Social:Killing of Eric Garner

From HandWiki
Short description: 2014 police killing of a black man in New York City
Killing of Eric Garner
Eric Garner police confrontation screenshot.PNG
A frame from the video of Garner tackled by police
DateJuly 17, 2014; 9 years ago (2014-07-17)
Timec. 3:30–3:45 p.m. (EDT)[1]
Location202 Bay Street, Staten Island, New York, U.S.
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 40°38′14″N 74°04′36″W / 40.63716°N 74.07674°W / 40.63716; -74.07674
TypeHomicide by suffocation,[2] police killing
ParticipantsEric Garner (fatality), Daniel Pantaleo and Justin D'Amico (NYPD officers)
OutcomePantaleo fired in August 2019
DeathsEric Garner
ChargesNone
Litigation$5.9 million out-of-court settlement
Lua error in Module:Location_map at line 522: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/New York" does not exist.

On July 17, 2014, Eric Garner, a 43-year-old African-American man, was killed in the New York City borough of Staten Island by Daniel Pantaleo, a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer, after the latter put him in a prohibited chokehold while arresting him.[3][4] Video footage of the incident generated widespread national attention and raised questions about the use of force by law enforcement.[5]

NYPD officers approached Garner on July 17 on suspicion of selling single cigarettes from packs without tax stamps. After Garner told the police that he was tired of being harassed and that he was not selling cigarettes, the officers attempted to arrest Garner. When Pantaleo placed his hands on Garner, Garner pulled his arms away. Pantaleo then placed his arm around Garner's neck and wrestled him to the ground. With multiple officers pinning him down, Garner repeated the words "I can't breathe" 11 times while lying face down on the sidewalk. After Garner lost consciousness, he remained lying on the sidewalk for seven minutes while the officers waited for an ambulance to arrive. Garner was pronounced dead at an area hospital approximately one hour later.

The medical examiner ruled Eric Garner's death a homicide. According to the medical examiner's definition, a homicide is a death caused by the intentional actions of another person or persons. Specifically, an autopsy indicated that Garner's death resulted from "[compression] of neck, compression of chest and prone positioning during physical restraint by police".[2] Asthma, heart disease, and obesity were cited as contributing factors.[6]

On December 4, 2014, a Richmond County grand jury decided not to indict Pantaleo. This decision stirred public protests and rallies, with charges of police brutality made by protesters. By December 28, 2014, at least 50 demonstrations had been held nationwide in response to the Garner case, while hundreds of demonstrations against general police brutality counted Garner as a focal point. On July 13, 2015, an out-of-court settlement was reached, under which the City of New York would pay the Garner family $5.9 million. In 2019, the U.S. Department of Justice declined to bring criminal charges against Pantaleo under federal civil rights laws. A New York Police Department disciplinary hearing regarding Pantaleo's treatment of Garner was held in the summer of 2019; on August 2, 2019, an administrative judge recommended that Pantaleo's employment be terminated.[7] Pantaleo was fired on August 19, 2019, more than five years after Garner's death.[8]

People involved

Eric Garner

Eric Garner (September 15, 1970 – July 17, 2014) was a 43-year-old African-American man.[9] He was a horticulturist at the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation before quitting for health reasons.[10] Garner, who was married to Esaw Garner,[11] has been described by his friends as a "neighborhood peacemaker" and as a generous, congenial person.[12] He was the father of six children, had three grandchildren,[10] and at the time of his death had a 3-month-old child.[13]

Garner had been arrested by the NYPD more than 30 times since 1980 on charges such as assault, resisting arrest, and grand larceny.[14][15] According to an article in The New York Times , many of these arrests had been for allegedly selling unlicensed cigarettes.[16] In 2007, he filed a handwritten complaint[17] in federal court accusing a police officer of conducting a cavity search of him on the street, "digging his fingers in my rectum in the middle of the street" while people passed by.[10] Garner had, according to The New York Times, "recently ... told lawyers at Legal Aid that he intended to take all the cases against him to trial".[10] At the time of the incident, he was out on bail for allegedly selling untaxed cigarettes, driving without a license, marijuana possession, and false personation.[18]

Daniel Pantaleo

At the time of Garner's death, Daniel Pantaleo was a 29-year-old New York City Police Department officer living in Eltingville, Staten Island.[19] He joined the NYPD in 2006 after graduating from Monsignor Farrell High School, and with a bachelor's degree from the College of Staten Island. Pantaleo was the subject of two civil rights lawsuits in 2013 where plaintiffs accused him of falsely arresting them and abusing them. In one of the cases, he and other officers allegedly ordered two black men to strip naked on the street for a search and the charges against the men were dismissed.[20][21][22][23]

Ramsey Orta

Ramsey Orta is a member of Copwatch in New York City who filmed the incident.[24][failed verification] Following a campaign of alleged police harassment after the video went viral,[25][26][27][28] he was arrested on weapons charges.[25] Al Sharpton made a statement that prosecuting Orta while also calling him as a witness could constitute a conflict of interest.[25]

In February 2015, Orta was incarcerated on Rikers Island. In March 2015, a lockdown was initiated, and he was not permitted to prepare his own food. The prisoners were served meatloaf by the prison officers. After falling ill multiple times after eating food on Rikers, Orta believed he had been deliberately poisoned. He described that the other prisoners fell ill, vomiting blood, but the guards reportedly laughed, and no prisoners were brought to the infirmary. Court documents stated that the prisoners had suffered from various ailments after eating the food. Blue-green pellets were found in the meatloaf, and determined to be brodifacoum, the main ingredient of rat poison.[29] As a result, Orta stopped eating the food, only taking food passed to him from his visiting wife. He has alleged that prison officers booked him on false or trivial offences in a biased manner, resulting in him not being able to receive food from his wife. Orta also claimed that the prison officers have threatened, insulted, and beaten him, and deliberately crushed the food from his wife. Orta stated that when he was initially arrested, a police officer told him it would be better for Orta to kill himself before he was jailed.[29]

After prosecutors questioned whether the money raised for his bail was crowd-sourced legally, Orta was released on bail on April 10, 2015.[26][28]

In 2016, he was sentenced to four years in prison for weapons and drug charges after accepting a plea deal for which the prosecutor agreed to drop charges against his mother.[30][31][29][32] In May 2020, he was released from Groveland Correctional Facility,[33][5][34] a release in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic.[35]

Events of July 17, 2014

External video
Full video (14:43) on YouTube – recorded by Ramsey Orta and acquired by the Daily News[36]

On July 17, 2014, at approximately 3:30 p.m., Garner was approached by a plainclothes police officer, Justin D'Amico, in front of a beauty supply store at 202 Bay Street in Tompkinsville, Staten Island. According to bystanders (including a friend of Garner, Ramsey Orta, who recorded the incident on his cell phone[25][37][24]) Garner had just broken up a fight, which may have drawn the attention of the police.[38] Officers confronted Garner and accused him of selling "loosies" (single cigarettes without a tax stamp) in violation of New York state law.[39][40] Garner is heard on the video saying the following:

Get away [garbled] for what? Every time you see me, you want to mess with me. I'm tired of it. It stops today. Why would you...? Everyone standing here will tell you I didn't do nothing. I did not sell nothing. Because every time you see me, you want to harass me. You want to stop me [garbled] selling cigarettes. I'm minding my business, officer, I'm minding my business. Please just leave me alone. I told you the last time, please just leave me alone.[41]

When Pantaleo approached Garner from behind and attempted to handcuff him, Garner pulled his arms away, saying, "Don't touch me, please."[42] Pantaleo then placed his arm around Garner's neck[43] and pulled him backward in an attempt to bring him to the ground;[44] in the process, Pantaleo and Garner slammed into a glass window, which did not break.[10] Garner went to his knees and forearms and did not say anything for a few seconds. At that point, three uniformed officers and the two plainclothes officers had surrounded him.[10] After 15 seconds,[45] the video shows Pantaleo removing his arm from around Garner's neck; Pantaleo then used his hands to push Garner's face[44] into the sidewalk while pinning him down.[46] Garner is heard saying "I can't breathe" eleven times while lying face down on the sidewalk.[47] The arrest was supervised by a female African-American NYPD sergeant, Kizzy Adonis, who did not intercede.[48] Adonis was quoted in the original police report as stating, "The perpetrator's condition did not seem serious and he did not appear to get worse."[49]

A police sergeant called an ambulance and indicated that Mr. Garner was having trouble breathing, but reportedly added that he "did not appear to be in great distress".[50] Garner lay motionless, handcuffed, and unresponsive for several minutes before an ambulance arrived, as shown in a second video.[51][52] After Garner lost consciousness, officers turned him onto his side to ease his breathing.[53] Garner remained lying on the sidewalk for seven minutes.[54] When an ambulance arrived, EMTs checked his pulse but did little else for about two minutes before lifting him onto a stretcher.[55] According to police, Garner had a heart attack while being transported to Richmond University Medical Center.[56] He was pronounced dead at the hospital one hour later.[57]

A funeral was held for Garner on July 23, 2014, at Bethel Baptist Church in Brooklyn. At the funeral, Al Sharpton gave a speech calling for harsher punitive measures to be taken against the officers responsible for the incident.[58]

Immediate aftermath

On July 20, Pantaleo was put on desk duty and stripped of his service handgun and badge.[59] Justin D'Amico was allowed to keep his badge and handgun, but was also placed on desk duty.[60] Four of the EMTs and paramedics who took Garner to the hospital were suspended on July 21.[46] Two of the paramedics were soon returned to their duties, and the remaining two EMTs were doing non-medical work at the hospital pending the Richmond University Medical Center's own investigation into the incident.[61][62]

Medical examiner's report and autopsy

On August 1, 2014, the New York City Medical Examiner's Office ruled Garner's death a homicide.[63] According to the medical examiner's definition, a homicide is a death caused by the intentional actions of another person or persons, which is not necessarily an intentional death or a criminal death.[63]

Garner's death was also found by the medical examiner to have resulted from "compression of neck (choke hold), compression of chest and prone positioning during physical restraint by police".[2][6][64] Asthma and heart disease were cited as contributing factors.[65] Prior to that, on July 19, 2014, The New York Post published a report, citing unnamed sources, claiming the medical examiner had found no damage to Garner's "windpipe or neckbones" during a preliminary autopsy.[66]

Garner's family hired Michael Baden, a former New York City medical examiner, to perform an independent autopsy.[67][68] Baden agreed with the findings of the Medical Examiner's Office and concluded that Garner's death was primarily caused by "compression of the neck". Baden reported finding hemorrhaging around Garner's neck, which was indicative of neck compression.[68]

Pantaleo's union, the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association, noted that Garner's hyoid bone was not fractured. Barbara Sampson, the New York City medical examiner, said that "It is false that crushing of the windpipe and fracture of the hyoid bone would necessarily be seen at autopsy as the result of a chokehold."[69]

Protests

Sharpton organized a protest in Staten Island on the afternoon of July 19; he condemned the use of a chokehold on Garner, saying that "there is no justification" for it.[70]

On July 28, a protest organized by WalkRunFly Productions and poet Daniel J. Watts was held in Times Square. The protest was in the form of poetry and many Broadway entertainers participated in the event.[71] Al Sharpton originally planned to lead a protest on August 23 in which participants would drive over the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, then travel to the site of the altercation and the office of District Attorney Daniel M. Donovan, Jr.[72] This idea was scrapped in favor of Sharpton's leading a march along Bay Street in Staten Island, where Garner died; police estimated that over 2,500 people participated in the march.[73][74]

In March 2015, Assata's Daughters, a Chicago-based black activist group, formed because they saw a lack of response by public officials to Eric Garner's death.[75]

Grand jury

Grand jury deliberation

On August 19, Richmond County (Staten Island) District Attorney Daniel M. Donovan, Jr. brought against Pantaleo to a grand jury, saying that after considering the medical examiner's findings, his office decided "it is appropriate to present evidence regarding circumstances of his death to a Richmond County Grand Jury."[76] On September 29, the grand jury began hearing evidence in the Garner case.[76] On November 21, Pantaleo testified before the grand jury for about two hours.[76] After considering the case for two months, the grand jury decided on December 3 not to indict Pantaleo.[76][47]

Under New York law, most of the grand jury proceedings were kept secret, including the exact charges sought by the prosecutor, the autopsy report, and transcripts of testimony. Attempts by the New York Civil Liberties Union and others to gain release of that information have been unsuccessful.[77]

Reaction

Public

Chicago protesters protesting the Staten Island grand jury's decision, December 4, 2014

After the Staten Island grand jury did not indict Pantaleo on December 3, citizens in New York City and San Francisco gathered in protest, demonstrating with several die-ins,[78][79] making speeches and rallies against the lack of indictment.[51] On December 5, thousands gathered in protest on the Boston Common in Boston, and then marched in the downtown area, blocking traffic, especially on I-90, in addition to staging "die-ins."[80] Protests also occurred in Chicago, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Minneapolis, and Atlanta.[81][82] At least 300 people were arrested at the New York City protests on December 4 and 5, most of them for charges of disorderly conduct or refusal to clear the streets, but two for assault on a police officer.[83][84] On December 6, 300 protesters marched in Berkeley, California as well.[85][86] On December 10, 76 protesters were arrested at Westfield shopping centre in Shepherd's Bush in west London, England, during a rally to show solidarity with rallies in the United States.[87] Protesters have made use of Garner's last words, "I can't breathe", as a slogan and chant against police brutality since Garner's death and Pantaleo's grand jury decision.[88][89] By December 28, at least 50 protests in support of Garner had occurred globally, and many other Black Lives Matter-related demonstrations had occurred.[90]

Counter-protests were also launched in support of police, specifically for the NYPD. On December 19, during a New York City protest about the grand jury decision, supporters of the NYPD held a counter-demonstration, wearing shirts with the phrase, "I can breathe, thanks to the NYPD", on them, holding signs with phrases like "Bluelivesmatter", and chanting, "Don't resist arrest."[91]

On December 20, two NYPD officers were killed in an ambush in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. The suspected gunman, Ismaaiyl Brinsley, cited Garner's death at the hands of police (as well as that of Michael Brown) as reasons to kill police officers.[92] Brinsley then entered the New York City Subway and committed suicide.[93][94]

Garner's death has been cited as one of several police killings of African Americans protested by the Black Lives Matter movement.[95][96][97][98]

Police

As a result of Garner's death, Police Commissioner William Bratton ordered an extensive review of the NYPD's training procedures, specifically focusing on the appropriate amount of force that can be used while detaining a suspect.[99] Patrick Lynch, leader of the police union Patrolmen's Benevolent Association, challenged the claim that a chokehold was used, further stating that the union would be able to find many use-of-force experts who would also challenge the claim that a chokehold was used.[100] Lynch also attributed Garner's death to resisting arrest and, "a lack of the respect for law enforcement, resulting from the slanderous, insulting, and unjust manner in which police officers are being portrayed."[101][102] Edward D. Mullins, the head of the union representing police sergeants, called on members to slow down police response across the city by supervising every arrest. He also commented saying that the use of the term "chokehold" by the chief medical examiner's office was political.[100] Police union officials and Pantaleo's lawyer argued that Pantaleo did not use the chokehold, but instead used a NYPD-taught takedown move because Garner was resisting arrest.[47] Police also defended the decision not to perform CPR on Garner on the grounds that he was still breathing on his own.[103][104][105]

An Indiana police officer sold T-shirts saying "Breathe Easy. Don't Break the Law."[106] A veteran San Jose Police Officer, Phillip White, tweeted: "Threaten me or my family and I will use my God given and law appointed right and duty to kill you. #CopsLivesMatter," which sparked controversy.[107]

Family

In an interview with CNN, Garner's daughter Erica felt that it was pride and not racism that led to the officer choking her father. Erica held a vigil and "die-in" on December 11, 2014, on Staten Island in memory of her father, near where he died.[108] On her Twitter account, she vowed to continue to lead protests in Staten Island twice a week, lying down in the spot where her father collapsed and died.[109][110] Erica Garner died on December 30, 2017, after suffering a heart attack at the age of 27.[111]

One of Garner's daughters, Emerald Snipes, created a fund for his kids for Christmas, as Garner used to play Santa Claus.[112] Garner's daughters Erica and Emerald, his widow Esaw, and his stepfather Ben Carr all went to the Justice for All March in Washington, D.C.[113]

After the grand jury decision, when asked whether she accepted Pantaleo's condolences, Garner's widow angrily answered, "Hell, no! The time for remorse would have been when my husband was yelling to breathe." She added, "No, I don't accept his apology. No, I could care less [sic] about his condolences ... He's still working. He's still getting a paycheck. He's still feeding his kids, when my husband is six feet under and I'm looking for a way to feed my kids now."[114]

Garner's mother, Gwen Carr, expressed surprise and disappointment at the grand jury decision.[114][115]

Politicians

New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio called Garner's death a "terrible tragedy."[116] De Blasio, at a July 31 roundtable meeting in response to the death, convened with police officers and political activists, called upon mutual respect and understanding. On August 1, in a statement, the mayor urged all parties involved to create a dialogue, and find a path "to heal the wounds from decades of mistrust and create a culture where the police department and the communities they protect respect each other."[117][118] Mayor de Blasio has been criticized by activists for not firing the officers involved in Garner's death.[119]

New York Governor Andrew Cuomo said that New York State should consider appointing a special prosecutor to handle cases of alleged police brutality. He told CNN: "We have a problem. Let's acknowledge it."[120]

U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder said that the Department of Justice was "closely monitoring" investigations into Garner's death.[121]

Two U.S. Presidents have expressed thoughts about Garner's death. Barack Obama addressed the grand jury's decision by making a speech, stating that Garner's death and the legal outcome of it is an "American problem".[122] Obama also reacted by saying that Garner's death "speaks to the larger issues" of trust between police and civilians.[123] Former U.S. President George W. Bush said he found the grand jury outcome "hard to understand" and "very sad" in an interview.[124]

Rep. Peter King (R-NY) stated that, if Garner had been healthier, he would not have died after a police officer placed him in a chokehold. "If he had not had asthma, and a heart condition, and was so obese, almost definitely he would not have died from this." King added that there "was not a hint" that anyone used any racial epithets, and that if Garner were a "350-pound white guy, he would have been treated the same."[125]

Celebrities

Shady Records recording artist Kxng Crooked aka Crooked I of Slaughterhouse recorded a tribute song for Garner titled "I Can't Breathe". The song was released exclusively through MTV News.[126] Crooked used the same instrumental that was used for 2Pac's "Pain", with additional production added by Jonathan Hay.[127] The cover art features an image of Garner being held in a chokehold by law enforcement officials.[128]

After the grand jury declined to indict Pantaleo, professional athletes such as NFL players Reggie Bush, Ryan Davis, Cecil Shorts III, Marqise Lee, Ace Sanders, and Allen Hurns;[129] and NBA players LeBron James, Kobe Bryant and the Los Angeles Lakers, Kyrie Irving, Kevin Garnett, Derrick Rose, Jarrett Jack, and Deron Williams, wore T-shirts bearing the phrase "I can't breathe" during pregame warmups.[130][131][132] The Phoenix Suns also wore the shirts.[133] President Obama and Attorney General Holder applauded James for wearing the shirt.[134][135]

The Georgetown University men's basketball team wore "I can't breathe" shirts,[136] as did the University of Notre Dame Women's Basketball team.[137]

Realizing that Garner died the same way as Radio Raheem, a character from the film Do the Right Thing, film director Spike Lee also paid tribute to Garner by splicing footage of Garner's death with a clip from the film showing several police officers putting the character in a chokehold.[138][139]

The title of Terence Blanchard's 2015 album Breathless was inspired by Garner's last words ("I can't breathe").[140]

Matt Taibbi wrote the 2017 book I Can't Breathe: A Killing on Bay Street.[141]

Civil lawsuit

In October 2014, Garner's family stated their intent to file a wrongful death lawsuit against the City of New York, the police department, and several police officers, seeking $75 million in damages.[142] The parties reached a $5.9 million out-of-court settlement on July 13, 2015.[143][144] Garner's widow had previously rejected a $5 million settlement offer.[145]

Department of Justice investigation

On December 3, 2014, after the grand jury decided not to indict Pantaleo, the Department of Justice started an independent investigation.[10][146][147] In January 2015 it was reported that the FBI's New York Field Office was reviewing the incident and events thereafter.[148] The investigation was overseen by local United States Attorney Loretta Lynch until she became the US Attorney General.[149] The local FBI investigators and federal prosecutors determined that charges should not be brought in the case, prompting strong disagreement from attorneys in the Washington, D.C. office of the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division.[149] In October 2016, Attorney General Lynch removed the local FBI agents and federal prosecutors from the case, replacing them with agents from outside New York.[149] Lynch's intervention has been called "highly unusual".[149]

In 2017, ThinkProgress obtained anonymously and published Pantaleo's police department disciplinary records, showing that Pantaleo had "seven disciplinary complaints and 14 individual allegations lodged against him. Four of those allegations were substantiated by an independent review board." He was found guilty of one of those fourteen allegations, and was disciplined by the loss of two vacation days.[150][151][152][153]

On July 16, 2019, Attorney General William Barr decided that the officers involved in Garner's death would not face federal charges.[154][155]

Disciplinary hearing and termination of Pantaleo

An internal affairs inquiry by the NYPD determined that Pantaleo used a chokehold and recommended disciplinary charges.[156] Chokeholds are prohibited by NYPD regulations,[43][157] though are not illegal, unless constituting assault or criminal homicide.[158] In 2015, the Department of Justice asked the NYPD to delay pursuing disciplinary charges pending a federal investigation.[159] On July 16, 2018, NYPD Deputy Commissioner Lawrence Byrne wrote a letter to the Justice Department stating that the NYPD would pursue disciplinary actions against officers involved in Garner's death if the Justice Department did not file charges by the end of August.[160]

During an April 4, 2019, disciplinary hearing Pantaleo's attorneys argued that in an internal report dated December 10, 2014, NYPD Chief Surgeon Eli Kleinman concluded Pantaleo did not use a chokehold on Garner and Garner had suffered no chokehold associated injuries.[67] According to Pantaleo's lawyer, Kleinman found that Garner's pre-existing health conditions contributed to his death.[67] The report was completed at the request of NYPD Internal Affairs Bureau.[67] Kleinman did not personally examine Garner and based his conclusions on a review of two videos of the incident and Garner's autopsy.[67][161]

At a May 2019 disciplinary hearing for Pantaleo, Dr. Floriana Persechino, who performed Garner's autopsy, testified that Pantaleo's use of a chokehold on Garner "set into motion a lethal sequence" that led to a fatal asthma attack.[162][163] However, the examiner conceded that even "a bear hug" could have had the same effect as the chokehold, given that Garner weighed 395 pounds (179 kg), suffered from asthma and diabetes, and had a heart twice the size of a healthy person's heart.[161] Moreover, during the trial at a hearing in June 2019, a defense witness, Dr. Michael Graham, St. Louis, Missouri's chief medical examiner, testified Garner's death couldn't have been caused by a chokehold because, Graham said, Garner was never actually choked or unable to breathe during the arrest.[164][165] Graham attributed Garner's death to heart disease exacerbated by the stress of the arrest.[164][165]

During this same trial, Pantaleo's partner, Justin D'Amico, admitted that he exaggerated Garner's charges. D'Amico claimed Garner had been selling 10,000 untaxed cigarettes, which was a felony. However, Garner had fewer than 100 cigarettes in his possession at the time of his death.[166]

Pantaleo's disciplinary hearing concluded on June 6, 2019.[157] Two months later, it was reported that the administrative judge presiding over the disciplinary hearing recommended to New York Police Department Commissioner James O’Neill that Pantaleo be fired.[7] According to New York Police Department Administrative Judge Rosemarie Maldonado, video evidence and autopsy results provided "'overwhelming'" evidence that Pantaleo had placed Garner in a chokehold. In her recommendation to the Commissioner, Judge Maldonado found that Pantaleo's "'use of a chokehold fell so far short of objective reasonableness that this tribunal found it to be reckless — a gross deviation from the standard of conduct established for a New York City police officer.'"[167]

On August 19, 2019, O'Neill terminated Pantaleo's employment with the New York Police Department,[8] stating that it would not be possible for Pantaleo to serve effectively,[167] and that Pantaleo's decision to maintain the chokehold on the ground is what led to his firing.[168] Pantaleo subsequently sued in state court for his reinstatement but was not successful.[169]

State legislation

On June 8, 2020, both houses of the New York state assembly passed the Eric Garner Anti-Chokehold Act, which stipulates that any police officer in the state of New York who injures or kills somebody through the use of "a chokehold or similar restraint" can be charged with a class C felony, punishable by up to 15 years in prison.[170] New York Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the police reforms, which he described as "long overdue", into law on June 12, 2020.[171][170]

Popular culture

The single "Loyal Like Sid & Nancy" by Foster the People, released in 2017, includes the lyric "I can't breathe" and is partly a commentary about Garner's killing and Black Lives Matter.[172]

In 2018, a crime-drama film was released under the title of Monsters and Men, whose main plotline depicts the death of a cigarette-selling black man at the hands of the police being filmed by an onlooker and grabbing wide attention upon release. Being inspired by a real story, and given the striking similarity with the incident, multiple film reviews considered the movie to be based on the death of Eric Garner.[173][174][175]

See also

  • Murder of George Floyd
  • Killing of Jonny Gammage
  • Death of Jonathan Sanders
  • Death of Sandra Bland
  • Hands up, don't shoot
  • List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, July 2014
  • Mothers of the Movement
  • New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct
  • Shooting of Andy Lopez
  • Shooting of Alton Sterling
  • Shooting of Jeremy McDole
  • Killing of Tamir Rice
  • Shooting of Philando Castile
  • Murder of Ahmaud Arbery
  • Killing of Breonna Taylor

References

  1. ↑ Baker, Al; Goodman, J. David; Mueller, Benjamin (June 13, 2015). "Beyond the Chokehold: The Path to Eric Garner's Death". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/14/nyregion/eric-garner-police-chokehold-staten-island.html. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Goldstein, Joseph; Santora, Marc (August 1, 2014). "Staten Island Man Dies From Chokehold During Arrest, Autopsy Finds". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/nyregion/staten-island-man-died-from-officers-chokehold-autopsy-finds.html. 
  3. ↑ "The shifting ground". The Economist. June 11, 2020. https://www.economist.com/united-states/2020/06/11/in-america-protests-have-already-brought-policy-changes. 
  4. ↑ Carrega, Christina (June 7, 2019). "Judge to suggest future for NYPD cop accused of killing Eric Garner with chokehold". https://abcnews.go.com/US/judge-determine-future-nypd-cop-accused-killing-eric/story?id=63502832. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hamilton, Alec (October 4, 2018). "Life After 'I Can't Breathe'". WNYC. https://www.wnyc.org/story/life-after-i-cant-breathe/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Pearson, Jake (August 1, 2014). "Autopsy: Police chokehold caused NYC man's death". https://bigstory.ap.org/article/medical-examiner-says-chokehold-police-officer-caused-death-nyc-man-ruled-homicide. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "NYPD judge recommends firing officer over Eric Garner's chokehold death". Associated Press. August 2, 2019. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/eric-garner-trial-nypd-administrative-judge-recommends-firing-daniel-pantaleo-today-2019-08-02/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Southall, Ashley (August 19, 2019). "Daniel Pantaleo, N.Y.P.D. Officer Who Held Eric Garner in Chokehold, Is Fired" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/19/nyregion/eric-garner-daniel-pantaleo-fired.html. 
  9. ↑ Goodman, J. David (August 4, 2014). "Difficult Decisions Ahead in Responding to Police Chokehold Homicide". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/05/nyregion/after-eric-garner-chokehold-prosecuting-police-is-an-option.html. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Goldstein, Joseph; Schweber, Nate (July 18, 2014). "Man's Death After Chokehold Raises Old Issue for the Police". https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/19/nyregion/staten-island-man-dies-after-he-is-put-in-chokehold-during-arrest.html. 
  11. ↑ Burke, Kerry; Otis, Ginger Adams (July 23, 2014). "Eric Garner, who died after NYPD chokehold, laid to rest". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/funeral-today-eric-garner-article-1.1877381. 
  12. ↑ Blidner, Rachelle (July 21, 2014). "Friends: Man in NYC chokehold case 'gentle giant'". Yahoo! News. https://news.yahoo.com/friends-man-nyc-chokehold-case-gentle-giant-205839377.html. 
  13. ↑ Lavis, Ryan (July 18, 2014). ""He was a great dad," says family of man who died while being arrested in Tompkinsville". SILive.com. https://www.silive.com/news/2014/07/he_was_a_great_dad_says_family.html. 
  14. ↑ O'Brien, Rebecca Davis; Saul, Michael Howard; Shallwani, Pervaiz (December 4, 2014). "New York City Police Officer Won't Face Criminal Charges in Eric Garner Death". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-city-police-officer-wont-face-criminal-charges-in-eric-garner-death-1417635275. 
  15. ↑ McDonald, Soraya Nadia (December 4, 2014). "Friends: Eric Garner was a 'gentle giant'". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/12/04/friends-eric-garner-was-a-gentle-giant/. 
  16. ↑ Goldstein, Joseph; Schweber, Nate (July 18, 2014). "Man's Death After Chokehold Raises Old Issue for the Police". https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/19/nyregion/staten-island-man-dies-after-he-is-put-in-chokehold-during-arrest.html. 
  17. ↑ "Eric Garner Lawsuit NYPD Violated Him in Eric's own hand writing 7 years ago!". January 11, 2008. https://www.scribd.com/doc/253681968/Eric-Garner-Lawsuit-NYPD-Violated-Him-in-Eric-s-own-hand-writing-7-years-ago. "Case: 1:08-CV-00222-CBA-LB" 
  18. ↑ Donnelly, Frank (July 18, 2014). "Misdemeanor cases over alleged untaxed cigarettes preceded fatal police incident with Eric Garner". SILive.com. https://www.silive.com/northshore/2014/07/eric_garner_who_died_in_police.html. 
  19. ↑ Schram, Jamie; Prendergast, Daniel (July 22, 2014). "Officer in chokehold arrest receives death threats online". https://nypost.com/2014/07/22/officer-who-choked-man-receiving-death-threats/. 
  20. ↑ "CNN: Anderson Cooper 360 Degrees transcript Dec. 1, 2014". CNN. December 1, 2014. http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1412/01/acd.01.html. 
  21. ↑ Dobnik, Verena; Pearson, Jake (July 19, 2014). "Officer in fatal NY arrest stripped of gun, badge". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/65aa12e16224489f9c41855c341dd006. 
  22. ↑ Jonsson, Patrik (August 2, 2014). "Eric Garner ruled victim of chokehold 'homicide': Should a grand jury indict?". The Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2014/0802/Eric-Garner-ruled-victim-of-chokehold-homicide-Should-a-grand-jury-indict. 
  23. ↑ McCoy, Kevin (December 4, 2014). "Choke-hold cop sued in prior misconduct cases". https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/12/04/choke-hold-cop-pantaleo-sued/19899461/. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Wing, Nick (December 3, 2014). "A Grand Jury Did Indict One Person Involved In Eric Garner's Killing -- The Man Who Filmed It". The Huffington Post. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ramsey-orta-indictment-eric-garner_n_6264746. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Goodman, J. David (August 3, 2014). "Man Who Filmed Fatal Police Chokehold Is Arrested on Weapons Charges". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/04/nyregion/after-recording-eric-garner-chokehold-ramsey-orta-gets-charged-with-gun-possession.html. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lewis, Taylor (April 13, 2015). "Man who filmed Eric Garner's death released from jail". Essence. https://www.essence.com/news/man-who-filmed-eric-garners-death-released-jail/. 
  27. ↑ Sanburn, Josh (July 17, 2015). "The Witness: One year after filming Eric Garner's fatal confrontation with police, Ramsey Orta's life has been upended". Time. https://time.com/ramsey-orta-eric-garner-video/. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Orta, Ramsey (April 13, 2015). "Ramsey Orta, Man Who Filmed NYPD Chokehold of Eric Garner, Is Released from Jail". Democracy Now! (Interview). Interviewed by Amy Goodman. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Jones, Chloe (March 13, 2019). "Fearing for his life". https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/13/18253848/eric-garner-footage-ramsey-orta-police-brutality-killing-safety. 
  30. ↑ Mathias, Christopher (September 1, 2016). "He Filmed The Death Of Eric Garner. Now He's Getting Ready To Spend 4 Years In Prison: Ramsey Orta, who says he's still haunted by Garner's death, thinks the NYPD is out for revenge". Huffington Post. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ramsey-orta-eric-garner_n_57a9edbde4b0aae2a5a15142. 
  31. ↑ Mathias, Christopher (October 5, 2016). "The Man Who Filmed the Eric Garner Video is Behind Bars". Huffington Post. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ramsey-orta-eric-garner_n_57f5019ae4b04c71d6f12ba4. 
  32. ↑ Brown, Stephen Rex (January 20, 2019). "Man who filmed death of Eric Garner will be first witness in NYPD trial of cop who used chokehold". New York Daily News. https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-metro-orta-pantaleo-trial-20190116-story.html. 
  33. ↑ Brown, Stephen Rex (October 29, 2017). "Ramsey Orta says he's been beaten by prison guards, thrown in solitary as retaliation for filming Eric Garner death". New York Daily News. https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/ramsey-orta-jail-guards-beat-eric-garner-death-video-article-1.3596164. 
  34. ↑ Muhammad, Latifah (March 15, 2019). "Ramsey Orta, Man Who Recorded Eric Garner's Death, Fears For His Life In Prison". Vibe. https://www.vibe.com/2019/03/ramsey-orta-fears-for-his-life-in-prison. 
  35. ↑ Ehrlich, Brenna (June 8, 2020). "Ramsey Orta, Man Who Filmed Eric Garner's Arrest, Has Been Released From Prison". Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/ramsey-orta-eric-garner-prison-release-1011646/. 
  36. ↑ Murray, Ken (July 11, 2015). "How the Daily News acquired the Eric Garner video". http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/video-shows-fatally-choking-eric-garner-graphic-content-article-1.2289271. 
  37. ↑ Sanburn, Josh (July 22, 2014). "Behind the Video of Eric Garner's Deadly Confrontation With New York Police". Time. https://time.com/3016326/eric-garner-video-police-chokehold-death/. 
  38. ↑ Dianis, Judith Browne (August 5, 2014). "Eric Garner was killed by more than just a chokehold". MSNBC. https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/what-killed-eric-garner-msna381106. 
  39. ↑ Rayman, Rocco Parascandola, Graham (May 14, 2019). "Daniel Pantaleo's lawyer says accused cop saved Eric Garner's life in first day of NYPD disciplinary trial". https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-lawyers-opening-statements-chokehold-trial-eric-garner-death-20190513-gcgnnnuupvd3rnujbdkqmzcefe-story.html. 
  40. ↑ Karni, Annie; Parascandola, Rocco; McShane, Larry (July 18, 2014). "Two cops pulled off streets, Staten Island DA looking into death of dad of six after NYPD cop put him in chokehold during sidewalk takedown". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/staten-island-da-man-death-nypd-chokehold-article-1.1871946. 
  41. ↑ Capelouto, Susanna (December 4, 2014). "Eric Garner's haunting last words". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/04/us/garner-last-words. 
  42. ↑ Chung, Jen (July 20, 2014). "NYPD Strips Badge, Gun From Cop Involved In Fatal Chokehold". Gothamist. https://gothamist.com/news/nypd-strips-badge-gun-from-cop-involved-in-fatal-chokehold. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Scheller, Alissa; Diehm, Jan (December 5, 2014). "The Chokehold Is Banned By NYPD, But Complaints About Its Use Persist". https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nyc-police-chokeholds_n_6272000. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Steier, Richard (December 8, 2014). "Ex-NYPD Trials Chief: Need Special Prosecutor for Cases Like 'Garner'". https://thechiefleader.com/news/open_articles/ex-nypd-trials-chief-need-special-prosecutor-for-cases-like/article_43ce1012-7ee9-11e4-a516-c7c2a69c6975.html. 
  45. ↑ Siegel, Harry (December 5, 2014). "Did the NYPD Let Eric Garner Die? Video Shows Police Ignored Pleas to Help Him After Chokehold". Democracy Now!: at 19 minutes, 3 seconds into video. https://www.democracynow.org/2014/12/5/did_the_nypd_let_eric_garner. "Officer Daniel Pantaleo chokes Garner for 15 seconds ..." 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Behind the Eric Garner Video of a Deadly Confrontation With Police. YouTube. July 31, 2014. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Eversley, Melanie (December 3, 2014). "Lawyer: Cop in chokehold case won't be charged". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/12/03/chokehold-grand-jury/19804577/. 
  48. ↑ Dorsey, Cheryl (December 5, 2014). "Watching Eric Garner Die". https://www.laprogressive.com/watching-eric-garner-die/. 
  49. ↑ Pujol, Rolando; Johnson, Nicole (July 31, 2014). "EXCLUSIVE: Police report in Eric Garner's death conflicts with videos". New York's PIX11 / WPIX-TV. https://pix11.com/2014/07/31/exclusive-police-report-in-eric-garners-death-conflicts-with-videos-witnesses/. 
  50. ↑ Lind, Dara (June 15, 2015). "One sentence that shows how terribly the NYPD treated Eric Garner". https://www.vox.com/2015/6/15/8782353/eric-garner-breathe-ambulance. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Chokshi, Niraj (July 19, 2014). "New video purports to show aftermath of the chokehold that led to Eric Garner's death". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/07/19/new-video-purports-to-show-aftermath-of-the-chokehold-that-led-to-eric-garners-death/. 
  52. ↑ Koeske, Zack (July 19, 2014). "New video shows Eric Garner motionless on ground as police wait for EMS". Staten Island Advance. https://www.silive.com/news/2014/07/cops_dug_through_garners_pocke.html. 
  53. ↑ Duncan, Jericka (December 6, 2014). "Eric Garner case: Video of chokehold's aftermath raises new questions". CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/second-tape-of-nypd-chokehold-raises-new-questions-in-eric-garner-case/. 
  54. ↑ Bankoff, Caroline (July 20, 2014). "Cop Who Choked Garner Stripped of Badge and Gun". Daily Intelligencer (New York). https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/cop-who-choked-garner-stripped-of-badge-and-gun.html. 
  55. ↑ Annese, John (February 11, 2016). "EMT who checked Eric Garner's pulse after fatal chokehold arrest returns to full duty". https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/emt-checked-eric-garner-pulse-returns-full-duty-article-1.2528197. 
  56. ↑ Bloom, Deborah E.; Imam, Jareen (December 8, 2014). "New York man dies after chokehold by police". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/20/justice/ny-chokehold-death/. 
  57. ↑ Queally, James (July 18, 2014). "Man's death after apparent chokehold by NYPD officer to be probed". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-nypd-choking-death-20140718-story.html. 
  58. ↑ "Sharpton To Officers In Eric Garner Case: 'When Does Your Morality Kick In?'". CBS New York. July 23, 2014. https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2014/07/23/funeral-for-staten-island-man-who-died-in-police-custody/. 
  59. ↑ Margolin, Josh; Cliborne, Ron; Crudele, Mark (July 20, 2014). "NYPD Cop's Chokehold May Not Have Caused Serious Injury to Man's Throat". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/US/nypd-cops-chokehold-caused-injury-mans-throat/story?id=24640347. 
  60. ↑ Marzulli, John; Parascandola, Rocco; Tracy, Thomas (August 7, 2014). "NYPD No. 3's order to crack down on selling loose cigarettes led to chokehold death of Eric Garner". Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/wife-man-filmed-chokehold-arrested-article-1.1893790#cAOs5mib4wBv4MOC.97. 
  61. ↑ Hays, Tom; Long, Colleen (December 12, 2014). "NYC police probe moving swiftly in chokehold case". AP News. https://apnews.com/ab96cf8f886243ec89b8138da80c98f2. 
  62. ↑ Annese, John M. (July 21, 2014). "EMTs and paramedics who responded to Eric Garner have been suspended without pay by hospital". Staten Island Advance. https://www.silive.com/news/2014/07/emts_and_paramedics_who_respon.html. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Calabresi, Massimo (December 4, 2014). "Why a Medical Examiner Called Eric Garner's Death a 'Homicide'". Time. https://time.com/3618279/eric-garner-chokehold-crime-staten-island-daniel-pantaleo/. 
  64. ↑ Nathan, Giri (August 1, 2014). "Eric Garner Died from Chokehold While in Police Custody". Time. https://time.com/3071288/eric-garner-chokehold-death-nypd-medical-examiner/. 
  65. ↑ "Medical examiner says chokehold by police officer caused death of NYC man; ruled homicide". Fox News. Associated Press. August 1, 2014. https://www.foxnews.com/us/medical-examiner-says-chokehold-by-police-officer-caused-death-of-nyc-man-ruled-homicide. 
  66. ↑ Celona, Larry; Boniello, Kathianne (July 20, 2014). "Man in chokehold had no throat damage". The New York Post. https://nypost.com/2014/07/19/man-in-chokehold-death-had-no-throat-damage-autopsy/. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 67.4 Parascandola, Rocco; Tracy, Thomas (April 4, 2019). "NYPD chief surgeon determined Officer Pantaleo didn't put Eric Garner in chokehold: attorney". New York Daily News. https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-nypd-chief-surgeon-doesnt-see-chokehold-20190404-matpyvan3vbgbjqnuut6ghdamu-story.html. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Pearson, Jake (September 19, 2014). "Expert says chokehold caused NYC man's death". AP News. https://www.apnews.com/42443fdeee364997ac4a298063f67eaf. 
  69. ↑ Sisak, Michael R. (December 7, 2018). "NYPD officer faces May trial in Eric Garner chokehold death". https://apnews.com/e503728d75474aca90929229bffaa097. 
  70. ↑ Queally, James (July 19, 2014). "Rev. Al Sharpton leads calls for justice in NYPD chokehold death". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-sharpton-events-20140719-story.html. 
  71. ↑ Gioia, Michael (July 31, 2014). "Watch Flashmob Created by Broadway Stars in Response to Death of Eric Garner". https://www.playbill.com/news/article/watch-flashmob-created-by-broadway-stars-in-response-to-death-of-eric-garne-325814. 
  72. ↑ Allen, Jonathan (August 9, 2014). "Bridge protest over NYC man's arrest death to proceed". Reuters. https://news.yahoo.com/bridge-protest-over-nyc-mans-arrest-death-proceed-171924935.html. 
  73. ↑ "Rev. Al Sharpton Leads March, Rally Over Eric Garner's Death On Staten Island". CBSNewYork/AP. August 23, 2014. https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2014/08/23/thousands-to-call-for-action-over-death-of-eric-garner-at-staten-island-march-and-rally/. 
  74. ↑ "Eric Garner death: Thousands rally in Staten Island". BBC News. August 24, 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-28917198. 
  75. ↑ "We're Assata's Daughters". October 19, 2016. https://www.zedbooks.net/blog/posts/getting-free/. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 "Timeline: Eric Garner Death". NBC New York. December 3, 2014. https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/timeline-eric-garner-chokehold-death-arrest-nypd-grand-jury-no-indictment/1427896/. 
  77. ↑ Queally, James (March 19, 2015). "In Eric Garner case, judge denies request to release grand jury transcripts". https://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-eric-garner-grand-jury-20150319-story.html. 
  78. ↑ Ho, Vivian; Fimrite, Peter; Williams, Kale (December 3, 2014). "Oakland, S.F. protesters denounce police killing of Eric Garner". San Francisco Chronicle. https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Bay-Area-protesters-denounce-police-killing-of-5933671.php. 
  79. ↑ Joseph, Peniel E. (December 5, 2014). "'I can't breathe': Why Eric Garner protests are gaining momentum". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/idIN298177169020141205. 
  80. ↑ Anderson, Travis; Allen, Evan; Ramos, Nestor; Fox, Jeremy C. (December 5, 2014). "Thousands protest Eric Garner case in downtown Boston". Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/12/04/protest-planned-christmas-tree-lighting-common/875sx4ZA1JcHliKte9UyCJ/story.html. 
  81. ↑ Marcius, Chelsia Rose; Stepansky, Joe; Hutchinson, Bill; Burke, Kerry (December 5, 2014). "Protesters flood NYC in second night of demonstrations opposing ruling not to indict NYPD cop in Eric Garner's death". Daily News (New York). https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-protests-eric-garner-case-resume-night-article-1.2033891. 
  82. ↑ Brandt Williams (December 4, 2014). "Protests shut down part of I-35W for over an hour". Mprnews.org. https://www.mprnews.org/story/2014/12/04/protesters-close-i35w. 
  83. ↑ "223 Arrested as Protesters, Police Clash in New York City Over Eric Garner Decision". ABC News. Associated Press. December 5, 2014. https://abcnews.go.com/US/protesters-police-clash-york-city-eric-garner-decision/story?id=27383303. 
  84. ↑ Adam Janos; Thomas MacMillan; Joe Jackson; Pervaiz Shallwani (December 5, 2014). "300 Arrests After 2 Days of Eric Garner Protests, More Demonstrations Planned". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/more-than-200-arrested-in-second-night-of-new-york-city-protests-1417792930. 
  85. ↑ Aleaziz, Hamed; Sernoffsky, Evan (December 6, 2014). "Violence Mars new protests in Berkeley". San Francisco Chronicle. https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Protesters-march-again-in-S-F-and-Berkeley-5940498.php. 
  86. ↑ "Berkeley protesters smash windows, two officers hurt". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. December 6, 2014. https://news.yahoo.com/protesters-injure-police-officer-berkeley-061759579.html. 
  87. ↑ "Eric Garner death: 76 arrested at London Westfield demo". BBC News. December 11, 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-30424338. 
  88. ↑ Laughland, Oliver; Glenza, Jessica; Thrasher, Steven; Lewis, Paul (December 4, 2014). "'We can't breathe': Eric Garner's last words become protesters' rallying cry". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/04/we-cant-breathe-eric-garner-protesters-chant-last-words. 
  89. ↑ Zimmer, Ben (December 5, 2014). "The Linguistic Power of the Protest Phrase 'I Can't Breathe'". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2014/12/ben-zimmer-on-i-cant-breathe/. 
  90. ↑ "2014 Black Lives Matter Demonstrations". December 26, 2014. https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests. 
  91. ↑ Howell, Kellan (December 20, 2014). "'I can breathe — thanks to the NYPD' shirts flood pro-police NYC rally". The Washington Times. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/dec/20/i-can-breathe-thanks-to-the-nypd-shirts-flood-pro-/. 
  92. ↑ Peter Holley (December 20, 2014). "Two New York City police officers are shot and killed in a brazen ambush in Brooklyn". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/two-new-york-city-police-officers-are-shot-and-killed-in-a-brazen-ambush-in-brooklyn/2014/12/20/2a73f7ae-8898-11e4-9534-f79a23c40e6c_story.html. 
  93. ↑ Schabner, Dean (December 21, 2014). "Two NYPD Cops 'Assassinated' in Brooklyn Ambush". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/US/nypd-cops-assassinated-brooklyn-ambush/story?id=27738835. 
  94. ↑ Mueller, Benjamin; Baker, Al (December 20, 2014). "Two N.Y.P.D. Officers Are Killed in Brooklyn Ambush; Suspect Commits Suicide". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/21/nyregion/two-police-officers-shot-in-their-patrol-car-in-brooklyn.html. 
  95. ↑ Williams, Yohuru (April 29, 2015). "You're Nobody 'Till Somebody Kills You: Baltimore, Freddie Gray and the Problem of History". The Huffington Post. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/youre-nobody-till-somebod_b_7167028. 
  96. ↑ Fields, Liz (April 10, 2015). "After Walter Scott Killing, Black Lives Matter Movement Calls For Citizen Oversight of Police". Vice News. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/8x7wxa/after-walter-scott-killing-black-lives-matter-movement-calls-for-citizen-oversight-of-police. 
  97. ↑ Anderson, Michelle (December 13, 2014). "Muskegon-area churches to participate in 'Black Lives Matter' movement on Sunday". mLive Media Group. https://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/2014/12/muskegon-area_churches_to_part.html. 
  98. ↑ "Activists blast NYPD attempts to silence movement for change". Black Lives Matter. http://blacklivesmatter.com/activists-blast-nypd-attempts-to-silence-movement-for-change/. 
  99. ↑ Sanchez, Ray (August 2, 2014). "Choke hold by cop killed NY man, medical examiner says". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/01/justice/new-york-choke-hold-death/index.html. 
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 Goodman, J. David (August 5, 2014). "Handling of New York Chokehold Cases 'Disappointing,' Review Board Chief Says". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/06/nyregion/handling-of-new-york-chokehold-cases-disappointing-review-board-chief-says.html. 
  101. ↑ Speri, Alex (August 6, 2014). "A Chokehold Didn't Kill Eric Garner, Your Disrespect for the NYPD Did". Vice. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/59a4en/a-chokehold-didnt-kill-eric-garner-your-disrespect-for-the-nypd-did. 
  102. ↑ "NYC PBA-Recorded Video". August 5, 2014. http://www.nycpba.org/news/pba-video/pba-140805-sba.html. 
  103. ↑ Staten Islander Eric Garner's Death - Panel Discussion on NY1. YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  104. ↑ PBA Blasts "Anti-Police Rhetoric" After Eric Garner Death. YouTube. August 5, 2014. Archived from the original on July 2, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
  105. ↑ Capelouto, Susanna (December 4, 2014). "Videos document Garner's last moments". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/04/us/garner-video/. 
  106. ↑ Sudo, Chuck. "Indiana Cop Sells 'Breathe Easy Don't Break The Law' T-Shirts". Chicagoist. https://chicagoist.com/2014/12/16/breathe_easy_dont_break_the_law_t-s.php. 
  107. ↑ "'Duty To Kill You;' San Jose Police Officer Placed On Leave After Provocative Tweets On #ICantBreathe Protesters". CBS San Francisco. December 15, 2014. https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/12/15/duty-to-kill-you-tweets-in-response-to-icantbreathe-protests-spark-petition-to-fire-san-jose-police-officer/. 
  108. ↑ "Eric Garner's Daughter Stages "Die-in" on Staten Island". NBC New York. December 11, 2014. https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/eric-garners-daughter-to-stage-die-in-on-staten-island/805378/. 
  109. ↑ Friedman, Dan (December 11, 2014). "Eric Garner's daughter holds 'die-in' at Staten Island location where her father was put in fatal police chokehold". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/garner-daughter-holds-die-in-article-1.2042603. 
  110. ↑ Holpuch, Amanda (December 12, 2015). "Erica Garner leads protests in Staten Island in memory of her father". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/12/erica-garner-leads-protests-eric. 
  111. ↑ Ortiz, Erik (December 30, 2017). "Erica Garner, activist daughter of Eric Garner, dies at 27 after coma". https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/erica-garner-activist-daughter-eric-garner-dies-27-after-coma-n832626. 
  112. ↑ Glum, Julia (December 8, 2014). "Eric Garner Donations 2014: Family Support Fund Raises Money For Garner's Widow, 6 Children Ahead Of Holidays". International Business Times. https://www.ibtimes.com/eric-garner-donations-2014-family-support-fund-raises-money-garners-widow-6-children-1742817. 
  113. ↑ Wassef, Mira (December 13, 2014). "'It couldn't have been more perfect,' Eric Garner's mother says of Justice For All March". SILive.com. https://www.silive.com/news/2014/12/post_1026.html. 
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 Workneh, Lilly (December 3, 2014). "'Hell No!': Eric Garner's Widow Rejects Officer's Condolences". The Huffington Post. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/eric-garner-family_n_6265792. 
  115. ↑ Helsel, Phil (December 3, 2014). "'Hell No': Garner Family Rejects Cop's Condolences After Grand Jury Decision". NBC. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/hell-no-garner-family-rejects-cops-condolences-after-grand-jury-n261176. 
  116. ↑ Jonsson, Patrik (July 19, 2014). "How minor crime questioning led to chokehold death of Eric Garner". The Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2014/0719/How-minor-crime-questioning-led-to-chokehold-death-of-Eric-Garner. 
  117. ↑ "Transcript: Mayor de Blasio Hosts Roundtable on Police-Community Relations". Mayor of New York City. July 31, 2014. https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/379-14/transcript-mayor-de-blasio-hosts-roundtable-police-community-relations#/0. 
  118. ↑ "Statement of Mayor Bill de Blasio on the Medical Examiner's Report on the Death of Eric Garner". Mayor of New York City. August 1, 2014. https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/382-14/statement-mayor-bill-de-blasio-the-medical-examiner-s-report-the-death-eric-garner. 
  119. ↑ Rugh, Peter (July 18, 2019). "Protesters Marched Through the Rain to Daniel Pantaleo's Home to Demand Justice for Eric Garner". The Indypendent. https://indypendent.org/2019/07/protesters-marched-through-the-rain-to-daniel-pantaleos-home-demanding-justice-for-eric-garner/. 
  120. ↑ Larry Celona, Kirstan Conley, Bruce Golding - New York Post - Officers seethe as Hizzoner warns of cop 'dangers' - December 5, 2014 - page 6. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
  121. ↑ Barrett, Devlin (July 25, 2014). "Eric Holder: Justice Department 'Closely Monitoring' Chokehold Probe". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/eric-holder-justice-department-closely-monitoring-chokehold-probe-1406319304. 
  122. ↑ Bobic, Igor (December 4, 2014). "Obama Reacts to Eric Garner Decision: 'This is an American Problem'". The Huffington Post. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/obama-eric-garner-decision_n_6264762. 
  123. ↑ O'Brien, Rebecca Davis (December 4, 2014). "New York City Police Officer Won't Face Criminal Charges in Eric Garner Death". https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-city-police-officer-wont-face-criminal-charges-in-eric-garner-death-1417635275. 
  124. ↑ "George W. Bush weighs in on Eric Garner death". Politico. December 5, 2014. https://www.politico.com/story/2014/12/george-w-bush-eric-garner-reaction-113349. 
  125. ↑ "Peter King Says Eric Garner Would Not Have Died From Chokehold Were He Not Obese". The Huffington Post. December 3, 2014. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/peter-king-eric-garner_n_6265748. 
  126. ↑ "Exclusive: Kxng Crooked Channels Tupac On His Eric Garner Dedication 'I Can't Breathe'". MTV. December 5, 2014. https://www.mtv.com/news/2017734/kxng-crooked-tupac-eric-garner-i-cant-breathe/. 
  127. ↑ "KXNG CROOKED of Slaughterhouse - I Can't Breathe - Download". Audiomack. https://www.audiomack.com/song/smh-records-1/mtv-exclusive. 
  128. ↑ "Kxng Crooked Meditates On Eric Garner Protests With 'I Can't Breathe' Video". MTV. January 13, 2015. https://www.mtv.com/news/2047819/kxng-crooked-i-cant-breathe-video/. 
  129. ↑ Crabtree, Curtis (December 19, 2014). "Jaguars players wear "I can't breathe" shirts in pregame warm ups". https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2014/12/19/jaguars-players-wear-i-cant-breathe-shirts-in-pregame-warm-ups/. 
  130. ↑ "NBA and NFL players join demonstrations against police violence". CNN. December 9, 2014. http://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/09/us/athletes-police-protest/. 
  131. ↑ Rhoden, William C. (December 9, 2014). "When the Protest Moves to the N.B.A. Arena". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/10/sports/basketball/adam-silver-likes-show-of-support-but-not-with-i-cant-breathe-pregame-shirts.html. 
  132. ↑ "Kobe Bryant, Lakers Teammates Wear 'I Can't Breathe' T-Shirts". The Huffington Post. December 10, 2014. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/kobe-lakers-i-cant-breathe-shirts_n_6298944. 
  133. ↑ Arizona Sports (December 31, 1969). "Phoenix Suns". arizonasports.com. http://arizonasports.com/41/1791769/Phoenix-Suns-don-I-Cant-Breathe-Tshirts-before-game-vs-Milwaukee-Bucks. 
  134. ↑ Charlotte Alter (December 18, 2014). "Barack Obama Praises Lebron James, Says More Athletes Should Speak Out". Time. https://time.com/3641145/obama-praises-lebron-james-eric-garner-shirt/. 
  135. ↑ Sink, Justin (December 15, 2014). "Holder praises NBA stars for 'I can't breathe' shirts". TheHill. https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/227133-holder-praises-nba-stars-for-i-cant-breathe-t-shirts. 
  136. ↑ White, Joseph (December 10, 2014). "Georgetown Players Are Latest Athletes To Wear 'I Can't Breathe' T-Shirts". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/10/georgetown-i-cant-breathe-shirts_n_6305356.html. 
  137. ↑ "Notre Dame women's players wear 'I Can't Breathe' T-shirts". Elkhart Truth. https://www.elkharttruth.com/sports/college-sports/notre-dame-university/2014/12/14/notre-dame-women-s-players-wear-i-can-t-breathe-t-shirts-1.html. 
  138. ↑ McDonald, Soroya Nadia (July 22, 2014). "Spike Lee splices footage of Eric Garner's death with Radio Raheem's in 'Do the Right Thing'". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/07/22/spike-lee-splices-footage-of-eric-garners-death-with-radio-raheems-in-do-the-right-thing/. 
  139. ↑ Lee, Spike. "Radio Raheem and the Gentle Giant". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bnq4rrcIO1g. 
  140. ↑ Fordham, John (May 21, 2015). "Terence Blanchard: Breathless review – rapturous flares but an uneven set". theguardian.com. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/may/21/terence-blanchard-breathless-review. 
  141. ↑ Smith, Jamil (November 17, 2017). "'I Can't Breathe': Eric Garner's Life and Death". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/17/books/review/i-cant-breathe-matt-taibbi-eric-garner.html. 
  142. ↑ Santora, Marc (October 7, 2014). "Eric Garner's Family to Sue New York City Over Chokehold Case". https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/08/nyregion/eric-garners-family-to-sue-new-york-city-over-chokehold-case.html. 
  143. ↑ Goodman, J. David (July 13, 2015). "Eric Garner Case Is Settled by New York City for $5.9 Million". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/14/nyregion/eric-garner-case-is-settled-by-new-york-city-for-5-9-million.html. 
  144. ↑ Pengelly, Martin (July 14, 2015). "New York City agrees to pay $5.9m in settlement with family of Eric Garner". https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/13/new-york-city-pays-59m-in-settlement-with-family-of-eric-garner. 
  145. ↑ Marzulli, John; Otis, Ginger Adams; Brown, Stephen Rex (July 13, 2015). "Eric Garner's widow rejects NYC's $5M offer to settle wrongful death suit: source". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/eric-garner-widow-rejects-city-5m-settlement-source-article-1.2290081. 
  146. ↑ Holder, Eric H. Jr. (December 3, 2015). "Statement by Attorney General Holder on Federal Investigation Into Death of Eric Garner" (Press release). US Department of Justice. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
  147. ↑ Bases, Daniel; Goelman, Zachary; Macmillan, Robert (December 3, 2014). "Protesters block NY streets after officer cleared in chokehold death". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/new-york-chokehold/protesters-block-ny-streets-after-officer-cleared-in-chokehold-death-idINKCN0JH2P920141204. 
  148. ↑ Prokupecz, Shimon; Sanchez, Ray (January 21, 2015). "FBI agents take 'fresh look' at Eric Garner case". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/20/us/new-york-chokehold-investigation/. 
  149. ↑ 149.0 149.1 149.2 149.3 Apuzzo, Matt; Goldman, Adam; Rashbaum, William K. (October 25, 2016). "Justice Dept. Shakes Up Inquiry Into Eric Garner Chokehold Case". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/25/nyregion/justice-dept-replaces-investigators-on-eric-garner-case.html. 
  150. ↑ Jenkins, Jack; Townes, Carimah (March 21, 2017). "EXCLUSIVE DOCUMENTS: The disturbing secret history of the NYPD officer who killed Eric Garner". https://thinkprogress.org/daniel-pantaleo-records-75833e6168f3/. 
  151. ↑ Baker, Al; Mueller, Benjamin (March 22, 2017). "Records Leak in Eric Garner Case Renews Debate on Police Discipline". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/nyregion/nypd-eric-garner-daniel-pantaleo-disciplinary-records.html. 
  152. ↑ Paybarah, Azi (March 22, 2017). "NYPD hunting for source of leaked records, in latest twist in Garner case". Politico. https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2017/03/de-blasio-mum-as-nypd-huts-for-source-of-pantaleo-leaker-110604. 
  153. ↑ Brown, Stephen Rex; Jorgensen, Jillian; Rayman, Graham (March 21, 2017). "Board recommended discipline for Officer Daniel Pantaleo years before fatal Eric Garner chokehold: report". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/revelations-officer-pantaleo-record-eric-garner-article-1.3004217. 
  154. ↑ Benner, Katie (July 16, 2019). "Eric Garner's Death Will Not Lead to Federal Charges for N.Y.P.D. Officer". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/nyregion/eric-garner-case-death-daniel-pantaleo.html. 
  155. ↑ Shortell, David (July 16, 2019). "Barr sides against civil rights officials in declining to bring charges against NYPD officer in Garner case". https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/16/politics/eric-garner-william-barr-nypd-officer-daniel-pantaleo/index.html. 
  156. ↑ Southall, Ashley (May 13, 2019). "Police Investigators Determined Officer Choked Eric Garner". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/nyregion/eric-garner-death-daniel-pantaleo-trial-chokehold.html. 
  157. ↑ 157.0 157.1 Lockhart, P. R. (May 17, 2019). "Eric Garner died during a 2014 police encounter. An officer involved might lose his job.". https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/5/17/18629673/eric-garner-daniel-pantaleo-trial-chokehold-nypd. 
  158. ↑ Latzer, Barry (September 18, 2017). "The Chokehold Issue". City Journal. https://www.city-journal.org/html/chokehold-issue-15469.html. 
  159. ↑ Daily News Editorial Board (July 17, 2019). "Justice in a chokehold: With no federal charges filed in Eric Garner's death, five years of frustration continue". https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-edit-pantaleo-20190717-xkio2jdf4jdifimosqlrggoj7a-story.html. 
  160. ↑ Chappell, Bill (July 17, 2018). "NYPD Will Pursue Internal Charges Against Officers In Eric Garner's Death". NPR News. https://www.npr.org/2018/07/17/629731461/nypd-will-pursue-internal-charges-against-officers-in-eric-garners-death. 
  161. ↑ 161.0 161.1 Sisak, Michael (May 15, 2019). "Medical examiner: Chokehold triggered Eric Garner's death" (in en-US). The Associated Press. https://www.apnews.com/1903161fb60848a7851e68b25167f73b. 
  162. ↑ Winston, Ali (May 15, 2019). "Medical Examiner Testifies Eric Garner Died of Asthma Caused by Officer's Chokehold" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/nyregion/eric-garner-death-daniel-pantaleo-chokehold.html. 
  163. ↑ "Officer's chokehold triggered Eric Garner's death, medical examiner testifies". CBS/AP. May 15, 2019. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/eric-garners-death-triggered-by-chokehold-medical-examiner-testifies-in-officer-daniel-pantaleo-trial-2019-05-15/. 
  164. ↑ 164.0 164.1 "Cop accused of using fatal chokehold on Eric Garner won't testify". CBS/AP. June 5, 2019. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/daniel-pantaleo-trial-cop-accused-of-using-fatal-chokehold-on-eric-garner-wont-testify/. 
  165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 Chapman, Ben (June 5, 2019). "Defense Medical Examiner Offers Alternate Theory in Eric Garner's Death". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/defense-medical-examiner-offers-alternate-theory-in-eric-garners-death-11559771410. 
  166. ↑ "Officer says he exaggerated charges against Eric Garner after his death". May 21, 2019. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/daniel-pantaleo-administrative-trial-nypd-partner-says-he-exaggerated-charges-against-eric-garner-after-his-death/. 
  167. ↑ 167.0 167.1 "NYPD officer Daniel Pantaleo fired over 2014 Eric Garner chokehold death". CBS News. Associated Press. August 19, 2019. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nypd-officer-daniel-pantaleo-fired-today-eric-garner-chokehold-death-2019-08-19/. 
  168. ↑ "Eric Garner: NY officer in 'I can't breathe' death fired". BBC News. August 19, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49399302. 
  169. ↑ "Daniel Pantaleo, officer fired in Eric Garner's death, loses lawsuit to get job back". March 25, 2021. https://abc7ny.com/daniel-pantaleo-eric-garner-chokehold-officer/10448137/. 
  170. ↑ 170.0 170.1 Freiman, Jordan (June 8, 2020). "New York lawmakers pass anti-chokehold bill named for Eric Garner". CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-york-lawmakers-pass-anti-chokehold-bill-named-for-eric-garner-2020-06-08/. 
  171. ↑ "N.Y. Gov. Cuomo Signs Sweeping Police Reforms Into Law, Says They're 'Long Overdue'". WLNY-TV; CBS New York. June 12, 2020. https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2020/06/12/n-y-gov-cuomo-signs-sweeping-police-reforms-into-law-says-theyre-long-overdue/. 
  172. ↑ "We chat to Foster the People about their new album Sacred Hearts Club...". https://www.hmv.com/music/foster-the-people-sacred-hearts-club-interview. 
  173. ↑ Jenkins, Mark (27 September 2018). "3 Ways Of Looking At A Police Shooting In The Powerful 'Monsters And Men'" (in en). https://www.npr.org/2018/09/27/651509443/3-ways-of-looking-at-a-police-shooting-in-the-powerful-monsters-and-men. 
  174. ↑ Bradshaw, Peter (2019-01-17). "Monsters and Men review – boys from the hood take a stand on the street | Peter Bradshaw's film of the week" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jan/17/monsters-and-men-review-reinaldo-marcus-green-john-david-washington-anthony-ramos. 
  175. ↑ Rooney, David (20 January 2018). "'Monsters and Men': Film Review | Sundance 2018" (in en). https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/monsters-and-men-sundance-2018-1076330. 

External links




Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Social:Killing_of_Eric_Garner&oldid=3419764"