Social:Fixer (person)

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Short description: Person who carries out assignments or solves problems for others


A fixer is someone who carries out assignments for — or is skillful at — solving problems for others. The term has different meanings in different contexts. In British usage the term is neutral, meaning "the sort of person who solves problems and gets things done".[1] In journalism, a fixer is a local person who expedites the work of a correspondent working in a foreign country. Use in American English implies that methods used to conceal their clients' identities or potential scandals are almost certainly of questionable morality, if not legality.[2] A fixer who disposes of bodies or "cleans up" physical evidence of crime is often more specifically called a cleaner. In sports, the term describes someone who makes (usually illegal) arrangements to manipulate or pre-arrange the outcome of a sporting contest.

Facilitator

Fixers may primarily use legal means, such as lawsuits and payoffs, to accomplish their ends, or they may carry out unlawful activities. The White House Plumbers have been described as fixers for Richard Nixon; their methods included break-ins and burglary.[3] Fixers who specialize in disposing of evidence or bodies are called "cleaners",[4] like the character of Victor "The Cleaner" in the film La Femme Nikita, or the fictional Jonathan Quinn, subject of the Brett Battles novel The Cleaner.[5]

In Britain, a fixer is a commercial consultant for business improvement, whereas in an American context a fixer is often an associate of a powerful person who carries out difficult, undercover, or stealth actions, or extricates a client out of personal or legal trouble.[1][6] A fixer may freelance, like Judy Smith, a well-known American public relations "crisis consultant" whose career provided inspiration for the popular 2012 television series Scandal.[7] More commonly a fixer works for a single employer, under a title such as "attorney" or "bodyguard", which does not typically describe the kinds of services that they provide.

Sports match fixer

In sport, when a match fixer arranges a preordained outcome of a sporting or athletic contest, the motivation is often gambling, and the fixer is often employed by organized crime. In the Black Sox Scandal, for instance, Major League Baseball players became involved with a gambling syndicate and agreed to lose the 1919 World Series in exchange for payoffs.[8] In another example, in 1975, Boston mobster Anthony "Fat Tony" Ciulla of the Winter Hill Gang was identified as the fixer who routinely bribed jockeys to throw horse races.[9][10] Other insiders may also be fixers, as in the case of veterinarian Mark Gerard, who, in September 1978, was convicted of fraud for "masterminding a horse-racing scandal that involved switching two thoroughbreds" so that he could cash in on a long-shot bet.[9]

Journalism aide

In journalism, a fixer is someone, often a local journalist, hired by a foreign correspondent or a media company to help arrange a story. Fixers will most often act as translators and guides, and will help to arrange local interviews that the correspondent would not otherwise have access to. They help to collect information for the story and sometimes play a crucial role in the outcome.[11] Fixers are rarely credited, and often put themselves in danger, especially in regimes where they might face consequences from an oppressive government for exposing iniquities the state may want to censor.[12][13]

In modern journalism, these aides are often the prime risk mitigators within a journalist's team, making crucial decisions for the reporter. According to journalist Laurie Few, "You don't have time not to listen (to the fixer)", and anybody who disregards a fixer's advice "is going to step on a landmine, figurative or actual".[14] Throughout the last 20 years,[timeframe?] fixers have ranged from civilians to local journalists within the regions of conflict. They are rarely credited and paid menially, which has begun a conversation for the compensation rights of these individuals. According to statistics gathered from the Global Investigative Journalism Network, the base pay for a fixer's time ranged from US$50–400 per day.[14]

A map based on publicly accessible research data shows a visual representation of data collected from various studies conducted on both fixers and their journalist counterparts from over 70 countries. Gathered from the Global Reporting Centre, the survey demographic map had 132 respondents from North America, 101 from Europe, 23 from South America, Africa and Eurasia, 63 from Asia and 9 from Australia.[15]

In popular culture

Numerous films and several songs have been named The Fixer. As a genre, they illustrate the different meanings of the term. Most commonly, they refer to the kind of person who carries out illicit activities on behalf of someone else. For example, the 2008 British television series The Fixer is about "a renegade group acting outside the law to bring order to the spiraling criminal activity in the country".[16]

  • The 1986 film Wise Guys features Captain Lou Albano as Frankie "The Fixer" Acavano, an overweight, violent yet gluttonous psychopath who is tasked with tracking and killing the protagonists after ripping their boss, Lou Castello off of a quarter of a million dollars in a fixed horse race.
  • The 1993 film Point of No Return features Harvey Keitel as a cleaner who is called in to kill everyone and destroy the bodies after a mission goes awry.
  • The 1994 film Pulp Fiction features Harvey Keitel as Winston Wolfe, a notorious fixer and cleaner, who helps the protagonists dispose of a corpse.[17]
  • The main antagonist of the 2000 novel Void Moon is a near-psychotic fixer who cleans and investigates a murder in his employer's casino.
  • A BBC Two documentary Alex Polizzi: The Fixer features a fixer in the benign British sense – a consultant who helps to turn around failing businesses.[18]
  • The 2000 crime picture The Way of the Gun has James Caan as a fixer known as Joe Sarno, a "Bagman".
  • The 2007 film Michael Clayton stars George Clooney as a fixer who works for a prestigious law firm and uses his connections and knowledge of legal loopholes to help his clients.[19]
  • The 2007 gangster film Eastern Promises has Viggo Mortensen playing Nikolai Luzhin, a Russian mafia fixer, bodyguard and driver. [20]
  • In Canadian writer Linden MacIntyre's award-winning 2009 novel The Bishop's Man, the protagonist is a guilt-ridden Roman Catholic priest and former fixer for the Diocese of Antigonish named Fr. Duncan MacAskill. After years of quietly resolving potential scandals involving the misdeeds of Diocesan priests, Fr. MacAskill has been assigned by his Bishop to a remote rural parish on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, and ordered to maintain a low profile. While at his new parish, Fr. MacAskill begins spiritually counselling the son of a childhood friend, who suspects that his son was molested by the previous parish priest. Deeply moved by the boy's pain, Fr. MacAskill begins to seriously question his own past and the morality of acting as a fixer of such cases. MacIntyre's novel was inspired by the 2007 sexual abuse scandal in Antigonish diocese.
  • In the ABC drama Scandal, the main character Olivia Pope (portrayed by Kerry Washington) was a fixer and head of Pope and Associates, a crisis management organization that fixed political scandals and cleaned up crimes. Kerry Washington's character, Olivia Pope, is partially based on former George H. W. Bush administration press aide Judy Smith, who serves as a co-executive producer.[21]
  • In the FX series Sons of Anarchy, author Stephen King portrays a cleaner by the name of "Bachman", a nod to King's pen name Richard Bachman, who is hired by Gemma Teller Morrow to dispose of her father's caretaker's body after her accidental death.[22]
  • The Netflix series House of Cards featured Michael Kelly as Doug Stamper, a fixer for politician Frank Underwood.[23]
  • In the AMC TV series Breaking Bad, the character Mike Ehrmantraut played by Jonathan Banks was the cleaner for Gustavo Fring's operations, later reprising the role in the series' prequel spinoff, Better Call Saul.[24]
  • The TV series Ray Donovan follows the eponymous character, played by Liev Schrieber, a Los Angeles-based fixer for celebrity clients. The character was inspired by a variety of Hollywood fixers such as Eddie Mannix and Fred Otash.[25]
  • The 2016 Coen brothers' film Hail, Caesar!, satirizes the American film industry of the 1950s, and is very loosely inspired by Eddie Mannix's career as a Hollywood studio executive and fixer.[26][27] In the film, actor Josh Brolin portrayed Mannix,[28] who is shown scrambling to quietly resolve the kidnapping of an A-list leading man, while battling to keep multiple thinly fictionalized send-ups of real Hollywood scandals of the era out of the tabloids. Behind it all, however, Mannix depicted as a devout, if sinful and unconventional, Roman Catholic family man with two children and a doting homemaker wife named Connie Mannix (Alison Pill).
  • The 2016 Romanian drama The Fixer and the 2009 documentary Fixer: The Taking of Ajmal Naqshbandi are each about journalistic fixers.[29]
  • In the 2020 television show Devs, security chief Kenton (Zach Grenier) serves as a fixer for the heads of the Amaya corporation.
  • In the Ubisoft videogame Watch Dogs, enemy players are known as fixers, and players can get contracts to eliminate other players, or carry out illegal jobs in game.
  • In several cyberpunk-themed tabletop role-playing games such as Shadowrun and Mike Pondsmith's Cyberpunk, fixers are intermediaries between clients and mercenaries, "well-connected fencers, smugglers, and information brokers who apply their trade on the black market,"[30] connecting mercenaries to jobs they prefer to take and other mercenaries in the network they can work with.[31]

Notable fixers

Business

Entertainment

Journalism

  • Acquitté Kisembe – Agence France-Presse in the Democratic Republic of Congo (missing since 2003)[37]
  • Almigdad Mojalli – Independent freelance fixer/journalist in Yemen (killed in action, 2016)[38]
  • Bakhtiyar Haddad - Iraqi fixer for French reporter Stephan Villeneuve (Both killed in action in Mosul, 2014)[39]
  • Zabihullah Tamanna – Translator for US National Public Radio in Afghanistan (killed in action, 2016)[38]
  • Ajmal Naqshbandi - Journalist/Fixer in Afghanistan. Killed by Taliban. (Killed in action, 2011)[38]
  • Sayed Agha - Driver/fixer in Afghanistan. Killed by Taliban. (Killed in action, 2011)[38]

Organized crime

  • Magaly Chaves "La Faraona" Ante[40] (Sinaloa Cartel)
  • Gabriel Zendejas Chavez[41] (Mexican Mafia)
  • Manoel Alves "Sasquati" da Silva[42] (Primeiro Comando da Capital)
  • Sidney Rogério "Lacraia" de Moraes[43][44] (Primeiro Comando da Capital)
  • Sidney Korshak[45] (Chicago Outfit)
  • Arnold Rothstein[46] (Jewish Mafia)
  • Yoshio Kodama[47] (Yakuza)
  • Hisayuki Machii[48] (Yakuza - Tosei-kai)
  • Željko Raznatović Arkan (Serbian mafia)
  • Milorad Ulemek (Serbian mafia - Zemun clan)
  • John Francis "Johnny Cash" Morrissey[49] (Irish Mafia - Kinahan crime family)
  • Dámaso López "El Licenciado" Núñez[50] (Sinaloa Cartel)
  • Miguel "Z-40" Treviño Morales[51] (Los Zetas Cartel)

Politics

Public relations

Religion

See also

  • Cleaner role in arts and entertainment
  • Henchman
  • Hitman
    • Contract killing

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Definition of 'fixer'". Collins Dictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/fixer. 
  2. ↑ "Definition of fixer in English". Oxford Dictionaries. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/fixer. 
  3. ↑ Garment, Suzanne (April 13, 2018). "Cohen Makes Nixon's Fixers Look Like Amateurs". Real Clear Politics. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/2018/04/13/cohen_makes_nixon039s_fixers_look_like_amateurs_439724.html. 
  4. ↑ Demery, Rod (May 28, 2020). "Homicide Detective Fact Checks Crime Scenes from Breaking Bad to CSI". True Crime (Interview). 1 (5). Vanity Fair. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  5. ↑ Battles, Brett (2007). The Cleaner. Random House. ISBN 978-0-440-24370-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=n-moAAAACAAJ. 
  6. ↑ "fixer, noun". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fixer. 
  7. ↑ McDowell, Jeanne Dorin (April 24, 2012). "Real 'fixer' behind 'Scandal' steps into spotlight". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/24/entertainment/la-et-judy-smith-20120424. 
  8. ↑ Linder, Douglas (2010). "The Black Sox Trial: An Account". University of Missouri, Kansas City. http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/blacksox/blacksoxaccount.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Swenson, John (December 25, 2013). "The Sport of Kings Is Full of Scum". Vice. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/exmde7/the-sport-of-kings-is-full-of-scum-0000168-v20n12. 
  10. ↑ "The Greatest Race-Fixer Of Them All" , by Stuart Marques, The New York Sun, January 17, 2005. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
  11. ↑ Arjomand, Noah Amir (2022). Fixing Stories: Local Newsmaking and International Media in Turkey and Syria. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316518007. 
  12. ↑ Clore, Kathlyn (February 4, 2009). "10 things journalists should know about fixers: Covering minorities". European Journalism Centre. http://www.ejc.net/magazine/article/10_things_journalists_should_know_abouat_fixers_in_europe/. 
  13. ↑ "In Journalism, what is a fixer?". http://www.wisegeek.com/in-journalism-what-is-a-fixer.htm. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Klein, Peter W.; Plaut, Shayna (November 16, 2017). "Fixing the Journalist-Fixer Relationship" (in en-US). https://gijn.org/2017/11/16/fixer/. 
  15. ↑ "Fixing the Journalist-Fixer Relationship" (in en-US). November 10, 2017. https://globalreportingcentre.org/fixers/. 
  16. ↑ "The Fixer (2008)". Kent Film Office. https://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/2008/02/fixer-2008/. 
  17. ↑ Szlasa, Justin (March 21, 2012). "Being Winston Wolfe: 9 Reasons Why 'Pulp Fiction' is the Management Guide Every Indie Filmmaker Needs". IndieWire. https://www.indiewire.com/2012/03/being-winston-wolfe-9-reasons-why-pulp-fiction-is-the-management-guide-every-indie-filmmaker-needs-48445/. 
  18. ↑ Cumming, Ed (January 31, 2012). "Alex Polizzi: the Fixer, BBC Two, review". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/tv-and-radio-reviews/9052593/Alex-Polizzi-the-Fixer-BBC-Two-review.html. 
  19. ↑ Dargis, Manohla (October 5, 2007). "They Call Him the Fixer in a World That's a Mess". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/05/movies/05clay.html. 
  20. ↑ Cronenberg, David (2007-09-21), Eastern Promises, Kudos Film and Television, BBC Films, Serendipity Point Films, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0765443/, retrieved 2023-01-19 
  21. ↑ Tucker, Neely (March 30, 2012). "ABC bases 'Scandal' on D.C. insider Judy Smith". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/tv/dc-insider-judy-smith-is-basis-for-abc-drama-scandal/2012/03/29/gIQAbT8JlS_story.html. 
  22. ↑ White, Jeanette (May 27, 2021). "Stephen King’s Sons of Anarchy Cameo Has a Surprising Link to His Novels". CBR.com. https://www.cbr.com/sons-anarchy-stephen-king-cameo-bachman/. 
  23. ↑ Stern, Marlow (March 12, 2015). "'House of Cards' Secret Weapon: Doug Stamper Tells All". The Daily Beast. https://www.thedailybeast.com/house-of-cards-secret-weapon-doug-stamper-tells-all. 
  24. ↑ Krzyzanowski, Jeanine (2010). "Q&A – Jonathan Banks (Mike "The Cleaner")". AMC Networks. https://www.amc.com/shows/breaking-bad/talk/2009/11/jonathan-banks-interview-4. 
  25. ↑ Walker, Tim (July 16, 2013). "The real-life Ray Donovans: Fixers behind Tinseltown's dark secrets". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/real-life-ray-donovans-fixers-behind-tinseltown-s-dark-secrets-8707532.html. 
  26. ↑ Childs, Ben (June 10, 2014). "Josh Brolin joins George Clooney for Coen brothers' Hail Caesar". theguardian.com. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jun/10/josh-brolin-joins-clooney-in-coen-brothers-hail-caesar. 
  27. ↑ Blake, Emily (October 29, 2014). "George Clooney's Coen brothers comedy 'Hail, Caesar!' gets February 2016 release". ew.com. http://www.ew.com/article/2014/10/29/george-clooney-coen-brothers-hail-caesar-release. 
  28. ↑ Bahr, Lindsey (June 9, 2014). "Josh Brolin to star with George Clooney in Coen brothers' 'Hail, Caesar!'". ew.com. http://www.ew.com/article/2014/06/09/josh-brolin-to-star-with-george-clooney-in-coen-brothers-hail-caesar. 
  29. ↑ Catsoulis, Jeannette (March 9, 2010). "Movie Review – 'Fixer – The Taking of Ajmal Naqshbandi' – Ian Olds Documents an Interpreter's Fate in Afghanistan". The New York Times. https://movies.nytimes.com/2010/03/09/movies/09fixer.html. 
  30. ↑ "Cyberpunk Roles: Fixer". Cyberpunk Central: The Guide. https://www.oocities.org/gilthanasa/guide/roles/fixer.htm. 
  31. ↑ T.J.L.. "What is the difference between a fence and a fixer?". Role-playing Games Stack Exchange. https://rpg.stackexchange.com/a/79290/5605. 
  32. ↑ "Alex Polizzi: The Fixer". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01qwflg. 
  33. ↑ "Hotel Inspector Alex Polizzi poached by BBC for new show". The Daily Telegraph (London). July 1, 2011. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/8611853/Hotel-Inspector-Alex-Polizzi-poached-by-BBC-for-new-show.html. 
  34. ↑ Newland, Christina (March 15, 2016). "The Truth About the Tyrannical Hollywood Fixer Who Inspired 'Hail, Caesar!'". Vice.com. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/nn9ga8/real-eddie-mannix-hail-caesar. 
  35. ↑ Wood, Gaby (April 7, 2014). "Mickey Rooney's amazing sex life". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/10750247/Mickey-Rooneys-amazing-sex-life.html. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 "The real-life Ray Donovans: Fixers behind Tinseltown's dark secrets", by Tim Walker, Independent, July 14, 2013.
  37. ↑ Avenue, Committee to Protect Journalists 330 7th; York, 11th Floor New; Ny 10001. "The Fixers" (in en). https://cpj.org/reports/2004/10/fixers.php. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Lees, Caroline (September 1, 2016). "Under the wires: Local "fixers", who help foreign correspondents on the ground, can face death threats and accusations of being spies after working for international media" (in en). Index on Censorship 45 (3): 8–11. doi:10.1177/0306422016670328a. ISSN 0306-4220. 
  39. ↑ "Third journalist dies after Mosul blast" (in en-GB). June 24, 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-40391096. 
  40. ↑ "Colombia Captures Cocaine Fixer 'La Faraona'". 2015-07-06. https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/colombia-captures-cocaine-fixer-la-faraona/. 
  41. ↑ "Former Teacher Accused of Being Cartel Fixer". 2022-11-28. https://thegrowlingwolverine.org/3056/news/former-teacher-accused-of-being-cartel-fixer/. 
  42. ↑ "Arrecadador de dinheiro do PCC é preso no interior" (in pt-br). 2003-10-25. https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/cotidian/ff2510200316.htm. 
  43. ↑ "ACUSADO DE ARRECADAR PARA QUADRILHA É PRESO EM SP" (in pt-br). 2006-12-13. https://g1.globo.com/Noticias/SaoPaulo/0,,AA1384532-5605,00.html. 
  44. ↑ "Facção PCC banca 5 times de futebol amador de São Paulo" (in pt-br). 2006-12-15. https://www.gazetadigital.com.br/editorias/esporte/faccao-pcc-banca-5-times-de-futebol-amador-de-sao-paulo/129814. 
  45. ↑ "Sidney Korshak, 88, Dies; Fabled Fixer for the Chicago Mob", The New York Times, January 22, 1996
  46. ↑ Goldstein, Warren (November 9, 2003). "The Fixer". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2003/11/09/the-fixer/c1237999-baf8-444f-8bf3-da5776f6fdb6/. 
  47. ↑ Weiner, Tim (October 9, 1994). "C.I.A. Spent Millions to Support Japanese Right in 50's and 60's". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/09/world/cia-spent-millions-to-support-japanese-right-in-50-s-and-60-s.html. 
  48. ↑ Romero, Frances (January 20, 2011). "Top 10 Real-Life Mob Bosses". Time (magazine). http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2043575_2043788_2043553,00.html. 
  49. ↑ Gerard Couzens (15 September 2022). "Kinahan cartel dealt devastating blow as 'key' man Johnny Morrissey arrested in Costa del Sol". Sunday World. https://www.sundayworld.com/crime/irish-crime/kinahan-cartel-dealt-devastating-blow-as-key-man-johnny-morrissey-arrested-in-costa-del-sol/1124435647.html. Retrieved 15 September 2022. 
  50. ↑ "Ex-prison official details second career as El Chapo fixer". 2019-01-22. https://www.thestar.com/news/world/us/2019/01/22/ex-prison-official-details-second-career-as-el-chapo-fixer.html. 
  51. ↑ "Mexico captures leader of brutal Zetas drug cartel". 2013-07-15. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-drugs-idUKBRE96F04G20130716. 
  52. ↑ Everitt, Anthony (2007). Augustus The Life of Rome's First Emperor. Random House. pp. 59. ISBN 9780812970586. https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx6gAWWB3NEC&q=fixer. Retrieved July 29, 2021. 
  53. ↑ Scott, A.O. (September 19, 2019). "'Where's My Roy Cohn?' Review: A Fixer's Progress". The New York Times (New York City). https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/19/movies/wheres-my-roy-cohn-review.html. 
  54. ↑ Childs, Martin (22 October 2011), "David Hart: Flamboyant banking heir who made his name as Thatcher's political fixer during the 1980s miners' strike", The Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/david-hart-flamboyant-banking-heir-who-made-his-name-as-thatcherrsquos-political-fixer-during-the-1980s-minersrsquo-strike-2181068.html, retrieved 15 March 2021 
  55. ↑ Pearce, Edward (9 January 2011), "David Hart obituary", The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/jan/09/david-hart-obituary, retrieved 15 March 2021 
  56. ↑ "Russian charged with Trump's ex-campaign chief was key figure in pro-Russia strategy". July 3, 2018. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/03/russian-charged-with-trumps-ex-campaign-chief-is-key-figure.html. 
  57. ↑ Zoledziowski, Anya; Marchman, Tim (March 16, 2023). "A Young Saudi Trans Woman Is Believed Dead After Being Lured From the US and Forced to Detransition". Vice News. https://www.vice.com/en/article/jg5ey4/eden-knight-believed-dead-after-forced-detransition-saudi-arabia. 
  58. ↑ Briquelet, Kate (April 17, 2018). "The Trump Super Fixer Who 'Knows Where All the Bodies Are Buried'". The Daily Beast. https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-trump-fixer-who-knows-where-all-the-bodies-are-buried. 
  59. ↑ Greenwood, John (October 19, 2013). "Meet Michael Sitrick: The 'fixer' you call when your reputation is on the line | Financial Post". Financial Post. https://financialpost.com/news/fp-street/meet-michael-sitrick-the-fixer-you-call-when-your-reputation-is-on-the-line. 
  60. ↑ "Judy Smith, real-life 'fixer' behind 'Scandal,' steps into spotlight". Los Angeles Times. April 24, 2012. https://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/24/entertainment/la-et-judy-smith-20120424. 
  61. ↑ "The Atlantic: Why Does the Catholic Church Keep Failing on Sexual Abuse?". 2023-01-28. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/02/sean-omalley-pope-francis-catholic-church-sex-abuse/582658/. 
  62. ↑ "Former Scientology Senior Executive: 'Will Smith Is Not A Scientologist'". 2023-01-28. https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/03/04/former-scientology-senior-executive-will-smith-is-not-a-scientologist. 



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