Social:Left Bloc
Left Bloc Bloco de Esquerda | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | BE |
| Coordinator of the Political Commission | Mariana Mortágua[1] |
| Founders | Francisco Louçã Luís Fazenda Miguel Portas Fernando Rosas |
| Founded | Script error: No such module "Date time". |
| Merger of |
|
| Headquarters | Rua da Palma, 268 1100-394 Lisbon |
| Newspaper | Esquerda |
| Youth wing | Jovens do Bloco[2] |
| Membership (2022) | c. 10,000[3] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Left-wing[14] to far-left[15] |
| European affiliation |
|
| International affiliation | Fourth International[16] |
| European Parliament group | The Left in the European Parliament[17] |
| Colours |
|
| Assembly of the Republic | Template:Political party data |
| European Parliament | Template:Political party data |
| Regional Parliaments | 1 / 104 |
| Local government (Mayors) | 0 / 308 |
| Local government (Parishes) | 0 / 3,216 |
| Election symbol | |
| 60px | |
| Party flag | |
 | |
| Website | |
| Template:Political party data | |
The Left Bloc (Portuguese: Bloco de Esquerda pt, BE),[18] colloquially shortened as O Bloco, is a political party in Portugal. A left-wing populist and democratic socialist party, it has been described as left-wing[14] to far-left.[15] It is currently led by Mariana Mortágua.[19]
History
Formation and early history
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The Left Bloc was formed in 1999 by the merger of the Marxist People's Democratic Union, Trotskyist Revolutionary Socialist Party, and the democratic socialist Politics XXI.[20] It has had full party status since its founding, yet the constituent groups have maintained their existence as individual political associations, retaining some levels of autonomy in a loose structure. In the 1999 legislative election the BE polled at 2%. In 2002 this rose to 3%.
Louçã's leadership (1999–2012)
In the 2009 European Parliament election they received 10.73% winning them 3 MEPs. They also surpassed the CDU for the first time in an election. At the subsequent 2009 national election, the party obtained 9.81% of votes and 16 members of parliament in the 230-seat Assembly of the Republic.
Martins' leadership (2012–2023)
The historical merger of ideologies that gave rise to the Portuguese Left Bloc was a process that lasted sixteen years. Its main actors aged and times changed, which led to an awareness of the need for modernization and realism. Francisco Louçã is one of the founders who most insisted on restricting theory to the basic humanistic and ethical principles common to partisans and supporters in order to conquer a wider range of constituencies. The game would necessarily be played in the framework of democracy, active participation and defence of human rights. After thirteen years of intensive labor as a leader, Louçã quit the position of party chairman in 2012 arguing that "it is time for renewal" and delegating his functions to a man and a woman.[21] Catarina Martins, 39 years old, and João Semedo, a veteran, would be elected co-coordinators of the party on 11 November 2012. However, the renewal process would last for over one year.[22]
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In early 2014, the Left Bloc suffered a split, when elected Left Bloc MEP Rui Tavares, who already in 2011 had become an independent, founded left-ecologist LIVRE party. Left-wing intellectuals who had come together to the Manifesto 3D collective challenged the Left Bloc to converge with LIVRE towards a joined list in the upcoming 2014 European election. Two official meetings in late 2014 and early 2015 however failed with the Left Bloc referring to programmatic differences with Tavares.[23] So while the severe austerity programs under prime minister Passos Coelho did backdrop on the Portuguese political right, the European election in May saw the Socialists and liberal Earth Party as relative winners, whereas the Left Bloc lost more than half of 2009's votes and two of its three mandates. LIVRE received 2.2% but failed to win any mandate.
In the 2015 legislative election, the Left Bloc achieved 10.2% of the votes and elected 19 deputies, their best result in legislative elections ever, in what was considered a major upset.[24] On 10 November 2015, Catarina Martins signed an agreement with the Socialist Party that is aimed at identifying convergence issues, while also recognizing their differences.[25] The Bloc supported the minority Socialist Costa Government (2015–2019) with a confidence and supply agreement. The Socialist Party government would be re-elected in 2019, with the Left Bloc returning to opposition. The party voted against the 2022 budget, triggering an election in January of that year. The Left Bloc would lose 14 seats, reducing them to five, and over half of their popular vote from 2019 — tactical voting for the Socialist Party and the Left Bloc's opposition to the budget were blamed. The Socialist Party would be re-elected with a majority government.
Mortágua's leadership (2023–present)
On 14 February 2023, Catarina Martins announced she would leave the Left Bloc's leadership.[26] In the 13th Convention of the Left Bloc, on 27 and 28 May 2023, Mariana Mortágua, one of the party's most well known deputies, was elected as the party coordinator with 83% of the votes.[27]
After the resignation of António Costa, the Left Bloc expected to gain seats and increase their voting share.[28] Despite that, in the 2024 legislative election, the Left Bloc achieved a very similar result, keeping their five seats.[29] Following that poor result, and in light of Luís Montenegro's victory, Mariana Mortágua led negotiations with the remaining parties on the left (PS, PCP, LIVRE and PAN) in order to build an alternative to the incoming right-wing government.[30]
In January 2025, a scandal broke out when it was revealed that, among other party workers laid off after the poor results of the 2022 election, were two breastfeeding mothers, with Mariana Mortágua apologizing for the mistake of the previous leadership.[31] This sparked outrage, with the members of internal opposition, led by Pedro Soares, resigning from the political commission.[32]
In the 2025 legislative election, the Left Bloc took inspiration from the results of Die Linke in that year's German election, nominating the party's founders as heads of lists in strategic constituencies (Francisco Louçã in Braga, Luís Fazenda in Aveiro and Fernando Rosas in Leiria),[33] using canvassing in campaigning for the first time in Portugal[34] and investing in social media during the campaign.[35] Despite that, the party suffered its worst result ever, winning 2% of the popular vote, its lowest ever, and electing only one member to the Assembly.[36] The party lost more than half of its 2024 voters, falling to 125,808 total votes.[37]
Following the election, Mortágua became the single deputy from the party. In September 2025, in the run up to that year's local elections, she took part in the Freedom Flotilla, intending to distribute aid to the Gaza Strip, where she was detained by the Israeli government.[38] During this time, she was replaced in parliament by Andreia Galvão.[39] In the 2025 local elections the Left Bloc lost three of its four city councillors, electing a single one in Lisbon under the PS/L/BE/PAN coalition and lost almost all of its local representation, despite the many coalitions made between BE, LIVRE and PAN all across the country.[40]
Ideology
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The Left Bloc rose to prominence "following a successful anti-austerity campaign and its backing by a growing popular social movement."[41] It has been described as "Portugal's biggest supporter of feminist, gay rights and anti-racist legislation" and been associated with the New Left.[42] It occupies a flexible and moderate position to the left of the Socialist Party (PS).[43] In comparison to the Portuguese Communist Party, the Left Bloc has been described as "more socially libertarian".[42] At present, together with the PS, Left Bloc aims at "building a stable, long-lasting and reliable majority at the Parliament, in order to support the formation and subsequent action of a government committed to the change demanded through the ballot box". This purpose foreshadows changes taking place not only in the Iberian Peninsula but as in all European territory.[44][45][46][47] The party wants a stronger welfare state, rent controls, and to tax the wealthy and big companies.[48] It also wants to use Portugal's budget surplus to increase investment in healthcare and education, lower tax on salaries and energy, and restrict the number of Airbnb's in overburdened areas.[49]
Society
The Bloc has proposed a number of important laws on civil rights and guarantees, including the protection of citizens from racist, xenophobic, and homophobic discrimination, support for same-sex marriage, laws for the protection of workers and anti-bullfighting legislation. These included Portugal's first law on domestic violence, which was then passed in parliament with the support of the Portuguese Communist Party and the Socialist Party.[42]
The Left Bloc has called for the legalisation of cannabis in Portugal.[50] The party attempted to pass legislation in Parliament regarding cannabis law reform in Portugal in 2013 and 2015, both of which were rejected by the then ruling centre-right coalition government.[51]
Economy
In terms of economics the party advocates "greater state intervention in the economy in order to reduce inequalities", such as rises to the minimum wage.[52][53] It has also put forward "many legislative proposals defending salaries, pensions and the welfare state".[54] The party has been described as anti-capitalist.[10][11] In September 2019, the party called for the minimum monthly wage to be raised to €650 for both the public and private sectors in January 2020.[55]
International relations
It is part of the European Left Alliance for the People and the Planet; a pan-European party that supports an alternative to capitalism.[56]
The party has close relations with other European left-wing parties, such as Spanish Podemos, La France Insoumise, Swedish Left Party and German Die Linke.[57][58]
Election results
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Assembly of the Republic
Vote share in the Portuguese legislative elections <timeline> ImageSize = width:450 height:200 PlotArea = width:388 height:170 left:40 bottom:20 AlignBars = justify
Colors =
id:BE value:rgb(0.65,0.16,0.16) legend:Left_Bloc
DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:15 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:0
PlotData =
bar:Seats color:claret width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S bar:1999 color:BE from:start till:2.4 text:2.4 bar:2002 color:BE from:start till:2.7 text:2.7 bar:2005 color:BE from:start till:6.4 text:6.4 bar:2009 color:BE from:start till:9.8 text:9.8 bar:2011 color:BE from:start till:5.2 text:5.2 bar:2015 color:BE from:start till:10.2 text:10.2 bar:2019 color:BE from:start till:9.5 text:9.5 bar:2022 color:BE from:start till:4.4 text:4.4 bar:2024 color:BE from:start till:4.4 text:4.4 bar:2025 color:BE from:start till:2.0 text:2.0 </timeline>
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/- | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | Francisco Louçã | 132,333 | 2.4 (#5) | 2 / 230
|
Opposition | |
| 2002 | 153,877 | 2.7 (#5) | 3 / 230
|
 1
|
Opposition | |
| 2005 | 364,971 | 6.4 (#5) | 8 / 230
|
5
|
Opposition | |
| 2009 | 557,306 | 9.8 (#4) | 16 / 230
|
8
|
Opposition | |
| 2011 | 288,923 | 5.2 (#5) | 8 / 230
|
 8
|
Opposition | |
| 2015 | Catarina Martins | 550,945 | 10.2 (#3) | 19 / 230
|
11
|
Opposition (2015) |
| Template:Partial2 | ||||||
| 2019 | 498,549 | 9.5 (#3) | 19 / 230
|
 0
|
Opposition | |
| 2022 | 244,603 | 4.4 (#5) | 5 / 230
|
14
|
Opposition | |
| 2024 | Mariana Mortágua | 282,314 | 4.4 (#5) | 5 / 230
|
0
|
Opposition |
| 2025 | 125,808 | 2.0 (#7) | 1 / 230
|
4
|
Opposition |
Presidential
| Election | Candidate | Votes | % | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Fernando Rosas | 129,840 | 3.0 (#4) | Lost 
|
| 2006 | Francisco Louçã | 292,198 | 5.3 (#5) | Lost
|
| 2011 | Manuel Alegre[lower-alpha 1] | 831,838 | 19.7 (#2) | Lost
|
| 2016 | Marisa Matias | 469,814 | 10.1 (#3) | Lost
|
| 2021 | 165,127 | 4.0 (#5) | Lost
|
European Parliament
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | EP Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | Miguel Portas | 61,920 | 1.8 (#5) | 0 / 25
|
– | |
| 2004 | 167,313 | 4.9 (#4) | 1 / 24
|
1
|
GUE/NGL | |
| 2009 | 382,667 | 10.7 (#3) | 3 / 22
|
2
| ||
| 2014 | Marisa Matias | 149,764 | 4.6 (#5) | 1 / 21
|
2
| |
| 2019 | 325,093 | 9.8 (#3) | 2 / 21
|
1
|
The Left | |
| 2024 | Catarina Martins | 168,107 | 4.3 (#5) | 1 / 21
|
1
|
Local elections
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Mayors | +/- | Councillors | +/- | Assemblies | +/- | Parishes | +/- | Parish Assemblies | +/- |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Francisco Louçã | 61,789 | 1.2 (#6) | 1 / 308
|
6 / 2,044
|
28 / 6,876
|
6 / 4,252
|
46 / 34,569
|
|||||
| 2005 | 158,953 | 3.0 (#5) | 1 / 308
|
0
|
7 / 2,046
|
1
|
114 / 6,885
|
86
|
3 / 4,260
|
3
|
229 / 34,498
|
183
| |
| 2009 | 164,396 | 3.0 (#6) | 1 / 308
|
0
|
9 / 2,078
|
2
|
139 / 6,946
|
25
|
4 / 4,260
|
1
|
235 / 34,672
|
6
| |
| 2013 | João Semedo Catarina Martins |
120,982 | 2.4 (#6) | 0 / 308
|
1
|
8 / 2,086
|
1
|
100 / 6,487
|
39
|
0 / 3,085
|
4
|
138 / 27,167
|
138
|
| 2017 | Catarina Martins | 170,040 | 3.3 (#5) | 0 / 308
|
0
|
12 / 2,074
|
4
|
125 / 6,461
|
25
|
0 / 3,092
|
0
|
213 / 27,019
|
75
|
| 2021 | 137,560 | 2.8 (#6) | 0 / 308
|
0
|
4 / 2,064
|
8
|
94 / 6,448
|
31
|
0 / 3,066
|
0
|
162 / 26,797
|
51
| |
| 2025 | Mariana Mortágua | 30,629 | 0.6 (#8) | 0 / 308
|
0
|
0 / 2,058
|
4
|
6 / 6,463
|
88
|
0 / 3,216
|
0
|
2 / 27,973
|
160
|
Regional Assemblies
| Region | Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/- | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azores | 2024 | António Lima | 2,936 | 2.5 (#4) | 1 / 57
|
1
|
Opposition |
| Madeira | 2025 | Roberto Almada | 1,586 | 1.1 (#9) | 0 / 47
|
0
|
No seats |
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/- | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 1,387 | 1.4 (#5) | 0 / 52
|
No seats | ||
| 2004 | 1,022 | 1.0 (#5) | 0 / 52
|
0
|
No seats | |
| 2008 | Zuraida Soares | 2,972 | 3.3 (#4) | 2 / 57
|
2
|
Opposition |
| 2012 | 2,428 | 2.3 (#4) | 1 / 57
|
1
|
Opposition | |
| 2016 | 3,414 | 3.7 (#4) | 2 / 57
|
1
|
Opposition | |
| 2020 | António Lima | 3,962 | 3.8 (#5) | 2 / 57
|
0
|
Opposition |
| 2024 | 2,936 | 2.5 (#4) | 1 / 57
|
1
|
Opposition |
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/- | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | Paulo Martinho Martins | 5,035 | 3.7 (#5) | 1 / 68
|
Opposition | |
| 2007 | 4,186 | 3.0 (#5) | 1 / 47
|
0
|
Opposition | |
| 2011 | Roberto Almada | 2,512 | 1.7 (#9) | 0 / 47
|
1
|
No seats |
| 2015 | 4,849 | 3.8 (#6) | 2 / 47
|
2
|
Opposition | |
| 2019 | Paulino Ascensão | 2,489 | 1.7 (#6) | 0 / 47
|
2
|
No seats |
| 2023 | Roberto Almada | 3,035 | 2.2 (#8) | 1 / 47
|
1
|
Opposition |
| 2024 | 1,912 | 1.4 (#9) | 0 / 47
|
1
|
No seats | |
| 2025 | 1,586 | 1.1 (#9) | 0 / 47
|
0
|
No seats |
Organization
Leadership
Party Coordinators
| Name | Portrait | Constituency | Start | End | Prime Minister | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Francisco Louçã (b. 1956) |
108x108px | Lisbon | 24 March 1999 | 10 November 2012 | António Guterres (1995–2002) | |
| Durão Barroso (2002–2004) | |||||||
| Santana Lopes (2004–2005) | |||||||
| José Sócrates (2005–2011) | |||||||
| Passos Coelho (2011–2015) | |||||||
| 2 | João Semedo (1951–2018) |
98x98px | Porto | 10 November 2012 | 30 November 2014 | ||
| Catarina Martins (b. 1973) |
100x100px | Porto | 28 May 2023 | ||||
| 3 | António Costa (2015–2024) | ||||||
| 4 | Mariana Mortágua (b. 1986) |
96x96px | Lisbon | 28 May 2023 | Incumbent | ||
| Luís Montenegro (2024–present) | |||||||
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Parliamentary leaders
- Luís Fazenda (Lisbon): 1999 – 2009
- José Manuel Pureza (Coimbra): 2009 – 2011
- Luís Fazenda (Lisbon): 2011 – 2012
- Pedro Filipe Soares (Aveiro; Lisbon): 2012 – 2024
- Fabian Figueiredo (Lisbon): 2024 – 2025
Elected politicians
Members of the Assembly of the Republic
- Mariana Mortágua (Lisbon)
Andreia Galvão – from September 2025 to October 2025
- Mariana Mortágua (Lisbon)
- Fabian Figueiredo (Lisbon)
- Marisa Matias (Porto)
Isabel Pires – from April 2024 to May 2024 - José Soeiro (Porto) – until February 2025
Isabel Pires – from February 2025 - Joana Mortágua (Setúbal)
- Mariana Mortágua (Lisbon)
- Pedro Filipe Soares (Lisbon)
- Catarina Martins (Porto) – until September 2023
Isabel Pires – from September 2023 - José Soeiro (Porto)
Isabel Pires – from February 2023 to August 2023 - Joana Mortágua (Setúbal)
- Mariana Mortágua (Lisbon)
- Pedro Filipe Soares (Lisbon)
Fabian Figueiredo – from April 2021 to June 2021 - Beatriz Gomes Dias (Lisbon)
- Jorge Costa (Lisbon)
- Isabel Pires (Lisbon)
- Catarina Martins (Porto)
- José Soeiro (Porto)
- Luís Monteiro (Porto)
- Maria Manuel Rola (Porto)
- José Maria Cardoso (Braga)
- Alexandra Vieira (Braga)
- Joana Mortágua (Setúbal)
- Sandra Cunha (Setúbal) – until April 2021
Diana Santos – from April 2021 - Moisés Ferreira (Aveiro)
- Nelson Peralta (Aveiro)
- Ricardo Vicente (Leiria)
Manuel Azenha – from June 2020 to January 2021 - José Manuel Pureza (Coimbra)
- João Vasconcelos (Faro)
- Fabíola Cardoso (Santarém)
- Mariana Mortágua (Lisbon)
- Pedro Filipe Soares (Lisbon)
- Jorge Costa (Lisbon)
- Isabel Pires (Lisbon)
- Jorge Falcato Simões (Lisbon)
Maria Luísa Cabral – from June 2016 to January 2018 - Catarina Martins (Porto)
- José Soeiro (Porto)
- Luís Monteiro (Porto)
- Domicília Costa (Porto) – until July 2017
Maria Manuel Rola – from July 2017 - Jorge Campos (Porto) – until December 2018
Fernando Manuel Barbosa – from December 2018 - Pedro Soares (Braga)
- Joana Mortágua (Setúbal)
- Sandra Cunha (Setúbal)
- Moisés Ferreira (Aveiro)
- Heitor de Sousa (Leiria)
- José Manuel Pureza (Coimbra)
- João Vasconcelos (Faro)
- Carlos Matias (Santarém)
- Paulino Ascensão (Madeira) – until May 2018
Ernesto Ferraz – from May 2018
- Francisco Louçã (Lisbon) – until October 2012
Helena Pinto – from October 2012 - Ana Drago (Lisbon) – until August 2013
Rita Calvário– from June 2011 to September 2011
Mariana Mortágua – from August 2013 - Luís Fazenda (Lisbon)
- João Semedo (Porto) – until March 2015
José Soeiro – from March 2015 - Catarina Martins (Porto)
- Mariana Aiveca (Setúbal)
- Pedro Filipe Soares (Aveiro)
- Cecília Honório (Faro) – until June 2015
Eugénia Taveira – from June 2015
- Francisco Louçã (Lisbon)
- Ana Drago (Lisbon)
- Luís Fazenda (Lisbon)
- Helena Pinto (Lisbon)
- Rita Calvário (Lisbon)
- João Semedo (Porto)
- Catarina Martins (Porto)
- José Soeiro (Porto)
- Pedro Soares (Braga)
- Fernando Rosas (Setúbal) – until October 2010
Jorge Costa – from October 2010 - Mariana Aiveca (Setúbal)
- Pedro Filipe Soares (Aveiro)
- José Manuel Pureza (Coimbra)
- Heitor de Sousa (Leiria)
- José Gusmão (Santarém)
- Cecília Honório (Faro)
- Francisco Louçã (Lisbon)
- Luís Fazenda (Lisbon)
- Ana Drago (Lisbon)
Cecília Honório – from September 2006 to January 2009 - Helena Pinto (Lisbon)
- João Teixeira Lopes (Porto) – until March 2006
João Semedo – from March 2006 - Alda Macedo (Porto)
José Soeiro – from December 2007 to June 2008 - Fernando Rosas (Setúbal)
António Chora – from April 2006 to December 2007 - Mariana Aiveca (Setúbal)
- Francisco Louçã (Lisbon)
Joana Amaral Dias – from January 2003 to August 2003 - Luís Fazenda (Lisbon)
Ana Drago – from September 2002 to January 2003 - João Teixeira Lopes (Porto)
Alda Sousa – from February 2004 to June 2004
- Francisco Louçã (Lisbon)
Helena Neves – from October 2000 to December 2000
Fernando Rosas – from February 2001 to March 2001 - Luís Fazenda (Lisbon)
Helena Neves – from December 2000 to February 2001
Fernando Rosas – from September 2001 to February 2002
Members of the European Parliament
- Catarina Martins
- Marisa Matias – until March 2024
Anabela Rodrigues – from March 2024 - José Gusmão
- Marisa Matias
- Miguel Portas – until April 2012
Alda Sousa – from April 2012 - Marisa Matias
- Rui Tavares – became independent in June 2011
- Miguel Portas
See also
- List of political parties in Portugal
Notes
- ↑ Candidate endorsed by the Socialist Party (PS).
References
- ↑ "Mariana Mortágua: De braço direito de Catarina Martins a líder do Bloco de Esquerda". 28 May 2023. https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/mundo/mariana-mortagua-de-braco-direito-de-catarina-martins-a-lider-do-bloco-de-esquerda_n1489250.
- ↑ "Bloco de Esquerda - Resultados da VII Conferência de Jovens do Bloco de Esquerda". https://www.bloco.org/jovens/not%C3%ADcias/item/3377-resultados-da-vii-confer%C3%AAncia-de-jovens-do-bloco-de-esquerda.html.
- ↑ "PSD é o maior partido, mas PS no poder consegue encurtar distâncias. Chega e PAN ocultam número de militantes". Observador. 16 July 2022. https://observador.pt/especiais/psd-e-o-maior-partido-mas-ps-no-poder-consegue-encurtar-distancias-chega-e-pan-ocultam-numero-de-militantes/.
- ↑ March, Luke (December 2011). Radical left parties in Europe. Routledge. p. 1801. ISBN 9781136578977. https://books.google.com/books?id=xF3FBQAAQBAJ&q=democratic+socialist+Left+Bloc&pg=PA1801.
- ↑ "Where is Portugal's Radical Left? – Global Politics". 11 February 2015. http://global-politics.co.uk/wp/2015/02/11/where-is-portugals-radical-left/.
- ↑ [4][5]
- ↑ "Populism Report Q3 2018". Foundation for European Progressive Studies. https://progressivepost.eu/wp-content/uploads/Populism-Report-Q3-2018.pdf.
- ↑ "Portugal's bright outlook offers Europe some hope". Financial Times. 25 August 2019. https://www.ft.com/content/4d36d9cc-bd0f-11e9-b350-db00d509634e. "The alliance between Mr Costa's Socialist Party (PS) and further left groups such as the anti-establishment Left Bloc was considered tenuous when it was forged in 2015."
- ↑ [7][8]
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Ames, Paul (31 January 2022). "António Costa's against-the-odds election triumph". Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/antonio-costa-socialist-party-absolutely-fabulous-election-portugal/.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "What is the Left Bloc?". esquerda.net. 6 November 2015. https://www.esquerda.net/node/39448.
- ↑ [10][11]
- ↑ "Country profile – Portugal - Euroviews 2014". http://www.euroviews.eu/2014/03/31/country-profile-portugal/.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1
- "Risque pays du Portugal : Politique" (in fr). https://import-export.societegenerale.fr/fr/fiche-pays/portugal/le-risque-pays-politique?accepter_cookies=oui.
- "Portugal - Political Parties - Elections" (in fr). http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMElection?codePays=PRT&dateElection=PRT2015104&codeInstitution=1. "Portugal : la coalition de droite conserve le pouvoir" (in fr). 26 October 2015. http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMAnalyse?codeAnalyse=2009. "Deux autres partis de " gauche " étaient en lice pour les élections. Premièrement, le Bloc de gauche, considéré par le journal The Guardian comme étant une version portugaise du parti politique grec anti-austérité Syriza, a récolté 10,2% des suffrages (8)."
- "Portugal, Le paysage politique" (in fr). http://www.bibliomonde.com/donnee/portugal-paysage-politique-184.html. "BE, le Bloc des gauches (Bloco da Esquerda) : formation regroupant l’extrême gauche portugaise depuis 1999. Influente dans les milieux intellectuels de la capitale, BE a obtenu 2,7% des voix et 3 députés en mars 2002 (soit un siège de plus qu’en 1999). BE comprend notamment l'Union démocratique populaire (União Democràtica Popular), le Parti socialiste révolutionnaire (Partido Socialista Revolucionario ) et Politica XXI.".
- "When the Socialists came to power in 2015, they won the parliamentary support of two left wing parties, the Left Bloc and the Communists.". Reuters. 31 July 2019. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-portugal-election-poll-idUKKCN1UQ19F.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1
- "Left Bloc (BE)". 19 May 2014. http://www.demsoc.org/2014/05/19/left-bloc-be/. "The Left Bloc is the more socially libertarian, and bohemian of Portugal's two far-left structures."
- Cunha, Carlos (2008). "Few but Pure and Good Members are Preferred to a Mass Party – The Portuguese Communist Party's Continued Orthodoxy". Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe. Hannah Arendt Institute Research on Totalitarianism. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 193–214. doi:10.13109/9783666369124.193. ISBN 978-3525369128. https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/10.13109/9783666369124.193. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- March, Luke (2008). Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. p. 4. ISBN 978-3-86872-000-6. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf.
- "As Europe left struggles, Portugal's alliance wins over voters and Brussels" (in en). 31 March 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-portugal-politics/as-europe-left-struggles-portugals-alliance-wins-over-voters-and-brussels-idUSKBN1721LF. "The unlikely alliance of center-left Socialists and two far-left parties has overcome deep scepticism since it was formed in 2015, achieving stability and maintaining economic recovery at a time of political uncertainty across Europe."
- "Portugal PM says open to new alliance with far left". Euronews. 11 July 2019. https://www.euronews.com/2019/07/11/portugal-pm-says-open-to-new-alliance-with-far-left.
- ↑ "Organizations | Fourth International". https://fourth.international/en/organisations.
- ↑ "Bloco de Esquerda - GUE/NGL - Another Europe is possible". GUE/NGL. http://www.guengl.eu/group/delegation/bloco-de-esquerda.
- ↑ "Composição dos Grupos Parlamentares/Partidos". https://www.parlamento.pt/DeputadoGP/Paginas/GruposParlamentaresI.aspx.
- ↑ "Silva, E.C. & Lameiras, M.. Breve história do Bloco de Esquerda. Público / 100Folhas. ISBN 9789895451517". 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/63093.
- ↑ "European Social Survey 2012 - Appendix 3 (in English)". European Science Foundation. 1 January 2014. http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round6/survey/ESS6_appendix_a3_e01_1.pdf.
- ↑ Francisco Louçã deixa liderança do Bloco ao fim de 13 anos - News TSF, 18 August 2012
- ↑ Portugal: Left Bloc in struggle to regain unity after convention at Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal, 13 December 2014
- ↑ Frederico Pinheiro (April 2014). "Out of the Trap". Luxemburg Online. http://www.zeitschrift-luxemburg.de/out-of-the-trap-2/.
- ↑ "Bloco de Esquerda com o seu melhor resultado de sempre" (in pt-PT). https://www.jornaldenegocios.pt/economia/politica/eleicoes/legislativas/detalhe/bloco_de_esquerda_perto_do_seu_melhor_resultado_de_sempre.
- ↑ "Agreement signed between the Socialist Party and the Left Bloc". Esquerda. 6 November 2015. http://www.esquerda.net/en/artigo/full-agreement-between-socialist-party-and-left-bloc/39543.
- ↑ "Catarina Martins vai deixar liderança do Bloco de Esquerda" (in pt). https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/bloco-de-esquerda/catarina-martins/catarina-martins-nao-se-recandidata-a-lideranca-do-bloco-de-esquerda/20230214/63eb65e60cf2c84d7fc7e1bf.
- ↑ SAPO. "Mariana Mortágua é a nova coordenadora do Bloco de Esquerda: "Ainda não viram nada da força que sabemos criar, reinventar e unir"" (in pt). https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/mocao-a-vence-e-coloca-mariana-mortagua-como-nova-coordenadora-do-bloco-de-esquerda.
- ↑ "Eleições: Mortágua traça meta de recuperar deputados perdidos em distritos como Braga" (in pt-PT). https://www.jm-madeira.pt/nacional/eleicoes-mortagua-traca-meta-de-recuperar-deputados-perdidos-em-distritos-como-braga-CJ15583706.
- ↑ "Entre ser "alternativa" ou "oposição mais combativa": Bloco de Esquerda cresce sem eleger mais e atira contra PS" (in pt). 2024-03-11. https://expresso.pt/politica/eleicoes/legislativas-2024/2024-03-11-Entre-ser--alternativa-ou-oposicao-mais-combativa-Bloco-de-Esquerda-cresce-sem-eleger-mais-e-atira-contra-PS-1ee631a3.
- ↑ Cunha, Mariana Lima. "Bloco quer "construir uma alternativa" e convida esquerda para reuniões. PS e Livre já aceitaram" (in pt-PT). https://observador.pt/2024/03/12/bloco-quer-construir-uma-alternativa-e-convida-esquerda-para-reunioes-ps-e-livre-ja-aceitaram/.
- ↑ "Bloco de Esquerda assume "erros" e "falhas" no despedimento de recém-mães" (in pt). 2025-01-23. https://sicnoticias.pt/pais/politica/2025-01-23-bloco-de-esquerda-assume-erros-e-falhas-no-despedimento-de-recem-maes-cc5fb01a.
- ↑ Lusa (2025-02-01). "Após recusa de inquérito ao caso dos despedimentos, opositores internos demitem-se da Comissão Política do Bloco" (in pt). https://www.publico.pt/2025/02/01/politica/noticia/apos-recusa-inquerito-caso-despedimentos-opositores-internos-demitemse-comissao-politica-bloco-2121009.
- ↑ "BE pondera "Missão Cabelo Grisalho" à portuguesa e quer Louçã, Rosas e Fazenda como cabeças-de-lista" (in pt). 2025-03-20. https://expresso.pt/politica/eleicoes/legislativas-2025/2025-03-20-be-pondera-missao-cabelo-grisalho-a-portuguesa-e-quer-louca-rosas-e-fazenda-como-cabecas-de-lista-4261be0b.
- ↑ "“Olá, bom dia! Estamos aqui a apoiar o Bloco”: partido prepara campanha porta-a-porta (e até há guião para os vários tipos de eleitores)" (in pt). 2025-03-27. https://expresso.pt/politica/eleicoes/legislativas-2025/2025-03-27-ola-bom-dia-estamos-aqui-a-apoiar-o-bloco-partido-prepara-campanha-porta-a-porta--e-ate-ha-guiao-para-os-varios-tipos-de-eleitores--882f19ac.
- ↑ Cunha, Mariana Lima. "Louçã a falar como a geração Z e Rosas a abrir kits anti-guerra. Como os fundadores do Bloco estão a entrar na estratégia Tik Tok" (in pt-PT). https://observador.pt/especiais/louca-a-falar-como-a-geracao-z-e-rosas-a-abrir-kits-anti-guerra-como-os-fundadores-do-bloco-estao-a-entrar-na-estrategia-tik-tok/.
- ↑ "Bloco de Esquerda "esvaziou-se" nas suas próprias causas e nem campanha ao estilo "reality show" foi suficiente" (in pt). https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/decisao25/decisao-25/bloco-de-esquerda-esvaziou-se-nas-suas-proprias-causas-e-nem-campanha-ao-estilo-reality-show-foi-suficiente/20250519/682b16d9d34ef72ee4462915.
- ↑ "A “grande derrota” eleitoral do Bloco deixa Mariana Mortágua como deputada única" (in pt). 2025-05-19. https://expresso.pt/politica/eleicoes/legislativas-2025/resultados/2025-05-19-a-grande-derrota-eleitoral-do-bloco-deixa-mariana-mortagua-como-deputada-unica-c36278ae.
- ↑ Neves, Inês Chaíça, Sofia (2025-10-01). "Israel intercepta flotilha humanitária e detém Mariana Mortágua" (in pt). https://www.publico.pt/2025/10/01/mundo/noticia/membros-flotilha-humanitaria-rumo-gaza-denunciam-guerra-psicologica-israel-2149227.
- ↑ "Andreia Galvão: a ativista que passou a deputada e substitui Mortágua, por 30 dias" (in pt). 2025-09-25. https://expresso.pt/politica/partidos/2025-09-25-andreia-galvao-a-ativista-que-passou-a-deputada-e-substitui-mortagua-por-30-dias-91bfb44d.
- ↑ Inácio, Alexandra (2025-10-13). "Eleição de eclipse quase total para o Bloco de Esquerda" (in pt-PT). https://www.jn.pt/nacional/artigo/eleicao-de-eclipse-quase-total-para-o-bloco-de-esquerda/18008400.
- ↑ "Bloco's Anti-Austerity Gamble". Jacobin. 12 February 2015. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/12/portugal-left-bloc-catarina-martins-francisco-louca/.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 "Left Bloc (BE)". 19 May 2014. http://www.demsoc.org/2014/05/19/left-bloc-be/.
- ↑ Conn Hallinan (5 November 2015). "Portugal's Democracy Crisis". Foreign Policy in Focus. http://fpif.org/portugals-democracy-crisis/.
- ↑ Spain's election will be felt across the whole continent – article by Owen Jones at The Guardian, 18 December 2015
- ↑ Governing Party in Spain Loses Majority in Parliamentary Election – article by Raphael Minder at The New York Times, 20 December 2015
- ↑ Splintered Spanish vote heralds arduous coalition talks – news by Julien Toyer and Sonya Dowsett at Reuters, 20 December 2015
- ↑ Parties in Spain Wrestle to Form a Government – article by Raphael Minder at The New York Times, 21 December 2015
- ↑ "Portugal election: Who are the candidates running". Reuters. 7 March 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/who-are-candidates-running-portugals-snap-election-2024-03-07/.
- ↑ Jones, Sam (4 March 2024). "The right has no fixes for Portugal's problems, says Left Bloc leader". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/04/portugal-election-right-problems-left-bloc-leader-mariana-mortagua.
- ↑ "Portugal Group Demands Freedom to Vote for Personal Use of Cannabis". High Times. 7 June 2022. https://hightimes.com/news/portugal-group-demands-freedom-to-vote-for-personal-use-of-cannabis/.
- ↑ "Portugal considers cannabis legalisation". The Portugal News. 20 December 2017. https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/portugal-considers-cannabis-legalisation/44271.
- ↑ Martins, Paula (16 September 2021). "Who are the main parties for the local elections?". The Portugal News. https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/2021-09-16/who-are-the-main-parties-for-the-local-elections/62395.
- ↑ "Making Portugal's Break With Austerity Real". Jacobin. 10 May 2019. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2019/10/portugal-elections-economy-socialist-party-left-bloc-francisco-louca.
- ↑ "Factbox: Parties and leaders contesting Portugal's snap election". Reuters. 27 January 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/parties-leaders-contesting-portugals-snap-election-2022-01-27/.
- ↑ "Left Bloc calls for minimum salary of €650". The Portugal News (TPN/Lusa). 13 September 2019. https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/left-bloc-calls-for-minimum-salary-of-650/51184.
- ↑ WHO WE ARE
- ↑ "Bloco abriu campanha em Almada com eurodeputadas da esquerda europeia". 2025-05-04. https://www.esquerda.net/artigo/bloco-abriu-campanha-em-almada-com-eurodeputadas-da-esquerda-europeia/94745.
- ↑ "Com os “grisalhos” e campanha porta a porta, BE tenta imitar o partido “irmão” na Alemanha – mas é “improvável” que tenha o mesmo sucesso" (in pt). 2025-04-01. https://expresso.pt/politica/eleicoes/legislativas-2025/2025-04-01-com-os-grisalhos-e-campanha-porta-a-porta-be-tenta-imitar-o-partido-irmao-na-alemanha--mas-e-improvavel-que-tenha-o-mesmo-sucesso-f86090b8.
External links
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- Website of the newspaper "Esquerda" (in Portuguese)
- What is the Left Bloc? - Article
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