Social:Guyanese Creole

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Short description: English-based creole language spoken in Guyana
Not to be confused with French Guianese Creole.
Guyanese Creole
Creolese
Native toGuyana
Native speakers
643,000 in Guyana (2021)e25
68,000 in Suriname (2018)[1]
English Creole
  • Atlantic
    • Eastern
      • Southern
        • Guyanese Creole
Language codes
ISO 639-3gyn
Glottologcreo1235[2]
Linguasphere52-ABB-av
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Template:English language

Guyanese Creole (Creolese by its speakers or simply Guyanese) is an English-based creole language spoken in various forms by the majority of Guyanese people. It emerged during the Atlantic Slave Trade among enslaved Africans who were brought to Dutch, and later, British Guiana from West and Central Africa, between the mid-1600s and 1834. Many of these Africans arrived via the Caribbean islands of Barbados, and the Leeward Islands.[3][4][5] As a result, Guyanese Creole shares key features with other Afro-Caribbean English-based creoles, particularly those of the Eastern Caribbean. It contains many African retentions and has loan words from indigenous-American languages, and Hindustani due to Indian acculturation.

Varieties and influences

There are many sub-dialects of Guyanese Creole based on geographical location, urban – rural location, and race of the speakers. For example, along the Rupununi River, where the population is largely Amerindian, a distinct form of Creole exists. The Georgetown (capital city) urban area has a distinct accent, while within a forty-five-minute drive away from this area the dialect/accent changes again, especially if following the coast where rural villages are located. File:WIKITONGUES- Sandra speaking English and Guyanese Creole.webm As with other Caribbean languages, words and phrases are very elastic, and new ones can be made up, changed or evolve within a short period. They can also be used within a very small group, until picked up by a larger community. Ethnic groups are also known to alter or include words from their own backgrounds.

A socially stratified creole speech continuum also exists between Guyanese English and Standard / British English. Speech by members of the upper classes is phonetically closest to British and American English, whereas speech by members of the lower classes most closely resembles other Caribbean English dialects. A phrase such as "I told him" may be pronounced in various parts of the continuum:

Utterance Represents the speech of
[ai tɔuld hɪm] acrolect speech of upper-class speakers
[ai toːld hɪm] mesolect varieties of speech of middle-class speakers
[ai toːl ɪm] mesolect varieties of lower-middle and urban class speakers
[ai tɛl ɪm]
[a tɛl ɪm]
[ai tɛl ɪ]
[a tɛl i]
[mi tɛl i] rural working class
[mi tɛl am] basilect speech of illiterate rural laborers

Grammar

Nouns

Definite nouns are pluralized with dem.[6]

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Adjectives and adverbs

It is common in Guyanese Creole to repeat adjectives and adverbs for emphasis (the equivalent of adding "very" or "extremely" in standard British and American English). For example, "Dis wata de col col" translates into "This water is very cold". "Come now now" translates into "Come right now".

Phonology

There are several phonological markers that are present in Guyanese Creole:[7]

  • Guyanese Creole is isomorphic with the Jamaican phoneme system
  • TH stopping
  • Cluster reduction
  • Avoidance of [ʃ], [ʒ], [f], [v] phonemes
  • H dropping
  • Semivowels
  • Non-rhoticity among older speakers

Sample words and phrases

The following phrases are written as they are pronounced:

  • ah go do it or meh guh do am Meaning: "I will do it"[8]
  • dem ah waan sting yuh waan bil – Literally: "they want to sting your one bill" – Meaning: "they usually want to take money from you"[9]
  • evri day me a run a raisfil - Literally: "Every day I run the ricefield" - Meaning: "Every day I take care of the ricefield"[9]
  • ee bin get gun - Literally: "He been get gun" – "he had the gun"[10]
  • ee wuda tek awi lil time but awi bin go come out safe - Literally: "it would have taken us a little time but we would have come out safely"[11]
  • me a wuk abak - Meaning: "I'm working further inland"[10]
  • suurin - a form of courtship (from "suitoring", itself the result of adapting the noun "suitor" for use as a verb and then applying standard patterns to generate a gerund form)[12]

Public Perception

Although Guyanese Creole is spoken by all ethnic groups in Guyana today, it is rooted in the lived experience of Afro-Guyanese during slavery. Indian, Chinese, and Portuguese immigrants adopted the language after coming in contact with the Creole people.

The Indo-Guyanese, in particular, acculturated Guyanese creole from the then-majority Afro-Guyanese population after arriving in the period following emancipation.[13] Over time, as Indian indentured laborers became the demographic majority, Creole-speaking Indo-Guyanese came to outnumber the Afro-Guyanese population. As a result, Guyanese creole is no longer widely recognized to be native to Afro-Guyanese culture. In the dominant cultural narrative, it is simply an aspect of national identity or regional Caribbean culture, rather than a cultural product of the Creole people themselves and their historical struggle for survival under racial oppression.

While some Afro-Guyanese take pride in creole, many do not perceive it as a distinct language to be claimed and preserved. Among the general Guyanese population, it is still seen as merely improper English and a sign of low-education.[14]These sentiments were originally perpetuated by White supremacist plantation owners during slavery and the colonial period and later enforced by colonial education, religion, and governance.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named e25
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Guyanese Creole English". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/creo1235. 
  3. ↑ Rickford, John (1987). Dimensions of a Creole Continuum. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 90. ISBN 0-8047-1377-4. 
  4. ↑ Storm van 's Gravesande, Laurens (1911) (in English). The Rise of British Guiana. 1 (2nd ed.). London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 211–213. https://archive.org/details/riseofbritishguiana01stor/page/212/mode/2up. 
  5. ↑ "APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Creolese". https://apics-online.info/surveys/5. 
  6. ↑ Devonish, Humbert; Thompson, Dahlia (2013). English-Based and Dutch-Based Languages: Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages. USA: Oxford University Press. https://apics-online.info/surveys/5. 
  7. ↑ "Guyanese Creole Survey Report David J. Holbrook and Holly A. Holbrook SIL International 2001". http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:KAtErImcTZwJ:scholar.google.com/+%22guyanese+creole%22&hl=en&as_sdt=0,29. 
  8. ↑ Escure, Geneviève (1999). "The Pragmaticization of Past in Creoles". American Speech 74 (2): 165–202. ISSN 0003-1283. https://www.jstor.org/stable/455577. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Gibson, Kean (1988). "The Habitual Category in Guyanese and Jamaican Creoles". American Speech 63 (3): 195–202. doi:10.2307/454817. ISSN 0003-1283. https://www.jstor.org/stable/454817. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Bickerton, Derek (1973). "The Nature of a Creole Continuum". Language 49 (3): 649, 666. doi:10.2307/412355. ISSN 0097-8507. https://www.jstor.org/stable/412355. 
  11. ↑ Gibson, Kean (1986). "The Ordering of Auxiliary Notions in Guyanese Creole". Language 62 (3): 571–586. doi:10.2307/415478. ISSN 0097-8507. https://www.jstor.org/stable/415478. 
  12. ↑ Edwards, Walter (1989). "Suurin, Koocharin, and Grannin in Guyana: Masked Intentions and Communication Theory". American Speech 64 (3): 225–232. doi:10.2307/455590. ISSN 0003-1283. https://www.jstor.org/stable/455590. 
  13. ↑ Rickford, John (1987). Dimentions of a Creole Continuum. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 63–69. ISBN 0-8047-1377-4. 
  14. ↑ "Guyanese Creoles: Assumptions about the Creole language that the public in Guyana hold". 2024-05-08. https://guyanesecreoles.blogspot.com/2024/05/assumptions-about-creole-language-that_8.html. 

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  1. REDIRECT Template:English-based Caribbean creoles



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