Social:Ballot curing

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Short description: U.S. voting process

Ballot curing (ballot cure) is the process of correcting minor errors, typically involving voter identification issues with mail-in or absentee ballots. Ballot curing allows for certain technical mistakes to be fixed, and potentially make a difference in a close election by counting every legal vote.[1]

Not all states allow for ballot curing, and for those that do, the rules vary state by state. States that do have a process have lower rates of rejected mail ballots.[2][3] Ballot curing is an effective mechanism for election accuracy and also improves voter trust and participation.[4] Ballot curing systems help legitimate voters by providing safeguards.[5][6]

History

There has been a shift to mail-in voting since the late 1970s. By 2022, 21% of votes cast were by mail.[7] Mail-in ballots are more likely to have errors as in-person voting has election workers available to answer questions or help resolve technical issues at the time of voting.[2] In 2020, about 560,000 U.S. ballots (about 1%) returned by mail were rejected as having identity verification errors, resulting in those votes not being counted. Those uncounted votes could make a difference in a close election.[2][8]

In 2020, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) published recommendations on how to administer and secure election infrastructure in the United States. They suggest tiered steps for reviewing signatures starting with software based systems, human inspection, then a final step with a bipartisan review team to make a final determination of signature validity.[9][10]

As of November 6, 2020, there has not been evidence that ballot curing is being used to commit election fraud.[11]

A 2024 Washington State University study found that a third of rejected ballots have a signature that has a discrepancy with the voter’s state ID and one in eight rejected ballots are missing a signature. Of the ballots that are challenged for signature discrepancies, 60% are fixed and counted prior to cerfication of the election.[12]

Reason

The cause of ballot challenges can be incomplete ID information, lacking a witness signature, a missing signature or mismatched signatures. Some explanation for signature discrepancies include "voter signatures change" over time due to health issues or aging, some newer and younger voters did not learn cursive when they were in grammar school nor practice formal signing as with bank checks, expired ID, an outdated address on file, recently married voters may not have updated their name on their voter registration, and voters who may have surnames that do not conform to simple first and last English names used on their driver’s license.[2][13][7][14][15][12][16]

In 2020, the MIT Election Data and Science Lab found that: 2.5% of first-time voters had their ballots rejected, compared to 1.3% of experienced voters.[17] Elderly voters are also more likely to make mistakes that could be corrected.[18]

Curing process

Notification process

Two-thirds of U.S. states require election officials to notify voters of a missing signature or a signature discrepancy, and stipulate that voters must be given an opportunity to correct it.[19]

Each state has specific reasons that are valid for curing consideration typically involving mismatched or missing voter signatures, and not using required security envelopes. For the Notification process, states' requirements range from "make reasonable efforts to contact the voter" in Arizona,[20][21] to "shall make an attempt to notify the voter" in Hawaii,[22] to "must contact" voter in California. Time frames and deadlines are typically defined for notification. Notification methods are specified such as by first-class mail, letter or notice, electronic mail or email, telephone and voicemail, text message, or not specified. The Notification process may include an option to send out a replacement ballot. The states' regulations identify the election official responsible for taking the prescribed actions.[23][18][24][25][26][27]

When a ballot is challenged, both government election officials and other interested parties, including voting rights groups, candidate campaigns, and political parties, may attempt to contact the voter. Sometimes organizations independently contact voters that were identified in a state's database of challenged ballots. These non-governmental organizations include Common Cause, Loud Light, Movement Voter Project (MVP), NextGen America, Unite Here, and VoteRiders.[28][29][30][31][32][11][1][33]

Note that the actual vote is not known at the time of notification.[3]

Correction process

The correction process and requirements vary by state. Corrections include completing and returning an affidavit along with a copy of voter identification, sending a form or document, and submitting a whole new ballot.[2][11][34][35][29]

In North Carolina, before Election Day, election officials, are to "spoil" a ballot if it is submitted without a witness signature and supply another ballot to the voter.[13]

Pennsylvania is "unique in that it has no statewide standard for ballot curing and instead allows each of the state's 67 counties to set their own policies."[36][37][38]

In the Nevada 2022 General Election, 17,734, or 3.3% of all returned mail-in ballots, were flagged for curing. Of those two thirds were successfully cured with votes being counted.[39][40][41][42]

Verification

Voters cannot change their votes during the curing process. The verification process only validates identification challenges. In California, results are updated until election certification.[8]

Voters can verify the status of their updated ballot by checking on the state election website.[43][44]

Impact on Elections

A Votebeat and Spotlight PA analysis found that Pennsylvania counties allowing voters to fix errors on mail ballots had lower rejection rates in the 2024 general election. Statewide, 0.57% of mail ballots were rejected, down from previous elections. Counties permitting ballot “curing” had a rejection rate of 0.49%, compared to 0.59% in counties without the policy, meaning 17% fewer ballots were rejected in curing counties.[45]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Some California House races haven't been decided yet. Campaigns are making sure every ballot counts" (in en-US). 2024-11-13. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2024-11-13/ballot-curing-california-counts-votes-close-house-races. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Lopez, Ashley (September 27, 2022). "Voting explainer: In many states, there's a process to fix an error with your ballot". https://www.npr.org/2022/09/27/1125179062/voting-explainer-in-many-states-theres-a-process-to-fix-an-error-with-your-ballo. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Millhiser, Ian (2024-11-06). "How do I fix my ballot if it is tossed out?" (in en-US). https://www.vox.com/2024-elections/382799/ballot-curing-mailed-absentee-ballots-fix-signature. 
  4. ↑ Kennedy, Lesley (February 29, 2024). "Elections Q&As for Lawmakers: How Do Ballot Curing and Ballot Tracking Affect Election Integrity?" (in en-US). https://www.ncsl.org/state-legislatures-news/details/elections-qas-for-lawmakers-how-do-ballot-curing-and-ballot-tracking-affect-election-integrity. 
  5. ↑ Underhill, Wendy (June 20, 2024). "Elections Defined: Ballot Curing Provides Safeguard" (in en-US). https://www.ncsl.org/state-legislatures-news/details/elections-defined-ballot-curing-provides-safeguard. 
  6. ↑ Chin, Declan (2021-12-16). "A Deep Dive into Absentee Ballot Rejection in the 2020 General Election | Elections Performance Index" (in en). https://elections-blog.mit.edu/articles/deep-dive-absentee-ballot-rejection-2020-general-election. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Gronke, Paul (2024-11-06). "What is 'ballot curing'? Election expert explains the method for fixing errors made when voters cast their ballots" (in en-US). https://theconversation.com/what-is-ballot-curing-election-expert-explains-the-method-for-fixing-errors-made-when-voters-cast-their-ballots-243009. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "What are uncured ballots, and how can they affect election results?" (in en-US). 2024-11-19. https://www.kget.com/news/politics/your-local-elections/what-are-uncured-ballots-and-how-can-they-affect-election-results/. 
  9. ↑ "Signature Verification and Cure Process". https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/signature-verification_cure_process_final_508.pdf. 
  10. ↑ "MAIL-IN VOTING IN 2020 INFRASTRUCTURE RISK ASSESSMENT". July 28, 2020. https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/cisa-mail-in-voting-infrastructure-risk-assessment_508.pdf. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Patkin, Abby (November 6, 2020). "Fact check: Georgia ballot curing is not election fraud" (in en-US). https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/11/06/fact-check-georgia-ballot-curing-not-election-fraud/6189820002/. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Deng, Grace (2024-10-27). "How you can help prevent your ballot from getting rejected" (in en-US). https://washingtonstatestandard.com/briefs/how-you-can-help-prevent-your-ballot-from-getting-rejected/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Karson, Kendall (November 5, 2020). "What does it mean to 'cure' your ballot? Quirky rules that allow voters to make sure their vote is counted" (in en). https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/cure-ballot-quirky-rules-voters-make-vote-counted/story?id=74042891. 
  14. ↑ "Ballot 'curing' is common for mail-in, provisional ballots, but how does it work?" (in en). 2020-11-06. https://www.wcpo.com/news/election-2020/ballot-curing-is-common-for-mail-in-provisional-ballots-but-need-might-increase-this-year. 
  15. ↑ "13,000 ballots remain uncounted across Nevada due to signature issues" (in en-US). 2024-11-08. https://www.8newsnow.com/news/politics/13000-ballots-remain-uncounted-across-nevada-due-to-signature-issues/. 
  16. ↑ Swann, Sara (November 8, 2024). "Nevada's ballot 'curing' process fuels misleading claims" (in en-US). https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2024/nov/08/threads-posts/nevadas-ballot-curing-process-fuels-misleading-cla/. 
  17. ↑ Huey-Burns, Caitlin; Brewster, Adam (2020-08-04). "Why some mail-in ballots are rejected and how to make sure your vote counts" (in en-US). https://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-mail-in-ballot-rejected-voting-counts/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Palmer, Kathryn (March 19, 2024). "Prop 1 opponents revive campaign after conceding Super Tuesday vote. Here's why" (in en-US). https://www.desertsun.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/03/19/did-prop-1-pass-in-california/73023364007/. 
  19. ↑ "Table 15: States With Signature Cure Processes". October 9, 2024. https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/table-15-states-with-signature-cure-processes. 
  20. ↑ Fischer, Howard (2024-11-11). "Court upholds shortened deadline to fix ballot signature issues" (in en-US). https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2024/11/11/court-upholds-shortened-deadline-to-fix-ballot-signature-issues/. 
  21. ↑ Kwan, Alaina (2024-11-07). "Ballot 'curing' process underway in Maricopa County; here's how it works" (in en). https://www.azfamily.com/2024/11/07/ballot-curing-process-underway-maricopa-county-heres-how-it-works/. 
  22. ↑ Donnelly, Christine (2019-11-19). "Kokua Line: Voter will be alerted if ballot envelope raises red flag" (in en). https://www.staradvertiser.com/2019/11/19/hawaii-news/kokua-line/kokua-line-voter-will-be-alerted-if-ballot-envelope-raises-red-flag/. 
  23. ↑ "Mohave County Recorder Addresses Voter Concerns Over Early Ballot Signature Confirmation Issues" (in en-US). 2024-11-08. https://www.thebee.news/mohave-county-recorder-addresses-voter-concerns-over-early-ballot-signature-confirmation-issues/. 
  24. ↑ "Final Plumas ballots to be counted this Friday" (in en-US). 2022-11-17. https://www.plumasnews.com/final-plumas-ballots-to-be-counted-this-friday/. 
  25. ↑ Prentzel, Olivia (2022-11-11). "Thousands of Colorado ballots are rejected every year. Here's what happens when there's a problem with yours." (in en-US). https://coloradosun.com/2022/11/10/colorado-ballot-curing/. 
  26. ↑ "Chester County Board of Elections may take up 'ballot curing' ahead of Nov. 8 election [Updated"] (in en-US). 2022-10-24. https://www.dailylocal.com/2022/10/24/the-chester-county-board-of-elections-may-take-up-ballot-curing-ahead-of-general-election/. 
  27. ↑ Rinde, Meir (2024-10-26). "Cure your ballot: 3,000+ Philly mail voters have a chance to fix errors" (in en-US). https://billypenn.com/2024/10/26/cure-mail-ballot-philadelphia-election/. 
  28. ↑ Dunlap, Stanley (2024-11-08). "Georgia's record early voting, post-2020 stress tests helped to defuse election rules overhaul" (in en-US). https://georgiarecorder.com/2024/11/08/georgias-record-early-voting-post-2020-stress-tests-helped-to-defuse-election-rules-overhaul/. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Fessler, Pam (October 19, 2020). "Race For A (Ballot) Cure: The Scramble To Fix Absentee-Ballot Problems". https://www.npr.org/2020/10/19/924705412/race-for-a-ballot-cure-the-scramble-to-fix-minor-absentee-ballot-problems. 
  30. ↑ Jacobson, Jodi (2024-11-01). "Grassroots Groups Know How to Win This Campaign—Do They Have What They Need to Pull It Off?" (in en-US). The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/harris-walz-campaign-grassroots-organizing/. 
  31. ↑ Bahl, Andrew (November 7, 2022). "Brief legal battle in Kansas county over early voting records appears to be resolved" (in en-US). https://www.cjonline.com/story/news/politics/elections/2022/11/07/national-group-wins-access-to-butler-county-kansas-early-voting-records-2022-election/69620192007/. 
  32. ↑ Abramsky, Sasha (2021-06-14). "How Unite Here Turned the West's Biggest Red State Blue" (in en-US). The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/unite-here-arizona/. 
  33. ↑ "Ballot Curing: An Election Protection Tool for 2020" (in en). Bloomberg.com. 2020-11-05. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-05/ballot-curing-an-election-protection-tool-for-2020. 
  34. ↑ "What does it mean to 'cure' a ballot?" (in en-CA). 2020-11-06. https://ca.news.yahoo.com/does-mean-cure-ballot-234430457.html. 
  35. ↑ "What is a 'cured' ballot?" (in en-us). 2020-11-06. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/what-is-a-cured-ballot. 
  36. ↑ Castro, Gina. "Pennsylvania's murky ballot-curing process haunts elections, could affect midterms" (in en-US). https://www.goerie.com/story/news/politics/elections/state/2022/11/06/mail-in-ballots-pennsylvania-curing-process-midterm-election/69611193007/. 
  37. ↑ MARC LEVY (2023-03-24). "Pennsylvania judge dismisses latest GOP mail ballot lawsuit" (in en). https://www.wtae.com/article/pennsylvania-mail-voting-ballot-curing-lawsuit/43402809. 
  38. ↑ "Mail ballots in Pennsylvania, explained" (in en-us). 2024-04-15. https://www.spotlightpa.org/news/2024/04/pennsylvania-mail-ballots-election-2024-voting-fraud-donald-trump-undated-lawsuits/. 
  39. ↑ "Signature Cure General Election Turnout". https://www.nvsos.gov/sos/home/showpublisheddocument/11431/638278663219500000. 
  40. ↑ "As margins tighten in Nevada elections, advocates look to signature curing for edge" (in en). 2022-11-10. https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/as-margins-tighten-in-nevada-elections-advocates-look-to-signature-curing-for-edge. 
  41. ↑ "Election regulations again draw GOP pushback; allow hand counting, with limits" (in en). 2023-09-12. https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/election-regulations-draw-gop-pushback-again-limited-hand-counting-regulation-returns. 
  42. ↑ "2024 election: How Clark County counts your vote" (in en-US). 2024-03-30. https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/2024-election-how-clark-county-counts-your-vote-3026052/. 
  43. ↑ "Was there a mistake with your mail-in ballot? You can still fix it with a 'cure'" (in en). 2020-11-05. https://abc11.com/what-does-it-mean-to-cure-a-ballot-curing-georgia-north-carolina/7677065/. 
  44. ↑ Emerson, Elaine (2024-10-25). "Here's how to check to see if your ballot needs its signature 'cured'" (in en). https://www.fox5vegas.com/2024/10/25/heres-how-check-see-if-your-ballot-needs-its-signature-cured/. 
  45. ↑ "Letting voters fix mail ballots cuts rejection rates. Not all Pa. counties allow it." (in en). 2025-02-09. https://www.wesa.fm/politics-government/2025-02-09/pennnsylvania-mail-ballot-curing-rejection-rates. 



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