Social:Field Museum of Natural History

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The Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), also known as The Field Museum, is a natural history museum in Chicago, and is one of the largest such museums in the world.[1] The museum maintains its status as a premier natural-history museum through the size and quality of its educational and scientific programs,[2][3] as well as due to its extensive scientific-specimen and artifact collections.[4] The diverse, high-quality permanent exhibitions,[5] which attract up to two million visitors annually, range from the earliest fossils to past and current cultures from around the world to interactive programming demonstrating today's urgent conservation needs.[6][7] The museum is named in honor of its first major benefactor, the department-store magnate Marshall Field. The museum and its collections originated from the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition and the artifacts displayed at the fair.[8]

The museum maintains a temporary exhibition program of traveling shows as well as in-house produced topical exhibitions.[9] The professional staff maintains collections of over 24 million specimens and objects that provide the basis for the museum’s scientific-research programs.[1][4][10] These collections include the full range of existing biodiversity, gems, meteorites, fossils, and rich anthropological collections and cultural artifacts from around the globe.[4][11][12][13] The museum's library, which contains over 275,000 books, journals, and photo archives focused on biological systematics, evolutionary biology, geology, archaeology, ethnology and material culture, supports the museum’s academic-research faculty and exhibit development.[14] The academic faculty and scientific staff engage in field expeditions, in biodiversity and cultural research on every continent, in local and foreign student training, and in stewardship of the rich specimen and artifact collections. They work in close collaboration with public programming exhibitions and education initiatives.[10][15][16][17]

History

Stanley Field, Field Museum President, 1906

The Field Museum and its collections originated from the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition and the artifacts displayed at the fair.[8] In order to house for future generations the exhibits and collections assembled for the Exposition, Edward Ayer convinced the merchant Marshall Field to fund the establishment of a museum.[18] Originally titled the Columbian Museum of Chicago in honor of its origins, the Field Museum was incorporated by the State of Illinois on September 16, 1893, for the purpose of the "accumulation and dissemination of knowledge, and the preservation and exhibition of artifacts illustrating art, archaeology, science and history."[19] The Columbian Museum of Chicago occupied the only building remaining from the World's Columbian Exposition in Jackson Park, the Palace of Fine Arts. It is now home to the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry.[7]

In 1905, the museum's name was changed to the Field Museum of Natural History to honor its first major benefactor and to reflect its focus on the natural sciences.[20] During the period from 1943 to 1966,[21][22][23] the museum was known as the Chicago Natural History Museum. In 1921, the Museum moved from its original location in Jackson Park to its present site on Chicago Park District property near downtown.[24] By the late 1930s the Field had emerged as one of the three premier museums in the United States, the other two being the American Museum of Natural History in New York and the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC.[2]

The museum has maintained its reputation through continuous growth, expanding the scope of collections and its scientific research output, in addition to the its award-winning exhibitions, outreach publications, and programs.[3][10][15][25] The Field Museum is part of Chicago’s lakefront Museum Campus that includes the John G. Shedd Aquarium and the Adler Planetarium.[6]

In 2015, it was reported that an employee had defrauded the museum of $900,000 over a seven-year period to 2014.[26]

North Hall, circa 1895
Main Hall
The Tsavo Maneaters on display in Mammals of Africa exhibit hall

Permanent exhibitions

Animal Halls

Animal exhibitions and dioramas such as Nature Walk, Mammals of Asia, and Mammals of Africa that allow visitors an up-close look at the diverse habitats that animals inhabit. Most notably featured are the infamous man-eating lions of Tsavo.[27]

Species represented in the Animal Halls Gallery
Aardvark Mammals of Africa
African Buffalo Mammals of Africa
African Elephant Stanley Field Hall
Alaskan Brown Bear Messages from the Wilderness
Argali Mammals of Asia
Barasingha Mammals of Asia
Beaver Messages from the Wilderness
Beisa Oryx Mammals of Africa
Bengal Tiger Mammals of Asia
Blackbuck Antelope Mammals of Asia
Black Rhinoceros Mammals of Africa
Black Wildebeest Mammals of Africa
Bongo Mammals of Africa
Burchell's Zebra Mammals of Africa
Capybara Messages from the Wilderness
Caribou Messages from the Wilderness
Caribbean Manatee Sea Mammals
Cattle Egret Mammals of Asia
Cheetah Mammals of Africa
Chital Mammals of Asia
Common Eland Mammals of Africa
Cougar Messages from the Wilderness
Dibatag Mammals of Africa
Lion Mammals of Africa
Elephant Seal Sea Mammals
Gaur Mammals of Asia
Gelada Baboon Mammals of Africa
Gerenuk Mammals of Africa
Giant Anteater Messages from the Wilderness
Giant Forest Hog Mammals of Africa
Giant Panda Mammals of Asia
Giant Sable Antelope Mammals of Africa
Glacier Bear Messages from the Wilderness
Grant's Gazelle Mammals of Africa
Greater Kudu Mammals of Africa
Guanocos Messages from the Wilderness
Hog Deer Mammals of Asia
Hyacinth Macaws Messages from the Wilderness
Ibex Mammals of Asia
Imperial Woodpecker Messages from the Wilderness
Indian Gazelle Mammals of Asia
Indian Rhinoceros Mammals of Asia
Indian Sambar Mammals of Asia
Jaguar Messages from the Wilderness
Leopard Mammals of Asia
Lesser Kudu Mammals of Africa
Mantled Guereza Mammals of Africa
Malay Tapir Mammals of Asia
Marsh Deer Messages from the Wilderness
Mexican Grizzly Bear Messages from the Wilderness
Mountain Nyala Mammals of Africa
Mule Deer Messages from the Wilderness
Muskoxen Messages from the Wilderness
Narwhal Sea Mammals
Nilgai Mammals of Asia
Northern Fur Seal Sea Mammals
Orangutan Mammals of Asia
Plains Zebra Mammals of Africa
Polar Bear Messages from the Wilderness
Proboscis Monkey Mammals of Asia
Pronghorn Messages from the Wilderness
Reticulated Giraffe Mammals of Africa
Roosevelt Elk Messages from the Wilderness
Sea Otter Sea Mammals
Sloth Bear Mammals of Asia
Snow Leopard Mammals of Asia
Somali Wildass Mammals of Africa
Spotted Hyena Mammals of Africa
Striped Hyena Mammals of Asia
Swayne's Hartebeest Mammals of Africa
Takin Mammals of Asia
Tapir Messages from the Wilderness
Thomas' Uganda Kob Mammals of Africa
Walrus Sea Mammals
Wart Hog Mammals of Africa
Water Buffalo Mammals of Asia
Weddell Seal Sea Mammals
White Rhinoceros Mammals of Africa
Yellow-checked Gibbon Mammals of Asia

Evolving Planet

Evolving Planet follows the evolution of life on Earth over 4 billion years. The exhibit showcases fossils of single-celled organisms, Permian synapsids, dinosaurs, extinct mammals, and early hominoids.[28]The Field Museum's non-mammalian synapsid collection consists of over 1100 catalogued specimens, including 46 holotypes. The collection of basal synapsids includes 29 holotypes of caseid, ophiacodontid, edaphosaurid, varanopid, and sphenacodontid species - approximately 88% of catalogued specimens.[29]

Species represented in Evolving Planet Type Specimen Notes
Cardipeltis agnathan fossil skeleton Cardipeltis-FMNH.jpg
Drepanaspis agnathan fossil skeleton Drepanaspis sp.-FMNH.jpg
Tiktaalik sarcopterygian fossil skeleton Tiktaalik Chicago.JPG
Acheloma temnospondyl fossil skeleton
Bradysaurus pareiasaur fossil skeleton
Cacops dissorophid temnospondyls fossil skeleton
Captorhinus captorhinid fossil skeleton
Casea pelycosaur synapsids fossil skeleton Casea FMNH.jpg
Dicynodont anomodont therapsids fossil skeleton
Edaphosaurus edaphosaurid synapsid fossil skeleton
Eryops temnospondyl fossil skeleton
Jonkeria dinocephalians fossil skull
Labidosaurus anapsid reptile fossil skeleton FMNH Labidosaurus.jpg
Lycaenops carnivorous therapsids fossil skull Lycaenops FMNH.jpg
Ophiacodon ophiacodontidae synapsid fossil skeleton Ophiacodon FMNH.jpg
Seymouria primitive tetrapod fossil skeleton
Diasparactus diadectid reptiliomorph fossil skeleton Diasparactus-Field Museum.jpg
Sphenacodon synapsid fossil skeleton Sphenacodon ferox 2.jpg
Varanops varanopid synapsid fossil skeleton Varanops-Field Museum.jpg
Anchiceratops ceratopsid dinosaur fossil skull Anchiceratops Field Museum.jpg
Apatosaurus sauropod dinosaur fossil skeleton FMNH Apatosaurus Pano.jpg
Allosaurus theropod dinosaur fossil skull FMNH Allosaurus skull cast.jpg
Brachiosaurus sauropod dinosaur bronze cast FMNH Brachiosaurus.JPG
Buitreraptor dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur fossil skeleton Buitreraptor FMNH.jpg
Cryolophosaurus theropod dinosaur fossil skull Cryolophosaurus ellioti skull.jpg
Daspletosaurus theropod dinosaur fossil skeleton FMNH Daspletosaurus.jpg
Deinonychus dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur fossil skeleton
Herrerasaurus herrerasauridae dinosaur fossil skeleton
Lambeosaurus hadrosaurid dinosaur fossil skeleton FMNH Lambeosaurus.jpg
Maiasaura hadrosaurid dinosaur fossil skeleton FMNH Maiasaura fossil skeleton.jpg
Majungasaurus abelisaurid theropod dinosaur fossil skull Majungasaurus crenatissimus (2).jpg
Masiakasaurus theropod dinosaurs fossil skull Masiakasaurus skull at FMNH.jpg
Parasaurolophus saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaurs fossil skeleton FMNH Parasaurolophus fossil.jpg
Protoceratops ceratopsian dinosaur fossil skeleton
Rapetosaurus sauropod dinosaur fossil skeleton Rapetosaurus at FMNH.jpg
Stegosaurus thyreophoran dinosaur fossil skeleton Stegosaurus at the Field Museum.jpg
Triceratops ceratopsid dinosaur fossil skeleton Triceratops. (7532870752).jpg
Tyrannosaurus Rex coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur fossil skeleton FMNH Tyrannosaurus rex Sue.jpg
Arctodus short-faced bear fossil skeleton Short Faced Bear FMNH.jpg
Barylamda pantodont fossil skeleton FMNH Barylamda.jpg
Basilosaurus prehistoric cetacean fossil skeleton, pelvis with hind limbs FMNH Basilosaurus.jpg
Coryphodon pantodont fossil skeleton
Eobasileus uintathere fossil skull FMNH Eobasileus.jpg
Glyptodon glyptodont fossil skeleton FMNH Glyptodon.jpg
Mastodon proboscidean fossil skeleton
Megatherium giant ground sloth fossil skeleton FMNH Megatherium.jpg
Paramylodon giant ground sloth fossil skeleton
Pronothrotherium ground sloth fossil skeleton FMNH Pronothrotherium .jpg
Rodhocetus prehistoric cetacean fossil skeleton, pelivs with hind limb FMNH Rodhocetus.jpg
Smilodon saber-toothed cat fossil skeleton
Thylacosmilus saber-toothed metatherian fossil skull Thylacosmilus Holotype FMNH.jpg
Ursus spelaeus cave bear fossil skeleton FMNH Cave Bear.jpg
Woolly Mammoth proboscidean fossil skeleton

Inside Ancient Egypt

Inside Ancient Egypt offers a glimpse into what life was like for ancient Egyptians. Twenty-three human mummies are on display as well as many mummified animals. The exhibit features a three-story replica (featuring two authentic room with 5,000-year-old hieroglyphs) of the mastaba tomb of Unis-Ankh, the son of Unas (the last pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty). Also displayed are: an ancient marketplace showing artifacts of everyday life, a shrine to the cat goddess Bastet, and dioramas showing the afterlife preparation process for the dead.[30]

The Ancient Americas

The Ancient Americas displays 13,000 years of human ingenuity and achievement in the Western Hemisphere, where hundreds of diverse societies thrived long before the arrival of Europeans. In this large permanent exhibition visitors can learn the epic story of the peopling of these continents, from the Arctic to the tip of South America.[31]

Cultural Halls

Cultural exhibitions include sections on Tibet and China, where visitors can view traditional clothing.[32] There is also an exhibit on life in Africa, where visitors can learn about the many different cultures on the continent,[33] and an exhibit where visitors may "visit" several Pacific Islands.[34] The museum houses an authentic 19th-century Māori Meeting House, Ruatepupuke II,[35] from Tokomaru Bay, New Zealand.

Geology Halls

The Grainger Hall of Gems and its large collection of diamonds and gems from around the world, and also includes a Louis Comfort Tiffany stained glass window.[36] The Hall of Jades focuses on Chinese jade artifacts spanning 8,000 years.[37]

Underground Adventure

The Underground Adventure gives visitors a bug's-eye look at the world beneath their feet. Visitors can see what insects and soil look like from that size, while learning about the biodiversity of soil and the importance of healthy soil.[38]

Working Laboratories

  • DNA Discovery Center – Visitors can watch real scientists extract DNA from a variety of organisms. Museum goers can also speak to a live scientist through the glass every day and ask them any questions about DNA.
  • McDonald's Fossil Prep Lab – The public can watch as paleontologists prepare real fossils for study.
  • The Regenstein Pacific Conservation Laboratory – 1,600-square-foot (150 m2) conservation and collections facility. Visitors can watch as conservators work to preserve and study anthropological specimens from all over the world.

Sue, the Tyrannosaurus rex

Sue, the largest and most complete (90%) Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton yet discovered
Main page: Sue (dinosaur)

On May 17, 2000, the Field Museum unveiled Sue, the largest T. rex specimen discovered. Sue has a length of more than 40 feet (12 m), stands 13 feet (4.0 m) tall at the hips, and has been estimated at between 8.4–14 metric tons (9.26–15.4 short tons) as of 2018.[39] The specimen is estimated to be 67 million years old. The fossil was named after the person who discovered it, Sue Hendrickson, and is commonly referred to as female, although the dinosaur's actual gender is unknown.[40] The original skull is not mounted to the body due to the difficulties in examining the specimen 13 feet off the ground, and for nominal aesthetic reasons (the replica does not require a steel support under the mandible). An examination of the bones revealed that Sue died at age 28, a record for the fossilized remains of a T. rex until Trix was found in 2013. In December 2018 after revisions of the skeletal assembly were made to reflect new concepts of Sue's structure,[41] display of the skeleton was moved into a new suite in The Griffin Halls of Evolving Planet.[42]

Scientific collections

Professionally managed and maintained specimen and artifact collections, such as those at the Field Museum of Natural History, are a major research resource for the national and international scientific community, supporting extensive research that tracks environmental changes, benefits homeland security, public health and safety, and serves taxonomy and systematics research.[43] Many of Field Museum’s collections rank among the top ten collections in the world, e.g., the bird skin collection ranks fourth worldwide;[44][45] the mollusk collection is among the five largest in North America;[46] the fish collection is ranked among the largest in the world.[47] The scientific collections of the Field Museum originate from the specimens and artifacts assembled between 1891 and 1893 for the World Columbian Exposition.[10][19][48][49][50] Already at its founding, the Field Museum had a large anthropological collection.[51] A large number of the early natural history specimens were purchased from Ward’s Natural History Establishment[52] in Rochester, New York. An extensive acquisition program, including large expeditions conducted by the museum’s curatorial staff resulted in substantial collection growth.[7][10][53] During the first 50 years of the museum’s existence, over 440 Field Museum expeditions acquired specimens from all parts of the world.[54]

In addition, material was added through purchase, such as the Strecker butterfly collection[55] in 1908 for example. Extensive specimen material and artifacts were given to the museum by collectors and donors, such as the Boone collection of over 3,500 East Asian artifacts, consisting of books, prints and various objects. In addition, "orphaned collections" were and are taken in from other institutions such as universities that change their academic programs away from collections-based research. For example, already beginning in 1907, Field Museum accepted substantial botanical specimen collections from universities such as University of Chicago, Northwestern University and University of Illinois at Chicago, into its herbarium. These specimens are maintained and continuously available for researchers worldwide.[10] Targeted collecting in the US and abroad for research programs of the curatorial and collection staff continuously add high quality specimen material and artifacts; e.g., Dr. Robert Inger’s collection of frogs from Borneo as part of his research into the ecology and biodiversity of the Indonesian fauna.[12][56][57] Collecting of specimens and acquisition of artifacts is nowadays subject to clearly spelled-out policies and standards, with the goal to acquire only materials and specimens for which the provenance can be established unambiguously. All collecting of biological specimens is subject to proper collecting and export permits; frequently, specimens are returned to their country of origin after study. Field Museum stands among the leading institutions developing such ethics standards and policies; Field Museum was an early adopter of voluntary repatriation practices of ethnological and archaeological artifacts.[7][51]

Collection care and management

Field Museum collections are professionally managed[58] by collection managers and conservators, who are highly skilled in preparation and preservation techniques. In fact, numerous maintenance and collection management tools were and are being advanced at Field Museum. For example, Carl Akeley’s development of taxidermy excellence produced the first natural-looking mammal and bird specimens for exhibition as well as for study.[59] Field Museum curators developed standards and best practices for the care of collections.[60] Conservators at the Field Museum have made notable contributions to the preservation of artifacts including the use of pheromone trapping for control of webbing clothes moths.[61] In a modern collections-bearing institution, the vast majority of the scientific specimens and artifact are stored in specially designed collection cabinets, placed in containers made of archival materials, with labels printed on acid-free paper, and specimens and artifact are stored away from natural light to avoid fading. Preservation fluids are continuously monitored and in many collections humidity and temperature are controlled to ensure the long-term preservation of the specimens and artifacts.

The Field Museum was an early adopter of positive-pressure based approaches to control of environment in display cases,[62] using control modules for humidity control in several galleries where room-level humidification was not practical.[63][64] The museum has also adopted a low-energy approach to maintain low humidity to prevent corrosion in archaeological metals using ultra-well-sealed barrier film micro-environments.[65] Other notable contributions include methods for dyeing Japanese papers to color match restorations in organic substrates,[66] the removal of display mounts from historic objects,[67] testing of collections for residual heavy metal pesticides,[68][69] presence of early plastics in collections,[70] the effect of sulfurous products in display cases,[71] and the use of light tubes in display cases.[72] Concordant with research developments, new collection types, such as frozen tissue collections, requiring new collecting and preservation techniques are added to the existing holdings.[73][74]

Collection records

Night view of the exterior of the museum.

Collection management requires meticulous record keeping. Handwritten ledgers captured specimen and artifact data in the past. Field Museum was an early adopter of computerization of collection data beginning in the late 1970s.[10][75] Field Museum contributes its digitized collection data to a variety of online groups and platforms, such as: HerpNet, VertNet and Antweb,[76] Global Biodiversity Information Facility or GBif,[77] and others. All Field Museum collection databases are unified and currently maintained in KE EMu software system. The research value of digitized specimen data and georeferenced locality data is widely acknowledged,[78] enabling analyses of distribution shifts due to climate changes, land use changes and others.[79]

Collection use

During the World's Columbian Exposition, all acquired specimens and objects were on display;[48] the purpose of the World’s Fair was exhibition of these materials. For example, just after opening of the Columbian Museum of Chicago, the mollusk collection occupied one entire exhibit hall, displaying 3,000 species of mollusks on about 1,260 square feet. By 1910, 20,000 shell specimens were on display, with an additional 15,000 ‘in storage’.[80]

In today’s museum, only a small fraction of the specimens and artifacts are publicly displayed. The vast majority of specimens and artifacts are used by a wide range of people in the museum and around the world. Field Museum curatorial faculty and their graduate students and postdoctoral trainees use the collections in their research and in training e.g., in formal high school and undergraduate training programs. Researchers from all over the world can search online for particular specimens and request to borrow them, which are shipped routinely under defined and published loan policies, to ensure that the specimens remain in good condition.[81] For example, in 2012, Field Museum’s Zoology collection processed 419 specimen loans, shipping over 42,000 specimens to researchers, per its Annual Report.[82] The collection specimens are an important cornerstone of research infrastructure in that each specimen can be re-examined and with the advancement of analytic techniques, new data can be gleaned from specimens that may have been collected more than 150 years ago.[83]

Library

The library at the Field Museum was organized in 1893 for the museum's scientific staff, visiting researchers, students, and members of the general public as an resource for research, exhibition development and educational programs. The 275,000 volumes of the Main Research Collections concentrate on biological systematics, environmental and evolutionary biology, anthropology, botany, geology, archaeology, museology and related subjects. The Field Museum Library includes the following collections:

Ayer collection

Laufer Collection

Photo archives

The photo archives contain over 250,000 images in the areas of anthropology, botany, geology and zoology and documents the history and architecture of the museum, its exhibitions, staff and scientific expeditions. In 2008 two collections from the Photo Archives became available via the Illinois Digital Archives (IDA): The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893[84] and Urban Landscapes of Illinois.[85] In April 2009, the Photo Archives became part of Flickr Commons.[86]

Karl P. Schmidt Memorial Herpetological Library

The Karl P. Schmidt Memorial Herpetological Library, named for Karl Patterson Schmidt is a research library containing over 2,000 herpetological books and an extensive reprint collection.[87]

Education and research

The Field Museum offers opportunities for informal and more structured public learning. Exhibitions remain the primary means of informal education, but throughout its history the Museum has supplemented this approach with innovative educational programs. The Harris Loan Program, for example, begun in 1912, reaches out to children in Chicago area schools, offering artifacts, specimens, audiovisual materials, and activity kits.[88] The Department of Education, begun in 1922, offers classes, lectures, field trips, museum overnights and special events for families, adults and children. The Field has adopted production of the YouTube channel The Brain Scoop, hiring its host Emily Graslie full-time as 'Chief Curiosity Correspondent'.[89]

The Museum's curatorial and scientific staff in the departments of Anthropology,[90] Botany,[91] Geology,[92] and Zoology[93] conducts basic research in systematic biology and anthropology, besides its responsibility for collections management, and educational programs. Since its founding the Field Museum has been an international leader in evolutionary biology and paleontology, and archaeology and ethnography. It has long maintained close links, including joint teaching, students, seminars, with the University of Chicago and the University of Illinois at Chicago.[94] Professional symposia and lectures, like the annual A. Watson Armour III Spring Symposium, present scientific results to the international scientific community and the public at large.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}

Academic publication

The museum publishes four peer-reviewed monograph series issued under the collective title Fieldiana, devoted to anthropology, botany, geology and zoology.[95] Monographs in these series are accessible at the Internet Archive.[96]

In popular media

In television

The museum was used in a 1986 McDonald's commercial entitled "Field Trip".[97]

In film

Both exterior and interior views of the Field Museum of Natural History were used in the horror film Damien: Omen II (1978), the sequel to The Omen (1976). This included shots of the main hall, upper galleries and use of the front exterior for the final scene.[98]

The Field Museum served as the setting for the horror film The Relic (1997).[99]

It was used in several scenes for the Kevin Bacon movie She's Having a Baby (1988).[100]

A chase scene in the Keanu Reeves thriller Chain Reaction (1996) combined the Field Museum and the Museum of Science and Industry, located several miles to the south, into one museum.[101]

In print

A portion of Dead Beat (2005), the seventh novel of The Dresden Files series, takes place at the museum. In one of the best-remembered moments of the series, Harry Dresden revives Sue the T-rex as a zombie and rides her into battle against a powerful necromancer.

Online

Emily Graslie hosts a YouTube channel called "The Brain Scoop" based out of The Field Museum. She is the museum's chief curiosity correspondent, a position custom built to Graslie's skills and her already existing YouTube channel that moved from Missoula, Montana, to Chicago, Illinois, to link with the Field Museum's expanded collections. [102]

Gallery

  • Field Museum – Aerial View

  • North Entrance

  • Recreated Elephant Diorama

  • "Maximo" the Patagotitan

  • McDonald's Fossil Prep Lab

  • Animated display of ocean life during the Cambrian Period

  • Lifesize display of a forest from the Carboniferous Period

  • Recreation of Papeete street in Traveling the Pacific

  • Northern façade of The Field Museum

  • Model Brachiosaurus skeleton wearing Chicago Cubs uniform in museum courtyard

See also

  • List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago
  • Captain Marshall Field Expeditions
  • Object history of the Iuhi

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bardoe, Cheryl (2011). The Field Museum. Beckon Books. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Coleman, LV (1939). The Museums in America: A critical study, Volumes 1-3.. The American Association of Museums. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Williams, PM (1973). Museums of Natural History and the people who work in them. New York: St. Martin’s Press. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Boyer, BH (1993). The Natural History of the Field Museum: Exploring the Earth and its People. Chicago: Field Museum. 
  5. ↑ Metzler, S (2007). Theatres of Nature Dioramas at the Field Museum.. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Museums in the Park: Attendance Statistics". http://www.museumsinthepark.org/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Alexander, EP (1979). Museums in Motion: An Introduction to the History and Functions of Museums. Nashville: American Association for State and Local History. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Port of Aden from the Sea". December 1894. http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2518/. Retrieved 2013-06-11. 
  9. ↑ "Field Museum Traveling Exhibitions". http://fieldmuseum.org/about/traveling-exhibitions. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Nitecki, M (1980). "Field Museum of Natural History". ASC Newsletter 8 (5): 61–70. 
  11. ↑ Shopland, JM and L Breslauer (1998). The Anthropology Collections of the Field Museum. Chicago: The Field Museum. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Resetar, A and HK Voris (1997). Herpetology at the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago: the First Hundred Years. Lawrence, Kansas: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. 
  13. ↑ Lowther, P 1995.. Ornithology at the Field Museum, pp145-161. In: Davis, W.E. Jr. and J.A. Jackson (eds). Contributions to the History of North American Ornithology. Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, 12, Cambridge, Massachusetts.. 
  14. ↑ Williams, Benjamin W.; Fawcett, W. Peyton (1985). "Field Museum of Natural History Library". Science and Technology Libraries 6 (1/2): 27–34. doi:10.1300/J122v06n01_04. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Nash, S. E.; GM Feinman (2003). Curators, collections, and contexts: Anthropology at the Field Museum, 1893–2002. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. 
  16. ↑ "CEB, Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Faculty (Field Museum)". http://evbio.uchicago.edu/people/faculty/. 
  17. ↑ "University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Anthropology, Associated Field Museum Faculty". http://anthropology.las.uic.edu/anthropology/people/associated-field-museum-faculty. 
  18. ↑ Lockwood, F.C. (1929). The life of Edward E. Ayer.. Chicago, IL: AC McClurg. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Farrington, OC (1930). "A Brief History of Field Museum from 1893 to 1930". Field Museum News 1 (1): 1, 3. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4376562. 
  20. ↑ Field Museum of Natural History (1907). Annual Report of the Director to the Board of Trustees for the Year 1906. 3. pp. 8–9. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4350936. 
  21. ↑ Field, S. (1943). Address of Mr. Stanley Field, president of the Museum. Chicago: Field Museum Press. pp. 3–5. 
  22. ↑ Field, S. (1943). "Fifty years of progress". Field Museum News 14 (9/10): 3–10. 
  23. ↑ Webber, EL (1966). "Field Museum Again: name change honors Field Family". Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin 37 (3): 2–3. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4188067#page/2/mode/1up. 
  24. ↑ "Field Museum Changes Locations". https://www.flickr.com/photos/field_museum_library/sets/72157614806438040/. 
  25. ↑ Ward, L (1998). An explorer's guide to the Field Museum. Chicago: The Field Museum. 
  26. ↑ Steve Johnson (11 December 2015). "Former Field Museum employee accused of stealing $900,000 over 7 years". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/ct-field-museum-employee-theft-20151211-story.html. 
  27. ↑ admin (2014-06-23). "The Tsavo Lions" (in en). The Field Museum. https://www.fieldmuseum.org/at-the-field/exhibitions/tsavo-lions. 
  28. ↑ jhoog (2010-11-11). "Evolving Planet" (in en). The Field Museum. https://www.fieldmuseum.org/at-the-field/exhibitions/evolving-planet. 
  29. ↑ kangielczyk (2011-03-16). "The Fossil Non-mammalian Synapsid Collection at The Field Museum" (in en). https://www.fieldmuseum.org/fossil-non-mammalian-synapsid-collection-field-museum. 
  30. ↑ jhoog (2010-11-11). "Inside Ancient Egypt" (in en). The Field Museum. https://www.fieldmuseum.org/at-the-field/exhibitions/inside-ancient-egypt. 
  31. ↑ jhoog (2011-01-11). "The Ancient Americas" (in en). The Field Museum. https://www.fieldmuseum.org/at-the-field/exhibitions/ancient-americas. 
  32. ↑ "Cyrus Tang Hall of China Exhibition Online". http://chinahall.fieldmuseum.org/highlights. 
  33. ↑ admin (2011-08-24). "Africa" (in en). The Field Museum. https://www.fieldmuseum.org/at-the-field/exhibitions/africa. 
  34. ↑ swigodner (2017-05-31). "Regenstein Halls of the Pacific" (in en). The Field Museum. https://www.fieldmuseum.org/at-the-field/exhibitions/regenstein-halls-pacific. 
  35. ↑ "A Marae Abroad" (PDF). Gisbourne Herald. http://www.gisborneherald.co.nz/Pdf.aspx?type=feature&id=2429&name=Nga%20Maunga%20Korero%20page%20002.pdf. 
  36. ↑ jhoog (2011-01-11). "Grainger Hall of Gems" (in en). The Field Museum. https://www.fieldmuseum.org/at-the-field/exhibitions/grainger-hall-gems. 
  37. ↑ jhoog (2011-01-11). "Elizabeth Hubert Malott Hall of Jades" (in en). The Field Museum. https://www.fieldmuseum.org/at-the-field/exhibitions/elizabeth-hubert-malott-hall-jades. 
  38. ↑ jsandy (2014-07-22). "Underground Adventure" (in en). The Field Museum. https://www.fieldmuseum.org/at-the-field/exhibitions/underground-adventure. 
  39. ↑ "Sue the T. rex. Get to know the dinosaur known as Specimen FMNH PR 2081". Field Museum of Natural History. 5 February 2018. https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/sue-t-rex. Retrieved 31 December 2018. 
  40. ↑ "Sue at The Field Museum: The Largest, Most Complete, Best Preserved T. Rex". The Field Museum. 2007. http://www.fieldmuseum.org/sue/about_vital.asp. Retrieved June 28, 2015. 
  41. ↑ "I (SUE the T. rex) am moving to my own place and all y’all are invited." (in en). Field Museum. January 30, 2018. https://www.fieldmuseum.org/about/press/i-sue-t-rex-am-moving-my-own-place-and-all-yall-are-invited. 
  42. ↑ Bauer, Kelly (December 18, 2018). "Sue the T. Rex Is Back at the Field Museum with a Huge New Suite". Block Club Chicago. https://blockclubchicago.org/2018/12/18/sue-the-t-rex-is-back-at-the-field-with-a-huge-new-suite-photos/. 
  43. ↑ Shaffer, HB; RN Fisher; C Davidson (1998). "The role of natural history collections in documenting species declines". Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13 (1): 27–30. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01177-4. PMID 21238186. 
  44. ↑ Banks, RC; Clench, MH; Barlow JC (1973). "Bird collections in the United States and Canada". Auk 90: 136–170. 
  45. ↑ Lowther1995, P (1995). "Ornithology at the Field Museum. In: Davis, W.E. Jr. and J.A. Jackson (eds). Contributions to the History of North American Ornithology". Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 12: 145–161. 
  46. ↑ Sturm, CF, TA Pearce, A Valdés (2006). The Mollusks. A guide to their study, collection and preservation. Boca Raton, Florida: American Malacological Society, Universal Publishers. pp. 445. 
  47. ↑ Poss, SG; BB Collette (1995). "Second survey of fish collections in the United States and Canada". Copeia 1995 (1): 48–70. doi:10.2307/1446799. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Meyer, AB (1905). Studies of the museums and kindred institutions of New York City, Albany, Buffalo, and Chicago, with notes on some European institutions [published in English, translated from German, in-depth comparative review of Field Museum exhibits, collections and operations around 1899- 1900]. Smithsonian Institution, Government Printing office, No 138. pp. 311–608. 
  49. ↑ Collier, D (1969). "Chicago Comes of Age: The World's Columbian Exposition and the Birth of Field Museum". Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin 40 (5): 2–7. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4375358. 
  50. ↑ Anonymous (1894). "An historical and descriptive account of the Field Columbian Museum". Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, Pub. 1 12 (1): 1–91. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/14209#/summary. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Conn, S (2010). Do museums still need objects?. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 262 pp. ISBN 978-0-8122-4190-7. 
  52. ↑ "Ward's Natural Science Establishment Papers". University of Rochester Libraries. 1876–1988. https://www.lib.rochester.edu/index.cfm?PAGE=1181. Retrieved June 28, 2015. 
  53. ↑ Akeley, C (1920). In Brightest Africa. Garden City Publishers. 
  54. ↑ Field, S (1943). Address of Mr. Stanley Field, president of the Museum. Chicago: in: Three Addresses, Field Museum Press. pp. 3–5. 
  55. ↑ "Butterfly and Moth Collection: Herman Strecker Collection". The Field Museum. 2007. http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/butterfly/herman.htm. 
  56. ↑ Emerson, SB (1989). "Introduction, in: Emerson, S.B. (ed.) Contributions in celebration of the distinguished scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday". Fieldiana, Zoology, Festschrift: v-vii. 
  57. ↑ Kong, CP (1989). "My field trip to Ulu Kinabatangnan, North Borneo, with Robert Inger, in: Emerson, S.B. (ed.) Contributions in celebration of the distinguished scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday". Fieldiana, Zoology, Festschrift: vii-viii. 
  58. ↑ "Conserving Our Collections". The Field Museum. http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/department/conserving-collections. 
  59. ↑ Bodry-Sanders, P (1990). Carl Akeley: Africa’s collector, Africa’s savior. New York: Paragon House. pp. 289 pp. 
  60. ↑ Solem, A (1980). "Standards for malacological collections". Curator 24 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1111/j.2151-6952.1981.tb00568.x. 
  61. ↑ Norton, RE (1996). A case history of managing outbreaks of Webbing Clothes Moth (Tineola bisselliella). Paris:ICOM-CC: Preprints of the ICOM C-C 11th Triennial Meeting. pp. 61–67. 
  62. ↑ Michalski, S (1985). "A relative humidity control module". Museum (UNESCO) 146: 85–88. 
  63. ↑ Sease, C Anderson, C (1994). Preventive conservation at the Field Museum" Preventive conservation: practice, theory and research. Preprints of the contributions to the Ottawa Congress, 12-16 September 1994. London: eds Roy, Ashok; Smith, Perry. International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. pp. 44–47. 
  64. ↑ Sease, C (1990). "A new means of controlling relative humidity in exhibit cases". Collection forum 6 (1): 12–20. 
  65. ↑ Brown, JP (2010). "The Field Museum Archaeological Metals Project: Distributed, In Situ Micro-Environments for the Preservation of Unstable Archaeological Metals Using Escal® Barrier Film". Object Speciality Group Postprints 17: 133–146. 
  66. ↑ Norton, RE (2003). "Dyeing Japanese paper with Fibre Reactive Dyes". The Paper Conservator 26: 37–47. doi:10.1080/03094227.2002.9638621. 
  67. ↑ Minderop, J; C Podsiki; RE Norton (2007). "Deinstallation and cleaning of the 1950s galleries of ethnographical and archaeological material from the Americas at the Field Museum, Chicago". Objects Specialty Group Postprints 11: 103–125. 
  68. ↑ Klaus, M; J Plitnikas; RE Norton; T Almazan; S Coleman, M (2005). Poster abstract: Preliminary results from a survey for residual arsenic on the North American collections at The Field Museum, Chicago. Paris: ICOM: Preprints of the 14th Triennial Meeting The Hague. pp. 127. 
  69. ↑ Podsiki, C; I Koch; E Lee; C Ollsen; K Reimer, C (2002). Pesticide contaminated artifacts and the conservator. In Twenty-eighth annual ANAGPIC student conference: student papers: April 18-20, 2002.. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Art Museums. Straus Center for Conservation and Technical Studies. pp. 111–123. 
  70. ↑ Sease, C; A Berry, C (1996). Expect the unexpected: early uses of plastic in ethnographic collections. Paris:ICOM-CC: In Preprints of the ICOM C-C 11th Triennial Meeting. pp. 639–642. 
  71. ↑ Sease, C; L Selwyn; S. Zubiate; D Bowers; D Atkins (1997). "Problems with coated silver: whisker formation and possible filiform corrosion". Studies in Conservation 42: 1–10. doi:10.1179/sic.1997.42.1.1. 
  72. ↑ Sease, C (1993). "Light piping: a new lighting system for museum cases". Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 32: 279–290. doi:10.1179/019713693806124884. 
  73. ↑ Bates, JM; RCK Bowie; DE Willard; G Voelker; C Kahindo (2004). "A need for continued collecting of avian voucher specimens in Africa: Why blood is not enough". Ostrich 75: 187–191. doi:10.2989/00306520409485442. 
  74. ↑ Bates; S J Hackett; RM Zink, JM (1993). Tecnicas y materiales para la preservación de tejidos congelados. Washington, DC: in Curación moderna de colecciones ornitolólogicas (P. Escalante-Pliego, ed.) American Ornithologists' Union. pp. 75–78. 
  75. ↑ National Science Foundation. "The Assessment of the Needs of Free-Standing Museums for the Computerization of Collections Management and Related Research, BSR-9118843, award summary". http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9118843&HistoricalAwards=false. Retrieved 1 December 2013. 
  76. ↑ "AntWeb". antweb.org. http://www.antweb.org/. 
  77. ↑ "Free and Open Access to Biodiversity Data - GBIF.org". gbif.org. https://www.gbif.org/. 
  78. ↑ "iDigBio Home". iDigBio. https://www.idigbio.org/. 
  79. ↑ Suarez, AV; ND Tsutsui (2004). "The value of museum collections for research and society". BioScience 54: 66–74. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0066:tvomcf2.0.co;2]. 
  80. ↑ Rea, PM (1910). "A directory of American Museums of Art, History and Science". Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 10 (1): 3–360. 
  81. ↑ "Invertebrates". The Field Museum. http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/department/zoology/invertebrates/collections. 
  82. ↑ "Collections and Research Annual Reports". The Field Museum. http://www.fieldmuseum.org/explore/collections-and-research-annual-reports. 
  83. ↑ "Research & Collections". The Field Museum. http://www.fieldmuseum.org/explore/our-collections. 
  84. ↑ "World's Columbian Exposition of 1893". idaillinois.org. http://www.idaillinois.org/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=%2Ffmnh. 
  85. ↑ "Urban Landscapes of Illinois: Digitization of Original Glass Negatives". The Field Museum. 2008. http://www.fieldmuseum.org/urbanlandscapes/. Retrieved June 28, 2015. 
  86. ↑ "Flickr: The Field Museum Library's Photostream". Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/field_museum_library/. 
  87. ↑ "Division of Amphibians and Reptiles". The Field Museum. http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/department/zoology/amphibians-and-reptiles. Retrieved 7 August 2012. 
  88. ↑ "Harris Learning Collection". fieldmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 2013-12-31. https://web.archive.org/web/20131231214313/http://harris.fieldmuseum.org/index/default.php. 
  89. ↑ "Staff - Emily Graslie". https://www.fieldmuseum.org/about/staff/profile/1146. Retrieved 24 May 2018. 
  90. ↑ "Culture". The Field Museum. http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/department/anthropology. 
  91. ↑ "Research & Collections: Botany". The Field Museum. 2007. http://www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/botany/default.htm. Retrieved June 28, 2015. 
  92. ↑ "Fossils & Meteorites". The Field Museum. http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/department/geology. 
  93. ↑ "Animals". The Field Museum. http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/department/zoology. 
  94. ↑ "Academic Training & Research Education". The Field Museum. https://www.fieldmuseum.org/about/careers/academic-training-research-education. 
  95. ↑ "Fieldiana". Field Museum. http://www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/fieldiana/. Retrieved 2008-01-26. 
  96. ↑ "Fieldiana". March 19, 2009. https://archive.org/details/fieldiana. 
  97. ↑ Rad Universe (2012-11-09), McDonald's "Field Trip" - 1986 Commercial, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsVl1RhCrPc, retrieved 2018-04-16 
  98. ↑ Damien: Omen II (1978), https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077394/locations, retrieved 2018-04-15 
  99. ↑ The Relic (1997), https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120004/locations, retrieved 2018-04-15 
  100. ↑ She's Having a Baby (1988), https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096094/locations, retrieved 2018-04-15 
  101. ↑ Chain Reaction (1996), https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0115857/locations, retrieved 2018-04-15 
  102. ↑ ^ "Field Museum Hires Popular YouTube Personality". The Field Museum. 3 June 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2019.

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