Social:Fraser alphabet

Fraser
Type	alphabet
Languages	Lisu
Creator	James O. Fraser
Time period	c. 1915–present
Parent systems	Phoenician script Greek script Latin script Fraser
Direction	Left-to-right
ISO 15924	Lisu, 399
Unicode alias	Lisu
Unicode range	U+A4D0–U+A4FF

The Fraser alphabet or Old Lisu Alphabet is an artificial script invented around 1915 by Sara Ba Thaw, a Karen preacher from Myanmar, and improved by the missionary James O. Fraser, to write the Lisu language. It is a single-case (unicameral) alphabet. It was also used for the Naxi language, e.g. the 1932 Naxi Gospel of Mark., and used in the Zaiwa or Atsi language e.g. the 1938 Atsi Gospel of Mark.

The alphabet uses uppercase letters from the Latin script, and rotated versions thereof, to write consonants and vowels. Tones and nasalization are written with Roman punctuation marks, identical to those found on a typewriter. Like the Indic abugidas, the vowel [a] is not written. However, unlike those scripts, the other vowels are written with full letters.

The China government recognized the alphabet in 1992 as the official script for writing in Lisu.

Consonants

Note: You may need to download a Lisu capable Unicode font if not all characters display.

Fraser consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Alveolar sibilant	Post- alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	Tenuis	Template:Script/Lisu [p]	Template:Script/Lisu [t]	Template:Script/Lisu [ts]	Template:Script/Lisu [tʃ]	Template:Script/Lisu [k]	1
	Aspirate	Template:Script/Lisu [pʰ]	Template:Script/Lisu [tʰ]	Template:Script/Lisu [tsʰ]	Template:Script/Lisu [tʃʰ]	Template:Script/Lisu [kʰ]
	Voiced	Template:Script/Lisu [b]	Template:Script/Lisu [d]	Template:Script/Lisu [dz]	Template:Script/Lisu [dʒ]	Template:Script/Lisu [ɡ]	Template:Script/Lisu [ɦ]3
Fricative	Voiceless	Template:Script/Lisu [f]		Template:Script/Lisu [s]	Template:Script/Lisu [ʃ]	Template:Script/Lisu [x]	Template:Script/Lisu [h̃]3
	Voiced	Template:Script/Lisu [v]		Template:Script/Lisu [z]	Template:Script/Lisu [ʒ]	Template:Script/Lisu [ɰ]?, [ɣ]2
Nasal		Template:Script/Lisu [m]	Template:Script/Lisu [n]			Template:Script/Lisu [ŋ]
Approximant		Template:Script/Lisu [w], [u̯]2	Template:Script/Lisu [l]		Template:Script/Lisu [ʝ], [i̯]2

1. Initial glottal stop is not written. It is automatic before all initial vowels but [ɯ] and [ə].
2. Template:Script/Lisu sometimes represents a "vowel", presumably a medial [ɰ], and sometimes a consonant [ɣ]. Template:Script/Lisu and Template:Script/Lisu are likewise ambiguous.
3. Template:Script/Lisu only occurs in an imperative particle. It is an allophone of Template:Script/Lisu [h̃], which causes nasalization to the syllable.

Vowels

Lisu language Bible in the Fraser alphabet

Fraser vowels

	Front		Central/back
High	Template:Script/Lisu [i]	Template:Script/Lisu [y]	Template:Script/Lisu [ɯ]	Template:Script/Lisu [u]
Mid	Template:Script/Lisu [e]	Template:Script/Lisu [ø]	Template:Script/Lisu [ə]	Template:Script/Lisu [ʊ]
Low	Template:Script/Lisu [ɛ]		Template:Script/Lisu** [ɑ]

**Not written after a consonant.

For example, ⟨Template:Script/Lisu⟩ is [tsɑ̄], while ⟨Template:Script/Lisu⟩ is [tsē].

Tones

Tones are written with standard punctuation. Lisu punctuation therefore differs from international norms: the comma is ⟨Template:Script/Lisu⟩ (hyphen period), and the full stop is ⟨Template:Script/Lisu⟩ (equal sign).

Diacritics on the syllable Template:Script/Lisu [tsɑ]

Template:Script/Lisu [tsɑ̄]	Template:Script/Lisu [tsɑ́]	Template:Script/Lisu [tsɑ̌]
Template:Script/Lisu [tsɑ̄ˀ]*	Template:Script/Lisu [tsɑ̄ˀ]	Template:Script/Lisu [tsɑ̄̃]
Template:Script/Lisu [tsɑ̂ˀ]	Template:Script/Lisu [tsɑ̂]	Template:Script/Lisu [tsɑ̄ɑ̂]

*It is not clear how the ⟨Template:Script/Lisu⟩ mid tone differs from the unmarked mid tone.

The tones ⟨Template:Script/Lisu⟩, ⟨Template:Script/Lisu⟩, ⟨Template:Script/Lisu⟩, ⟨Template:Script/Lisu⟩ may be combined with ⟨Template:Script/Lisu⟩ and ⟨Template:Script/Lisu⟩ as compound tones. However, the only one still in common use is ⟨Template:Script/Lisu⟩.

The apostrophe indicates nasalization. It is combined with tone marks.

The understrike (optionally a low macron) indicates the Lisu "A glide", a contraction of [ɑ̂] without an intervening glottal stop. The tone is not always falling, depending on the environment, but is written ⟨Template:Script/Lisu⟩ regardless.

Unicode

The Fraser alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

An additional character which is the inverted Y used in Naxi is not in Unicode.

The Unicode block for the Fraser alphabet, called Lisu, is U+A4D0–U+A4FF:

See also

• OMF International

External links

• Omniglot entry on Fraser alphabet
• Proposal for encoding the Old Lisu script in the BMP of the UCS
• Issues in orthography development and reform by David Bradley
• Sample text from Michael Everson's website