Social:Friendship recession
The friendship recession is a decline in the number of friends people have in Canada and the United States. The decline first began in the late 20th century. This phenomenon is theorized to have a wide range of impacts on mental and physical health.[1]
Statistics
USA
Surveys show that the number of close friends people have on average has decreased. Those who state they have 10+ close friends, excluding family members, was 33% in 1990, but has now decreased to 13% in 2021.[2] Men seem more affected. The number of American men without a close friend has jumped five times since 1995, from 3% to 15% between 1990 and 2021.[3]
Canada
Canadian seniors can often feel more lonely than the general population. Ageism, the community environment and dementia can put them more at risk.[4]
Impacts
Social isolation significantly increases a person's risk of premature death from all causes, a risk that may rival that of smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity. It also creates a higher likelihood of becoming depressed or anxious, or committing suicide.[5] One study in Germany showed that having several friends is correlated with fewer worries about the economy and higher life satisfaction.[6]
Those without friends are more likely to feel lonely. Chronic loneliness is linked to poorer sleep and increases the odds of cardiovascular disease as much as smoking 15 cigarettes per day would. This may be because people who are chronically lonely develop long-term "fight-or-flight" stress signaling, which negatively affects immune system functioning, leading to less immunity and more inflammation.[7]
Finally, in a study evaluating 99 countries, it was found that those who prioritize friendships tend to be happier, especially if they are women, older people, less educated or people of an individualistic culture. Friendships becoming less prioritized in North America may mean that the friendship recession is causing a decrease in happiness for the average citizen.[8][9]
Potential causes
Some cite bad urban planning practices as a cause of the friendship recession because it has led to the destruction of inexpensive third places to meet new people or to socialize with people one already knows. Poor city design has also led to the proliferation of car dependency, suburbia and urban sprawl, which make meeting with existing friends more time-consuming, expensive and difficult while also reducing the likelihood that one will talk to strangers.[10][11]
Some cite economic factors. Because the value of wages have stagnated since the late 20th century, precarious work is on the rise and people receive fewer job benefits, people may often choose to focus on work or school more instead of investing time in friendships.[12]
Culture may also play a role in creating destructive expectations, for example, the idea that friendships need to be forever, or that occasional conflicts are not ok, or that there is an ideal form of friendship, or that friends should simply know what their friend needs without being told are all false and can harm existing friendships.[13]
Some believe the rise of workism, the belief that work is the most important aspect of life and the source of identity and meaning, is a factor. Workism, on top of creating of culture of competition, stress and burnout, can make people prioritize their careers over their personal relationships and hobbies.[14]
Many believe increased technology and social media usage is a culprit as there are links between heavy social media and internet use and fewer friends and time spent with others. It is thought that time spent interacting with others online or passively consuming content is of lower quality than time spent with others in person.[15][16]
Finally, some believe the COVID-19 pandemic may have affected friendships negatively. Due to lockdowns, social distancing, and health risks, people were forced to limit their physical contact with their friends and could have lost touch. However, data on the subject is limited and mixed as the pandemic affected different groups of people differently.[17] Some people may have strengthened their friendships by sharing their vulnerabilities or by cutting out peripheral and superficial relationships.[18]
Actions to combat the friendship recession
One study found that believing that friendship happens based on luck was related to more loneliness five years later, whereas believing that friendship takes effort was related to less loneliness.[19]
See also
- Third places
- Hikkikomori
References
- ↑ "What Is a Friendship Recession and Why Are We Currently In One?". 6 December 2022. https://www.rd.com/article/friendship-recession/.
- ↑ "Friendships: Less is now more" (in en). 3 November 2022. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/11/friendships-less-is-now-more/.
- ↑ "'Friendship recession': 15% of men are without a close pal". 8 July 2021. https://nypost.com/2021/07/07/friendship-recession-15-of-men-are-without-a-close-pal/.
- ↑ Canada, Employment and Social Development (25 July 2016). "Report on the Social Isolation of Seniors". https://www.canada.ca/en/national-seniors-council/programs/publications-reports/2014/social-isolation-seniors/page05.html.
- ↑ "Loneliness and Social Isolation Linked to Serious Health Conditions" (in en-us). 8 December 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/aging/publications/features/lonely-older-adults.html.
- ↑ Landberg, Monique; Recksiedler, Claudia (2018). "Number of Close Friends and Their Links to Life Satisfaction Over the Great Recession in Germany" (in en). Close Relationships and Happiness across Cultures. Cross-Cultural Advancements in Positive Psychology. 13. Springer International Publishing. pp. 131–149. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89663-2_8. ISBN 978-3-319-89661-8. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-89663-2_8. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ↑ "The risks of social isolation". https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/05/ce-corner-isolation#:~:text=%22Lacking%20encouragement%20from%20family%20or,also%20augment%20depression%20or%20anxiety.%22.
- ↑ "The Profound Benefits of Prioritizing Friendships". Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/living-single/202108/the-profound-benefits-prioritizing-friendships.
- ↑ "Are we happier when we spend more time with others?". https://ourworldindata.org/happiness-and-friends.
- ↑ Finlay, Jessica; Esposito, Michael; Kim, Min Hee; Gomez-Lopez, Iris; Clarke, Philippa (November 2019). "Closure of 'Third Places'? Exploring Potential Consequences for Collective Health and Wellbeing". Health & Place 60: 102225. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102225. PMID 31622919.
- ↑ Dolley, Dr Joanne; Matthews, Tony (21 March 2018). "Many people feel lonely in the city, but perhaps 'third places' can help with that" (in en). https://theconversation.com/many-people-feel-lonely-in-the-city-but-perhaps-third-places-can-help-with-that-92847.
- ↑ "Opinion: Canadians face 40 years of stagnant incomes – government's economic strategy is failing" (in en-CA). 12 September 2023. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/commentary/article-canada-economic-growth-strategy/.
- ↑ "8 Destructive Beliefs About Friendship | Psychology Today Canada" (in en-CA). https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/between-the-generations/202202/8-destructive-beliefs-about-friendship.
- ↑ Thompson, Derek (24 February 2019). "Workism Is Making Americans Miserable" (in en). https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/02/religion-workism-making-americans-miserable/583441/.
- ↑ Angelini, Federica; Marino, Claudia; Gini, Gianluca (1 October 2023). "Friendship quality in adolescence: the role of social media features, online social support and e-motions" (in en). Current Psychology 42 (30): 26016–26032. doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03564-3. PMID 36118141.
- ↑ Twenge, Jean (20 March 2019). "Teens have less face time with their friends – and are lonelier than ever" (in en). https://theconversation.com/teens-have-less-face-time-with-their-friends-and-are-lonelier-than-ever-113240.
- ↑ Long, Emily; Patterson, Susan; Maxwell, Karen; Blake, Carolyn; Bosó Pérez, Raquel; Lewis, Ruth; McCann, Mark; Riddell, Julie et al. (February 2022). "COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on social relationships and health". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 76 (2): 128–132. doi:10.1136/jech-2021-216690. PMID 34413184.
- ↑ "How COVID-19 has reshaped our friendships" (in en-CA). 5 March 2022. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-how-covid-19-has-reshaped-our-friendships/.
- ↑ "Causal beliefs, social participation and loneliness among older adults a longitudinal study". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249719652.
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