Social:Kwalean languages
| Kwalean | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Southeastern peninsula of Papua New Guinea: Central Province |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
|
| Glottolog | kwal1257[2] |
The Kwalean languages are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea. They are sometimes included in a speculative Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea (TNG), but the Southeast Papuan families have not been shown to be any more closely related to each other than they are to other TNG families.
The Kwalean languages are spoken in Rigo District, Central Province, Papua New Guinea.[3]
Languages
The languages are:
- Humene–Uare (Kwale), Mulaha (extinct).
Classification
Humene and Uare are quite close (70% basic vocabulary), Mulaha more distant (22% with Uare).
The Kwalean family is not accepted by Søren Wichmann (2013), who splits it into two separate groups, namely Humene–Uare and Mulaha.[4]
Pronouns
Pronouns are as follows:
sg pl 1 ? 2 *ɣa, *a *ya, *-ya 3 *ani, *e
Evolution
Kwale reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[5]
- maɣa ‘egg’ < *maŋgV
- oda ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)ndok[V]
- nomone ‘louse’ < *niman
- ire ‘tree’ < *inda
References
- ↑ New Guinea World, Owen Stanley Range
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Kwalean". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kwal1257.
- ↑ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds (2019). "Papua New Guinea languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Dallas: SIL International. https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PG/languages.
- ↑ Wichmann, Søren. 2013. A classification of Papuan languages. In: Hammarström, Harald and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.), History, contact and classification of Papuan languages (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012), 313-386. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.
- ↑ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". in Palmer, Bill. The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21-196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". in Andrew Pawley. Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
Further reading
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Kwalean. TransNewGuinea.org.
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