastern Circassian tribes), is classified as vulnerable.[21]

Sample texts

Al-Fatiha الفَاتِحَةِ

Al-Fatiha in Adyghe Transliteration English translation Arabic original

1. Алахьэу гукӏэгъушӏэу, гукӏэгъу зыхэлъым ыцӏэкӏэ!
2. Зэрэдунае и Тхьэу Алахьым щытхъур ыдэжь,
3. Гукӏэгъушӏэу, гукӏэгъу зыхэлъэу,
4. Пщынэжь мафэр зиӏэмырым!
5. Шъхьащэ тэ къыпфэтэшӏы, тыолъэӏу О ӏэпыӏэгъу укъытфэхъунэу!
6. Гъогу занкӏэм О тырыщ,
7. Шӏу О зыфэпшӏагъэхэм ягъогу нахь, губж лъэш зыфэпшӏыгъэхэр зытетхэр арэп, гъощагъэхэр зытетхэри арэп.

1. Ālāḥăw g˚č̣′ăġ˚ṣ̂ăw, g˚č̣′ăġ˚ zǝxălъǝm ǝc̣ăč̣′ă!
2. Zărădwnāe i Tḥăw Ālāḥǝm šʹǝtx˚r ǝdăž′,
3. G˚č̣′ăġ˚ṣ̂ăw, g˚č̣′ăġ˚ zǝxălъăw,
4. Pšʹǝnăž′ māfăr ziʾămǝrǝm!
5. Ŝḥāšʹă tă qǝpfătăṣ̂ǝ, tǝolъăʾ˚ O ʾăpǝʾăġ˚ wqǝtfăx˚năw!
6. Ġog˚ zānč̣′ăm O tǝrǝšʹ,
7. Ṣ̂˚ O zǝfăpṣ̂āġăxăm jāġog˚ nāḥ, g˚bž lъăš zǝfăpṣ̂ǝġăxăr zǝtetxăr ārăp, ġošʹāġăxăr zǝtetxări ārăp.

1. In the name of Allāh, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful!
2. [All] praise is [due] to Allāh, Lord of the worlds,
3. The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful,
4. Sovereign of the Day of Recompense!
5. It is You we worship and You we ask for help!
6. Guide us to the straight path,
7. The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have earned [Your] anger or of those who are astray.

١-بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
٢-الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ
٣-الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
٤-مَالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ
٥-إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ
٦-اهْدِنَا الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ
٧-صِرَاطَ الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ الْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا الضَّالِّينَ

John 1:1-5

Religion:John 1:1-5 in Adyghe Transliteration English translation

Ублапӏэм ыдэжь Гущыӏэр щыӏагъ. Ар Тхьэм ыдэжь щыӏагъ, а Гущыӏэри Тхьэу арыгъэ. Ублапӏэм щегъэжьагъэу а Гущыӏэр Тхьэм ыдэжь щыӏагъ. Тхьэм а Гущыӏэм зэкӏэри къыригъэгъэхъугъ. Тхьэм къыгъэхъугъэ пстэуми ащыщэу а Гущыӏэм къыримыгъгъэхъугъэ зи щыӏэп. Мыкӏодыжьын щыӏэныгъэ а Гущыӏэм хэлъыгъ, а щыӏэныгъэри цӏыфхэм нэфынэ афэхъугъ. Нэфынэр шӏункӏыгъэм щэнэфы, шӏункӏыгъэри нэфынэм текӏуагъэп.

Ublāṗăm ədăžʼ G˚šʼəʾăr šʼəʾāġ. Ār Tḥăm ədăžʼ šʼəʾāġ, ā G˚šʼəʾări Tḥăw ārəġă. Ublāṗăm šʼeġăžʼāġăw ā G˚šʼəʾăr Tḥăm ədăžʼ šʼəʾāġ. Tḥăm ā G˚šʼəʾăm zăč̣ʼări qəriġăġăꭓ˚ġ. Tḥăm qəġăꭓ˚ġă pstăwmi āšʼəšʼăw ā G˚šʼəʾăm qəriməġġăꭓ˚ġă zi šʼəʾăp. Məč̣ʼodəžʼən šʼəʾănəġă ā G˚šʼəʾăm xăłəġ, ā šʼəʾănəġări c̣əfxăm năfənă āfăꭓ˚ġ. Năfənăr ṣ̂˚nč̣ʼəġăm šʼănăfə, ṣ̂˚nč̣ʼəġări năfənăm teḳ˚āġăp.

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was a god. This one was in the beginning With God. All things came into existence through him, and apart from him not even one thing came into existence. What has come into existence by means of him was life, and the life was the light of men. And the light is shining in the darkness, but the darkness has not overpowered it.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

UDHR in Adyghe[22] Transliteration IPA English translation
Цӏыф пстэури шъхьэфитэу, ялъытэныгъэрэ яфэшъуашэхэмрэкӏэ зэфэдэу къалъфы. Акъылрэ зэхэшӏыкӏ гъуазэрэ яӏэшъы, зыр зым зэкъош зэхашӏэ азфагу дэлъэу зэфыщытынхэ фае. C̣əf pstăwri ŝḥăfităw, jāłətănəġără jāfăŝ˚āšăxămrăč̣ʼă zăfădăw qāłfə. Āqəlră zăxăṣ̂əč̣ʼ ġ˚āzără jāʾăŝə, zər zəm zăqoš zăxāṣ̂ă āzfāg˚ dăłăw zăfəšʼətənxă fāe. [tsʼəf pstawərəj ʂħafəjtawə jaːɬətanəʁara jaːfaʂʷaːʃaxamratʃʼa zafadawə qaːɬfə aqəɮra zaxaʃʼətʃʼ ʁʷaːzara jaːʔaʃə zər zəm zaqʷaʃ azfaːgʷ daɬawə zafəɕətənxa faːja] All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

  • Adyghe Maq, the main Adyghe-language newspaper
  • Anthem of the Republic of Adygea

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ Adyghe: Адыгабзэ, romanized: Ādəɣābză, ady
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Only in loanwords.

References

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Adyghe". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/adyg1241. 
  2. ↑ "Adyghe in Russian Federation". UNESCO WAL. https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/adyghe. 
  3. ↑ Adyghe (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=Adyghe  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  4. ↑ Aydın, Şamil Emre (2015), Çerkes Diyalektleri ISBN 978-605-65691-1-1
  5. ↑ Applebaum, Ayla; Gordon, Matthew (2013). "A Comparative Phonetic Study of the Circassian Languages". University of California, Santa Barbara. https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/download/809/592. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "ADIGE DİL DERNEĞİ'NDEN ÇAĞRI!" (in tr). http://www.ozgurcerkes.com/?Syf=18&Hbr=355814&/D%C3%9CNYA%E2%80%99DA-YA%C5%9EAYAN-B%C3%9CT%C3%9CN-ADIGE-HALKININ-ORTAK-KULLANAB%C4%B0LECE%C4%9E%C4%B0-STANDART-B%C4%B0R-LAT%C4%B0N-ALFABES%C4%B0-OLU%C5%9ETURULMASI-%C4%B0%C3%87%C4%B0N-ADIGE-D%C4%B0L-DERNE%C4%9E%C4%B0N%C4%B0N-(ADDER)-ADIGE-HALKINA-%C3%87A%C4%9ERISID. 
  7. ↑ "ADYGHE (ADYGHIAN)". https://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Adyghe_3.0.pdf. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 M. I. Isaev (1979). Language construction in the USSR (Языковое строительство в СССР). Мoscow: "Nauka" «Наука». pp. 180–191, 352. 
  9. ↑ H. Sh. Urys (2000) (in ru). История кабардинского языка. Nalshyk: Elbrus. ISBN 978-5-7680-1439-1. http://lib.kbsu.ru/Elib/4/14/1/index.htm. Retrieved 5 March 2024. 
  10. ↑ Yevlampiev, Ilya; Pentzlin, Karl; Joomagueldinov, Nurlan (19 July 2011) (in en). Proposal to encode Arabic characters used for Adyghe and Chechen languages. pp. 4 and 10. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11277-adyghe-chechen.pdf. 
  11. ↑ "Hapi Cevdet Yıldız | Anadili Eğitimi ve Alfabe Sorunu" (in TR). 18 June 2013. http://cherkessia.net/author_article_detail.php?article_id=3743. 
  12. ↑ "kafkasya kuzey kafkasya cerkes cerkez çerkes çerkez kafkasya kuzey kafkasya cerkes cerkez çerkes çerkez kafkasya kuzey kafkasya cerkes cerkez çerkes çerkez". http://www.circassiancenter.com/cc-turkiye/yorum/nh/264-adder-2.htm. 
  13. ↑ "Adıǵe Dili (Çerkes Dili) Latin alfabesine uyarlanıyor" (in tr). 2014-10-01. https://www.pusulahaber.com.tr/adige-dili-cerkes-dili-latin-alfabesine-uyarlaniyor-82281h.htm. 
  14. ↑ "T.C. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Talim Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı". http://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/ProgramDetay.aspx?PID=1169. 
  15. ↑ "Kaffed'den Kiril eylemi" (in tr). 2015-04-16. https://ajanskafkas.com/diaspora/kaffedden-kiril-eylemi/. 
  16. ↑ "KAFFED'İN LATİN ALFABESİ İLE EĞİTİM KONUSUNDAKİ DAVASI RED EDİLDİ. – ÇERKES-FED" (in tr). August 2021. https://cerkesfed.org/yazarlar/yilmaz-donmez/kaffedin-latin-alfabesi-ile-egitim-konusundaki-davasi-red-edildi/. 
  17. ↑ DANEF. "DANEF" (in tr-TR). https://www.danef.com/dosyalar.php?id=5. 
  18. ↑ Choi, John D. (June 1991). "An acoustic study of Kabardian vowels" (in en). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (1): 4–12. doi:10.1017/S0025100300005958. ISSN 1475-3502. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/abs/an-acoustic-study-of-kabardian-vowels/F303B442CE201E97D4F29D1A9567033F. 
  19. ↑ Circassians bid to save ancient language. Al Jazeera. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  20. ↑ "Circassian Quran Website". https://circassianquran.adigabze.net/index.php?go=kuran&t1=circassian_west&t2=english_ahmet_ali&sure=1&ayet=1#f. 
  21. ↑ "UNESCO Map of World's language in Danger". http://cms01.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/CLT/pdf/UNESCO-EndangeredLanguages-WorldMap-20090218.pdf. 
  22. ↑ "OHCHR |". https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=ady. 

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