Social:Hoxhaism

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A Hoxhaist propaganda poster, featuring Enver Hoxha alongside theorists Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin .
Short description: Variant of anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism
Translated works by Albanian leader Enver Hoxha

Hoxhaism (/ˈhɒdʒə.ɪzəm/ HOJ-ə-iz-əm) is a variant of anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the anti-revisionist movement, appearing after the ideological dispute between the Chinese Communist Party and the Party of Labour of Albania in 1978.[1] The ideology is named after Enver Hoxha, a notable Albanian communist leader, who served as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour.

Overview

Hoxhaism demarcates itself by a strict defense of the legacy of Joseph Stalin , the organization of the Soviet Union under Stalinism,[2] and fierce criticism of virtually all other communist groupings as revisionist—it defines currents such as Eurocommunism as anti-communist movements.[3]

Critical of the United States , the Soviet Union, China , and Yugoslavia, Enver Hoxha labeled the latter three "social imperialist" and condemned the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, before withdrawing Albania from the Warsaw Pact in response.[4] Hoxhaism asserts the right of nations to pursue socialism by different paths, dictated by the conditions in those countries,[5] although Hoxha personally held the view that Titoism was "anti-Marxist" in overall practice.[6][7]

The Albanians succeeded in ideologically winning over a large share of anti-revisionists, mainly in Latin America (such as the Popular Liberation Army and the Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador as well as the Revolutionary Communist Party of Brazil), but they also had a significant international following in general.[citation needed] Today there's still a strong Hoxhaist presence in several Latin American countries, notably Ecuador where the PCMLE has significant support through its electoral front the Popular Unity Movement and influence within Ecuadorian trade unions.[8][9][10]

Following the fall of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania in 1991, many Hoxhaist parties grouped themselves around an international conference founded in 1994 and the publication Unity and Struggle.[11]

The term Hoxhaism is rarely employed by the organizations which are associated with this trend, with Hoxhaists viewing Hoxha's theoretical contributions to Marxism as strictly an augmentation of anti-revisionism rather than a distinct ideology. Hoxhaists typically identify themselves with Marxism–Leninism or Stalinism.[12]

List of Hoxhaist parties

Active

  • Albania: Communist Party of Albania, Reorganised Party of Labour of Albania
  • Bangladesh: Communist Party of Bangladesh (Marxist–Leninist)
  • Benin: Communist Party of Benin, Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Benin
  • Brazil: Revolutionary Communist Party
  • Burkina Faso: Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party
  • Canada: Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)
  • Chile: Chilean Revolutionary Communist Party, Chilean Communist Party (Proletarian Action)
  • Colombia: Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist) (Popular Liberation Army)
  • Côte d'Ivoire: Revolutionary Communist Party of Côte d'Ivoire
  • Denmark: Workers' Communist Party
  • Dominican Republic: Communist Party of Labour
  • Ecuador: Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador (Group of Popular Combatants)
  • France: Workers' Communist Party of France
  • Greece: Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–1955
  • India: Revolutionary Democracy Organization
  • Iran: Labour Party of Iran
  • Italy: Communist Platform
  • Mali: Malian Party of Labour
  • Mexico: Communist Party of Mexico (Marxist–Leninist)
  • Nicaragua: Marxist–Leninist Popular Action Movement
  • Peru: Communist Party of Peru (Marxist-Leninist)
  • Serbia: Revolutionary Alliance of Labour of Serbia
  • Spain: Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist), Marxist–Leninist Party (Communist Reconstruction)
  • Togo: Communist Party of Togo
  • Tunisia: Workers' Party
  • Turkey: Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey, Marxist–Leninist Communist Party
  • United Kingdom: Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)
  • United States: American Party of Labor
  • Uruguay: Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Uruguay
  • Venezuela: Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Venezuela
  • Morocco: Democratic Way

Historical

  • Albania: Party of Labour of Albania
  • Bolivia: Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) of Bolivia, Revolutionary Communist Party
  • Denmark: Communist Party of Denmark/Marxist–Leninists
  • Ethiopia: Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray, Tigray People's Liberation Front, Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
  • Faroe Islands: Advancement for the Islands (Marxist–Leninist)
  • Germany: Communist Party of Germany/Marxists–Leninists, Communist Party of Germany (Roter Morgen)
  • Greece: Organisation of Communists Marxists–Leninists of Greece, Movement for a United Communist Party of Greece
  • Iceland: Communist Unity (Marxist–Leninist)
  • India: Communist Chadar Party of India, Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Harbhajan Sohi)
  • Ireland: Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist)
  • Japan: Japanese Communist Party (Left Faction)
  • Netherlands: Workers Party of the Netherlands (build-up organisation)
  • New Zealand: Communist Party of New Zealand
  • Norway: Communist Workers League, Marxist–Leninist League, Marxist–Leninist Group Revolution
  • Poland: Communist Party of Poland (Mijal)
  • Portugal: Communist Party (Reconstructed)
  • Spain: Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist)
  • Suriname: Communist Party of Suriname
  • Sweden: Communist Party in Sweden
  • Trinidad and Tobago: Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago
  • Turkey: Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist – Movement
  • United Kingdom: Communist League of Great Britain, Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)
  • United States: Revolutionary Organization of Labor, Marxist–Leninist Party, USA
  • Venezuela: Red Flag Party

See also

  • Enver Hoxha
  • International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)
  • Juche
  • Party of Labour of Albania
  • People's Socialist Republic of Albania
  • Sino-Albanian split

References

  1. ↑ Communism for Know-It-Alls. Filiquarian Publishing, LLC.. 2008. p. 23. 
  2. ↑ The Dynamics of Democratization: A Comparative Approach. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2000. p. 70. ISBN 9780826450388. 
  3. ↑ "The Marxist-Leninist Movement and the World Crisis of Capitalism". Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania. August 1979. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/marxist-leninist.htm. 
  4. ↑ "I: The strategy of imperialism and modern revisionism". Imperialism and the Revolution. Tirana, Albnaia. 1978. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/imp_rev/imp_ch1.htm. 
  5. ↑ "A Brief Guide to Hoxhaism". The Red Star Vanguard. 11 June 2011. http://theredstarvanguard.wordpress.com/2011/06/11/a-brief-guide-to-hoxhaism/. 
  6. ↑ "Enver Hoxha: Eurocommunism is Anticommunism". http://oktobernet.dk/artikler_marxistisk_bibliotek/enver_hoxha/eurocommunism.htm. 
  7. ↑ "Reject the Revisionist Theses of the XX Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Anti-Marxist Stand of Krushchev's Group! Uphold Marxism-Leninism!". Naim Frasheri Publishing House. 1960. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/nov1960.htm. 
  8. ↑ "¿"Sí" o "No"? ¿Qué se necesita para que gane una de estas opciones en el referendo el 5 de febrero en Ecuador?" (in es). 2023-01-19. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2023/01/19/ecuador-referendo-necesita-febrero-orix/. 
  9. ↑ Narváez, Erik Mozo (2015-05-28). "Un punto de inflexión en la historia de la Federación Nacional de Estudiantes Universitarios (Públicos) del Ecuador – FEUE Nacional –" (in en). https://erikmozo.wordpress.com/2015/05/28/un-punto-de-inflexion-en-la-historia-de-la-federacion-nacional-de-estudiantes-universitarios-publicos-del-ecuador-feue-nacional/. 
  10. ↑ Marcha, PCMLE, Semanario En (2011-10-25). "Formación de la FESE" (in es). https://pcmle.org/EM/spip.php?article4796%20%20/%3E. 
  11. ↑ "Communist Declaration to the Workers of the World". https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv1n2/mldecl.htm. 
  12. ↑ "Revolutionary Spirit: The Marxist-Leninist Guide to Leftist Factions". 2010-02-27. http://revolutionaryspiritapl.blogspot.com/2010/02/variants-of-revisionism-marxism_27.html. 

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