Social:Kragehul I
Inscription
The Elder Futhark inscription reads:
- ek e⸗rila⸗z asugisalas m⸗uh⸗a h⸗aite g⸗ag⸗ag⸗a ginu g⸗ah⸗e […] lija […] hagala wiju big–[…][1]
The first part is read as:
- ek erilaz āsugīsalas muha haite, gagaga
Interpreted as "I, the nobleman (erilaz) of Āsugīsalaz, am called Muha, ga-ga-ga!", where "ga-ga-ga" is some sort of ritual chant or battle cry. Āsugīsalaz contains āsu-, "god", and gīsalaz, "pledge", and is a personal name. Muha appears to be a personal name. The runes of gagaga are displayed as a row of three bindrunes based on the X-shape of the g rune with sidetwigs attached to its extremities for the a. A similar sequence gægogæ is found on the Undley bracteate.
Interpretations
The gagaga and the remaining part of the inscriptions have prompted varying and partly fanciful interpretations.
Schneider
Schneider (1969) opts for bull sacrifice, reading g-a as "gift, god!" and the remaining as
- Ginugahelija Hagala wiju bi g[aia].
- "the mighty roarer [the sacrificial bull], the Hagal, I dedicate to the spear".
Düwel
Düwel (1983) reads the thrice repeated g-a as g[ibu] a[uja] "I give good fortune". For the second part of the inscription, he has
- ginu-ga he[lmat]lija ... hag?l(a) wi[g]ju bi g[aia].
- "magical-"ga", the helmet-destroying hail I dedicate to the spear"
Pieper
Pieper (1999) reads g-a as g[ebu] a[nsu] "gift to the god [Odin]", with following
- ginu-ga hellija hag?la wiju bi g[ebu].
- "magical-god-gift, hellish hail I dedicate upon this gift"
MacLeod and Mees
MacLeod and Mees (2006) read gagaga as an onomatopoeia related to forms like the Undley bracteate's gægogæ, and read the expression as a metrical charm
- gagaga ginu gahellija, hagala wiju bi g[aize].
- "gagaga I yell resoundingly, hail I dedicate in the s[pear]"
See also
- Æsir
- Illerup Ådal
- Roman Iron Age weapon deposits
- Runic alphabet
- Weapons sacrifice
Notes
- ↑ According to Rundata 2.0.
References
- Düwel, Klaus, Runenkunde 2nd ed., Stuttgart 1983.
- MacLeod, Mindy, and Bernard Mees, Runic Amulets and Magic Objects, Woodbridge 2006.
- Pieper, Peter, "Fluchweihe" oder "Weihefluch": Imitative Kampfesmagie bei den Germanen nach dem Zeugnis von Runeninschriften in: Studien zur Sachsenforschung, 13, 1999, 303-324.
- Rundata 2.0 for Windows.
- Schneider, Karl, Runische Inschriftenzeugnisse zum Stieropferkult der Angelsachsen in: Festschrift für Edgar Mertner, (hg.) Fabian, Bernhard, Suerbaum, Ulrich. München 1969, 9-54.
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