Social:Gardiol language

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Short description: Variety of the Occitan language
Gardiol
Occitan Gardiol, Guardiol
Gardiòl
Native to15px Italy
RegionGuardia Piemontese
Native speakers
340 (2007)[1]
Indo-European
  • Italic
    • Latino-Faliscan
      • Latin
        • Romance
          • Italo-Western
            • Western Romance
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
1h9
Glottologgard1245[3]
Guardia Piemontese in Calabria, the place where Gardiol is spoken
Gardiol is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[4].

Gardiol (Occitan: Gardiòl) is the variety of Occitan still spoken today in Guardia Piemontese, Calabria.[5]

UNESCO classifies it as "seriously in danger" of disappearing in its Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[4] But on the contrary, Agostino Formica showed in 1999 that Gardiol Occitan was still surviving despite the small number of speakers.[6] Similarly, Pietro Monteleone stressed that Gardiol remained the language in common use in family and friendly relations.[7]

Gardiol is of North Occitan language (fr) origin. The population of Guardia Piemontese arrived from the Occitan Valleys of Piedmont in the 14th century, following the persecutions against the Waldensians. It is therefore related to the Vivaro-Alpine.[4] However, Glottolog recognizes Gardiol as a distinct language within the Occitanic language family.[8]

Population

In 2007, according to the linguist Fiorenzo Toso, there are 340 Gardiol speakers out of 1,860 inhabitants, the others using either standard Italian or Calabrian.[1] This is different to both Christopher Moseley, which said there were around 300 speakers (2005)[9] and Agostino Formica, which said there were around 370 speakers (1999).[6]

Example text

The following is a text taken from a manual by G. Ligozat.[10]


 A La Gàrdia l'antica pòrta granda (pòrta dal sang) ilh recòrda fait brut, fòrse, en part, inventat. Un fait dei mai brut al vai sochèd 'o 11 de junh 1561 a Montalto Uffungo aont otanta-uèch Valdés ilh van èsser massat a chavon dal schalier de la guieisa de Sant Fransisc de Paola.

Un testimone al vai scriu dins una letra 'o fait brut: 'o bòia, stachaa una faissa sus lhi uèlh dal condamnat, ab 'o cotèll al lhi talha 'o gargaròt, al lhi cacha la faissa, e ainan un autre.

'O deman ilh van talha lhi cadàver, ilh lhi van tapa sus lhi carre e ilh lhi van empinge sus lhi arbre, per mai ò mens trenta-shèis milhe long la straa per Castrovillari. 'O 28 de junh, sus la plaça de Cosenza, lhi autre Valdés ilh van èsser cuvèrt de piche e iars coma tòrche. Gabriele Pepe, dins Il Ponte – setembre/otróeve 1950, al a pas dóbie: « La vai èsser una crochata vèra, ab tot lhi mal de le crochate: destruccion de país entíer, fúec, massacre col·lectiu, impicajon, confiscacion, vinhe destrote. » En tot 2000 Valdés de La Gàrdia, Montalto Uffugo e San Sisto ilh van èsser massat; 1600 ilh van èsser empresonat ò mandat sus le galère.

 At La Gàrdia, the ancient grand gate (the gate of blood) recalls a horrific event, perhaps partly invented. One of the most horrific events took place on June 11, 1561, in Montalto Uffugo, where eighty-eight Waldensians were massacred at the foot of the staircase of the church of Saint Francis of Paola.

A witness wrote in a letter about the atrocity: the executioner, having tied a blindfold over the condemned man's eyes, cut his throat with a knife, then removed the blindfold, and moved on to the next one.

The following day the corpses were cut up, loaded onto carts, and hung from trees for more or less thirty-six miles along the road to Castrovillari. On June 28th, in the square of Cosenza, the remaining Waldensians were covered in pitch and burned like torches. Gabriele Pepe, in Il Ponte – September/October 1950, had no doubts: "It was a true crusade, with all the evils of crusades: destruction of entire villages, fire, mass massacre, hangings, confiscations, vineyards laid waste." In total, 2,000 Waldensians from La Gàrdia, Montalto Uffugo, and San Sisto were massacred; 1,600 were imprisoned or sent to the galleys.

Language reform

If the Gardiols have always known that their language came from the Vaud Valleys of Piedmont, the Occitans of Piedmont took a long time to realize that their language was part of the whole of oc. Since the 1970s, the name Occitan has spread in the Occitan Valleys . This name was probably introduced to Guardia Piemontese by Arturo Genre, who also introduced the spelling of the Escolo dòu Po (whose principle is to note all the dialects with their local particularities). Hans-Peter Kunert, a German Romance scholar, developed the adaptation to Gardiol of the classical spelling of Occitan, which makes Gardiol readable outside Guardia despite the particularities that make spoken Gardiol difficult to understand for an Occitan from France.[11] This has allowed the development of school materials[12] as well as a Gardiol-Italian dictionary.[13]

Comparison to other languages

English Latin Portuguese Spanish French Catalan North Occitan language (fr) Gardiol Sardinian Italian Friulian Ladin (Nones) Romanian
key clavis (clavis) chave llave/clave clef/clé clau clau/clhau quiau crae/crai chiave clâf clau cheie
night nox (noctis) noite noche nuit nit nueit/nuech nuèit notte/notti notte gnot not noapte
sing cantare cantar cantar chanter cantar chantar chantar cantare/cantai cantare cjantâ ciantar cânta
goat capra (caprae) cabra cabra chèvre cabra chabra chabra cabra/craba capra cjavre ciaura capră
language lingua (linguae) língua lengua langue llengua lenga lenga limba/lingua lingua lenghe lenga limbă
square platea (plateae) praça plaza place plaça plaça/plhaça piaça pratha/pratza piazza place plaza piaţă
bridge pons (pontis) ponte puente pont pont pònt/pont pònt ponte/ponti ponte puint pònt punte
church ecclesia (eclessiae) igreja iglesia église església gleia/gleisa guieisa creja/cresia chiesa glesie glesia biserică
cheese caseus queijo queso fromage formatge formatge/fromatge case casu formaggio/cacio formadi formai brânză/caş

See also

  • Occitan conjugation
  • Baìo

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Fiorenzo Toso, Le Minoranze Linguistiche in Italia, ed. Il Mulino, 2008 pag. 141
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). "Glottolog 4.8 – Shifted Western Romance". Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shif1234. 
  3. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Gardiol". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gard1245. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Atlas of the world's languages in danger". 2010. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026. 
  5. ↑ Hans Peter Kunert (Università della Calabria), Occitani di Calabria , I Fonì Dikìma – La Nostra Voce – Rivista bilingue dell'area ellenofona, settembre 2006
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Spettro di frequenze e varianti nel linguaggio di Guardia Piemontese d'oggi: sfaldamento, contaminazione o evoluzione?" (contenuto nel volume: AA.VV., Guardia Piemontese le ragioni di una civiltà. Indagine sul mondo occitanico calabrese, Gnisci, Paola, 1999, pages 53–87)
  7. ↑ "Per una identità di Guardia Piemontese tra dati demografici, riscontri, memoria e territorio", in op. cit.
  8. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Gardiol". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gard1245. 
  9. ↑ "Endangered Languages Project – Gardiol". ELP. https://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/946. 
  10. ↑ Gerard Ligozat. A nòstre biais. Apprendre le vivaro-alpin. Yoran. 2020. ISBN 978-2-36747-071-9
  11. ↑ Hans-Peter Kunerth, "L'application de la graphie classique à l'occitan de Guardia Piemontese", Congrès de l'AIEO, 2008, résumé en ligne
  12. ↑ G. Creazzo, A. Formica, H.P.Kunert, O libre meu, manuale didattico per l'insegnamento della lingua occitana nella scuola, idea e progetto di A. Formica, Gnisci, Paola, 2001, 240pp.
  13. ↑ Vocabolario dell'occitano di Guardia Piemontese, [1]

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