Social:Left-wing populism

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Short description: Political ideology that combines left-wing politics and populist rhetoric and themes


Top to bottom, left to right:
U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders campaigning in 2016; Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in 2005; UK Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn in 2017; Colombian President Gustavo Petro in 2022.

Left-wing populism, also called social populism, is a political ideology that combines left-wing politics with populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric often includes elements of anti-elitism, opposition to the Establishment, and speaking for the "common people".[1] Recurring themes for left-wing populists include economic democracy, social justice, and scepticism of globalization. Socialist theory plays a lesser role than in traditional left-wing ideologies.[2][3]

Criticism of capitalism and globalization is also linked to unpopular United States military operations, especially those in the Middle East.[4] It is considered that the populist left does not exclude others horizontally and relies on egalitarian ideals.[1] Some scholars also speak of nationalist left-wing populist movements, a feature exhibited by the Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua or the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela. Unlike exclusionary or right-wing populism, left-wing populist parties are generally supportive of minority rights,[5][6] as well as to an idea of nationality that is not delimited by cultural or ethnic particularisms.[7] Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, self-described democratic socialists, are examples of modern left-wing populist politicians in the United States .[8][9][10][11] With the rise of Syriza and Podemos during the European debt crisis, there has been increased debate on new left-wing populism in Europe.[12][13]

Traditionally, left-wing populism has been associated with the socialist movement; since the 2010s, there has been a movement close to left-wing populism in the left-liberal camp,[14][15][16][17][18] some of which are considered social democratic positions.[19][20] Left-liberal economic populism appealing to the working class has been prominent in some countries, such as with Joe Biden of the U.S. and Lee Jae-myung of South Korea , in the 2020s, where liberal and conservative parties are the main two parties.[21]

By country

Americas

Argentina

Néstor Kirchner (left) and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (right) served as Presidents of Argentina from 2003–2007 and 2007–2015.
Main page: Social:Kirchnerism

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (the President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015) and her husband Néstor Kirchner were said to practice Kirchnerism, a variant of Peronism that was often mentioned alongside other Pink tide governments in Latin America. During Cristina Fernández de Kirchner's time in office, she spoke against certain free trade agreements, such as the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas. Her administration was characterized by tax increases, especially on agricultural exports during the late 2000s commodities boom, Argentina's main export, in order to fund social programs such as the PROGRESAR university scholarships, the universal allocation per child subsidy (commonly referred to as AUH in Argentina, Asignación Universal por Hijo), a means-tested benefit to families with children who qualified for the subsidy, and progressive social reforms such as the recognition of same-sex marriage.

Bolivia

The leadership of Siles Zuazo practised left-wing populism[22] as well as that of former socialist President Evo Morales.[23]

Brazil

Main page: Social:Lulism

Lulism is a pragmatic centre-left ideology to the extent that it is called "socialist neoliberalism",[24] but it appeals to a progressive, common-class image and also has populist elements in terms of popular mobilization.[25]

Ecuador

Rafael Correa, the former President of Ecuador, has stressed the importance of a "populist discourse" and has integrated technocrats to work within this context for the common Ecuadorians. Correa has blamed foreign non-governmental organizations for exploiting the indigenous people in the conflict between the indigenous peoples and the government.[26][27][28]

Mexico

Andrés Manuel López Obrador in 2018

The current governing party, the National Regeneration Movement, is a left-wing populist party.[29]

United States

Bernie Sanders in 2020

The People's Party (United States), commonly known as the Populists, was a economically liberal movement, primarily agrarian in nature. They cast themselves in opposition to big business, particularly the railroads, and the political establishment controlled by them. It advocated for government intervention in the economy, such as the government ownership of railroads.[30][31]

Huey Long, the Great Depression-era Governor-turned-Senator of Louisiana, was one of the first modern American left-wing populists in the United States. He advocated for wealth redistribution under his Share Our Wealth plan, which had its roots in the classical left-wing populist movement of Jacksonian democracy,[32] which is related to the radical movement.[33][34][35]

Meanwhile, Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, self-described democratic socialists, are examples of modern left-wing populist politicians.[8][9][10][11] Sanders and Ocasio-Cortez's populist message tend to place the people in opposition to big business and the very wealthy. Ocasio-Cortez's Democratic primary victory over the establishment Democratic Caucus Chair Joe Crowley, a 10-term incumbent, was widely seen as the biggest upset victory in the 2018 midterm election primaries. The Nation magazine described Ocasio-Cortez as a "new rock star" who was "storming the country on behalf of insurgent populists."[36] Elizabeth Warren are also mentioned as a representative left-wing or liberal populist,[17][18][37] and Warren is sometimes evaluated as a social democrat.[19][20][38] Joe Biden is usually classified as a political moderate, but his economic policies occasionally have attracted the populist moniker.[39]

Venezuela

Main page: Social:Chavismo

The presidency of Hugo Chávez resembled a combination of folk wisdom and charismatic leadership with doctrinaire socialism.[23]

Asia

Israel

Yesh Atid is a radical centrist or liberal party. In Israeli politics, "liberal" is not particularly a concept that is distinguished by left or right, but Yesh Atid is evaluated that it has a left-wing populist element in part. They criticize elitism that causes political corruption and demand a position on material redistribution.[14] However, Yesh Atid has an element of economic liberalism simultaneously.[40]

Tarō Yamamoto in 2020. He is mentioned as a (left-wing) liberal-populist.

Japan

Reiwa Shinsengumi, led by Tarō Yamamoto, is a representative Japan ese left-wing populist movement. While he and his party use anti-established rhetoric, they are sometimes called "liberal populist". According to experts, Yamamoto uses a simple message to spotlight single individuals left behind, including people struggling with poverty or non-permanent employment, who used to devote themselves to radical conservatism.[15]

Reiwa Shinsengumi is also called a "progressive populist", because they are not rooted in the traditional Japanese socialist or Labor movement, but are culturally and economically progressive, representing marginalized young people and minorities.[41][42]

South Korea

South Korea's leftist political party, the Progressive Party, advocates direct democracy, anti-neoliberalism and anti-imperialism. They support a national liberalist foreign policy hostile to Japan .

Lee Jae-myung, one of DPK's major politicians, has been mentioned as a "populist" in some media outlets.[43][44][16][45] Lee Jae-myung pledged to implement the world's first universal basic income system if elected in the 2022 South Korean presidential election but said he would not pay for it if the people opposed it.[46][47] South Korea's right-wing politician Hong Joon-pyo saw Lee Jae-myung in September 2021 and accused him of being "Chávez of Gyeonggi Province".[48] However, there is controversy in South Korea as to whether Lee Jae-myung can be viewed as a "left-wing populist" in the context of the United States or Europe. He once said he was "conservative" and suggested policies far from general left-wing populism in the United States and Europe, partially insisting on economic liberal policies such as deregulating companies on some issues.[49][50] In addition, he showed a somewhat conservative tendency on some social agendas.[51] In addition, Kim Hyun-jong, the head of the International Trade Special Division at the Lee Jae-myung Camp, met with Henry Kissinger, and Henry Kissinger gave Lee Jae-myung a handwritten autograph called "Good wishes".[52] In addition, Lee Jae-myung's political orientation was somewhat ambiguous, so conservative journalist Dong-A Ilbo denied that he was a left-wing politician, while South Korea's far-left organization Workers' Solidarity evaluated him as a social democratic. (However, another South Korean left-wing undongkwon group denied that Lee Jae-myung is not a social democratic.)[53][54][55] Lee is also a staunch supporter of free trade, unlike ordinary economic populists.[56]

Europe

Germany

Oskar Lafontaine, member of The Left

The Party of Democratic Socialism was explicitly studied under left-wing populism, especially by German academics.[57] The party was formed after the reunification of Germany, and it was similar to right-wing populists in that it relied on anti-elitism and media attention provided by charismatic leadership.[58] The party competed for the same voter base with the right-wing populists to some extent, although it relied on a more serious platform in Eastern Germany. This was limited by anti-immigration sentiments preferred by some voters, although the lines were, for example, crossed by Oskar Lafontaine, who used a term previously associated with the Nazi Party, Fremdarbeiter ("foreign workers"), in his election campaign in 2005.[58] The PDS merged into the Left Party in 2007.[59] The Left Party is also viewed as a left-wing populist party,[60] but it is not the basis of the party as a whole.

Greece

Syriza, which became the largest party since January 2015 elections, has been described as a left-wing populist party after its platform incorporated most demands of the popular movements in Greece during the government-debt crisis. Populist traits in Syriza's platform include the growing importance of "the People" in their rhetoric and "us/the people against them/the establishment" antagonism in campaigning. On immigration and LGBT rights, Syriza is inclusionary. Syriza itself does not accept the label "populist".[61][62]

Italy

The Italian Five Star Movement (M5S), which became the largest party in the 2018 general election, has often been described as a big tent populist party,[63][64] but sometimes also as a left-wing populist movement;[65] the "five stars", which are a reference to five critical issues for the party, are public water, sustainable transport, sustainable development, right to Internet access, and environmentalism, typical proposals of left-wing populist parties.[66] However, despite its background in left-wing politics, the M5S has often expressed right-wing views on immigration.[67]

In September 2019, the M5S formed a government with the centre-left Democratic Party (PD) and the left-wing Free and Equal (LeU), with Giuseppe Conte at its head.[68][69] The government has been sometimes referred to as a left-wing populist cabinet.[70]

Netherlands

The Socialist Party has run a left-wing populist platform after dropping its communist course in 1991.[71] Although some have pointed out that the party has become less populist over the years, it still includes anti-elitism in its recent election manifestos.[72] It opposes what it sees as the European superstate.

Spain

Pablo Iglesias, leader of Podemos

The left-wing populist party Podemos achieved 8% of the national vote in the 2014 European Parliament election. Due to avoiding nativist language typical of right-wing populists, Podemos can attract left-wing voters disappointed with the political establishment without taking sides in the regional political struggle.[73] In the 2015 election for the national parliament, Podemos reached 20.65% of the vote and became the third largest party in the parliament after the conservative People's Party with 28.71% and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party with 22.02%. In the new parliament, Podemos holds 69 out of 350 seats, which has resulted in the end of the traditional two-party system in Spain.[74] In a November 2018 interview with Jacobin, Íñigo Errejón argues that Podemos requires a new "national-popular" strategy to win more elections.[75]

Left-wing populist political parties

Active left-wing populist parties or parties with left-wing populist factions

Main page: Social:List of populists

Represented in national legislatures

  •  Argentina – Frente de Todos[76]
  •  Australia – Queensland Greens
  •  Belgium – Workers' Party of Belgium
  •  Bulgaria – Bulgarian Socialist Party
  •  Bosnia – Alliance of Independent Social Democrats
  •  Bolivia – Movement for Socialism[77]
  •  Brazil – Workers' Party,[78] Communist Party of Brazil, Socialism and Liberty Party
  •  Chile – Broad Front (factions), Chile Digno
  •  Colombia – Alternative Democratic Pole, Colombia Humana
  •  Cyprus – Progressive Party of Working People
  •  Denmark – Red–Green Alliance, Inuit Ataqatigiit, Republic
  •  Dominican Republic – Dominican Liberation Party (factions)
  •  Ecuador – Citizen Revolution Movement
  •  Europe – Party of the European Left, The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL
  •  Estonia – Estonian Centre Party[79]
  •  Finland – Left Alliance
  •  France – La France Insoumise[80][81]
  •  Germany – The Left[60]
  •  Greece – Syriza[82][83]
  •  Haiti – Platfòm Pitit Desalin
  •  Honduras – Libertad y Refundación (Libre)
  •  India – Communist Party of India (Marxist), Communist Party of India
  •  Indonesia – Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
  •  Ireland –  Northern Ireland – Sinn Féin,[84] People Before Profit–Solidarity
  •  Italy – Democratic Party (factions),[85][86][87] Five Star Movement (factions),[83][88][89][90] Italian Left
  •  Japan – Reiwa Shinsengumi[91][92][93][94]
  •  Luxembourg – The Left
  •  Mexico – National Regeneration Movement, Labor Party
  •  Mongolia – Mongolian People's Party
  •  Netherlands – Socialist Party[95]
  •  Nicaragua – Sandinista National Liberation Front
  •  Paraguay – Guasú Front
  •  Peru – Free Peru
  •  Poland - Left Together, Your Movement
  •  Portugal – Left Bloc
  •  Romania – Social Democratic Party[96][97][98]
  •  Russia – Communist Party of the Russian Federation (factions), For a New Socialism
  •  San Marino – United Left, Active Citizenship
  •  Serbia – Socialist Party of Serbia, Movement of Socialists
  •  Slovakia – Direction - Slovak Social Democracy
  •  South Africa – Economic Freedom Fighters[99]
  •  South Korea - Progressive Party
  •  Spain – Podemos,[100][101][102] Más País, United Left
  •  Taiwan – New Power Party
  •  Turkey – Peoples' Democratic Party,[103] Workers' Party of Turkey
  •  United Kingdom – Labour Party (factions)[104][105][106]
  •  United States – Democratic Party (factions),[107][108][109] Democratic Socialists of America[110][111]
  •  Venezuela – United Socialist Party of Venezuela[112]
  •  Zimbabwe – ZANU–PF[113]


Not represented in national legislatures

  •  Austria – Communist Party of Austria
  •  Chile – Equality Party, Progressive Party[114]
  •  Czechia – The Left, Party of Civic Rights, Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia
  •  Estonia – Estonian United Left Party
  •  Finland – Communist Party of Finland
  •  Germany – BSW—For Reason and Justice
  •  Greece – Popular Unity
  •  India – Samajwadi Party
  •  Indonesia – Just and Prosperous People's Party, New Labour Party
  •  Italy – Communist Refoundation Party,[115] Democracy and Autonomy, Power to the People
  •  Iran – People's Mujahedin of Iran[116]
  •  Malaysia – Socialist Party of Malaysia
  •  Namibia – Namibian Economic Freedom Fighters
  •  Russia – Patriots of Russia, Left Bloc, Left Front, Russian Socialist Movement
  •  Serbia – Party of the Radical Left
  •  Slovakia – Socialists.sk
  •  Turkey – Patriotic Party (Turkey)
  •  Ukraine – Communist Party of Ukraine[117]
  •  United Kingdom – Scottish Socialist Party,[118] Northern Independence Party[119] Transform


See also


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Albertazzi and McDonnell, p. 123.
  2. ↑ Zaslove, Andrej (June 2008). "Here to Stay? Populism as a New Party Type". European Review 16 (3): 319–336. doi:10.1017/S1062798708000288. 
  3. ↑ Roth, Silke (17 April 2018). "Introduction: Contemporary Counter-Movements in the Age of Brexit and Trump". Sociological Research Online 23 (2): 496–506. doi:10.1177/1360780418768828. 
  4. ↑ Hartleb, Florian (2004) (in de). Rechts- und Linkspopulismus. Eine Fallstudie anhand von Schill-Partei und PDS. Wiesbaden. p. 162. 
  5. ↑ Mudde, C.; Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2013). "Exclusionary vs. inclusionary populism: comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America". Government and Opposition 48 (2): 147–174. doi:10.1017/gov.2012.11. 
  6. ↑ Huber, Robert A.; Schimpf, Christian H. (2017). "On the Distinct Effects of Left-Wing and Right-Wing Populism on Democratic Quality". Politics and Governance 5 (4): 146–165. doi:10.17645/pag.v5i4.919. ISSN 2183-2463. https://www.cogitatiopress.com/politicsandgovernance/article/view/919/696. "First, on average we observe a substantial positive relationship between left-wing populist parties and minority rights, whereas we find negative effects for right-wing populist parties. [...] The most consistent finding across these additional checks is the positive association between left-wing populist parties and minority rights in comparison to right-wing populist parties, particularly in opposition.". 
  7. ↑ Custodi J (2020). "Nationalism and populism on the left: The case of Podemos". Nations and Nationalism 27 (3): 705–720. doi:10.1111/nana.12663. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nana.12663. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Sullivan, Sean; Costa, Robert (2 March 2020). "Trump and Sanders lead competing populist movements, reshaping American politics". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/02/two-populist-movements-sanders-trump/?arc404=true. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ross Coleman, Aaron (22 August 2020). "Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and the future of the left". Vox. https://www.vox.com/2020/8/21/21395848/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-future-of-left-aoc-bernie-dsa-working-families-party. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lerer, Lisa; W. Herndon, Astead (18 February 2021). "When Ted Cruz and A.O.C. Agree: Yes, the Politics of GameStop Are Confusing". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/politics/gamestop-robinhood-democrats-republicans.html. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Levitz, Eric (27 June 2018). "Ocasio-Cortez Proved That 'Identity Politics' Is an Asset for Berniecrats". The New York Times. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/06/ocasio-cortez-won-by-fusing-identity-politics-with-populism.html. 
  12. ↑ Mudde, Cas (17 February 2015). "The problem with populism". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/feb/17/problem-populism-syriza-podemos-dark-side-europe. 
  13. ↑ Zabala, Santiago (2 December 2014). "In Europe, not all populist parties are the same". AlJazeera. http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/12/podemos-spain-politicspopulismeurope.html. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Populist Political Communication in Europe. Routledge. 2014. p. 211. ISBN 9781317224747. https://books.google.com/books?id=ozaTDAAAQBAJ&dq=Indeed,+there+are+some+similarities+between+Yesh+Atid+and+left-wing+populist+parties.+First,+the+distinction+between+the+%E2%80%9Cpure+people%E2%80%9D+and+the+corrupt+political+establishment,+which+characterizes+left-wing+populism&pg=PA211. "Indeed, there are some similarities between Yesh Atid and left-wing populist parties. First, the distinction between the “pure people” and the corrupt political establishment, which characterizes left-wing populism (Alonso & Kaltwasser, 2014), also exists in Yesh Atid rhetoric. The same is true for the call for material redistribution, which characterizes both left-wing populism (Alonso & Kaltwasser, 2014) and Yesh Atid." 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Helen Hardacre, ed (2021). Japanese Constitutional Revisionism and Civic Activism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 136. ISBN 9781793609052. https://books.google.com/books?id=8mUuEAAAQBAJ&dq=liberal+Reiwa+Shinsengumi&pg=PA136. "Sometimes regarded as a "liberal-populist" party, a new political party, Reiwa Shinsengumi, arose in a "riot" of people who believed they have been marginalized by Japanese capitalism and democracy.26 The party's charismatic leader, ... Yamamoto uses a simple message to spotlight single individuals left behind, including people struggling with poverty or non-permanent employment, who used to devote themselves to radical conservatism." 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Lee Jae-myung: Populist, Left-wing, Unapologetic". Korea Exposé. 23 February 2019. https://koreaexpose.com/lee-jae-myung-populist-leftwing-unapologetic/. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Anthea Roberts, ed (2021). Six Faces of Globalization: Who Wins, Who Loses, and Why It Matters. Harvard University Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780674245952. https://books.google.com/books?id=81BEEAAAQBAJ&dq=left-wing+populist+Elizabeth+Warren&pg=PA14. "Right- wing populism lives on past Trump's presidency, for instance, just as left- wing populism continued to thrive after Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders conceded the US Democratic primary." 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Here's What Elizabeth Warren Looks Like as a Comic Book Hero: Elizabeth Warren, a populist liberal icon, is now a comic book star.". ABC News. 8 April 2016. https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/01/20/2010012001582.html. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Are Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders the same? The debate, explained.". Vox. 18 June 2019. https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/6/18/18678000/elizabeth-warren-bernie-sanders-2020-similarities-differences. "Warren is a social democrat. Sanders is a democratic socialist. The difference between the two is best explained by how Warren and Sanders convey their skepticism toward capitalism, said Sheri Berman, a political scientist with Barnard College, who has written extensively on the history of the left." 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "What an Elizabeth Warren Presidency Would Look Like". In These Times. 7 January 2020. https://inthesetimes.com/features/Elizabeth-Warren-presidency.html. "Sanders, like Warren, clearly appreciates that movements are the motor that drives change, and a Sanders administration, like a Warren administration, would partner with movements to achieve change. Both candidates offer a compelling vision that can inspire people, and both share the goal of orienting America closer to social democracy." 
  21. ↑ "News Analysis: President Biden's speech to Congress offers a dose of left-leaning economic populism". April 29, 2021. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-04-29/president-biden-speech-populism. 
  22. ↑ Mayorga, Rene Antonio (January 1997). "Bolivia's Silent Revolution". Journal of Democracy 8 (1): 142–156. doi:10.1353/jod.1997.0006. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Kirk Andrew Hawkins, Venezuela's Chavismo and Populism in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN:978-0-521-76503-9, page 84
  24. ↑ Luiz C. Barbosa, ed (2015). Guardians of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest: Environmental Organizations and Development. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 9781317577645. https://books.google.com/books?id=vOojCQAAQBAJ&dq=social+liberal+Lula+da+Silva&pg=PA43. "Lula da Silva's form of economic liberalism can be classified as “socialist neoliberalism.” This means that one uses the wealth generated by the market to finance social programs to lift people out of poverty." 
  25. ↑ Armando Boito, ed (2021). Reform and Political Crisis in Brazil: Class Conflicts in Workers' Party Governments and the Rise of Bolsonaro Neo-fascism. BRILL. p. 75. ISBN 9789004467743. https://books.google.com/books?id=cStVEAAAQBAJ&dq=populism+Lulism&pg=PA75. "Being a variation of populism, Lulism did not organize its social base, which remained politically dispersed and was kept as a “deposit of votes” for the presidential candidates of the pt." 
  26. ↑ de la Torre, Carlos (2013) (in de). Populismus in Lateinamerika. Zwischen Demokratisierung und Autoritarismus. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/10210.pdf. 
  27. ↑ Carlos de la Torre (2010). Populist Seduction in Latin America. Ohio University Press. p. 173. 
  28. ↑ Raúl L. Madrid (2012). The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Latin America. Cambridge University Press. p. 75. 
  29. ↑ Felbab-Brown, Vanda (3 July 2018). "Andrés Manuel López Obrador and a new era of politics in Mexico" (in en-US). https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/07/03/andres-manuel-lopez-obrador-and-a-new-era-of-politics-in-mexico/. 
  30. ↑ Kazin, Michael (22 March 2016). "How Can Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders Both Be 'Populist'?". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/magazine/how-can-donald-trump-and-bernie-sanders-both-be-populist.html. 
  31. ↑ Mansbridge, Jane; Macedo, Stephen (2019-10-13). "Populism and Democratic Theory" (in en). Annual Review of Law and Social Science 15 (1): 59–77. doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101518-042843. ISSN 1550-3585. 
  32. ↑ Albert Boime, ed (2008). Art in an Age of Civil Struggle, 1848-1871. University of Chicago Press. p. 422. ISBN 9780226063423. https://books.google.com/books?id=sEb4RL2Ru1kC&dq=%22left-wing+populism%22+Jacksonian+Democracy&pg=PA422. "Mount's mature views on blacks were expressed formally through his affiliation with the Democratic Party, the party of slavery. He opposed both abolition and the left-wing populism generated by Jacksonian ideals." 
  33. ↑ Sean Patrick Adams, ed (2013). A Companion to the Era of Andrew Jackson. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118290835. https://books.google.com/books?id=_z2JMnBpTqgC&dq=radicalism+Jacksonian+Democracy&pg=PT413. "The truth is that studies of Jacksonian radicalism have been few and far between in the last two decades (just check the dates of the books I have cited), so it is no surprise that very few people know about Paul Brown, William Mathers ..." 
  34. ↑ Eugenio F. Biagini, ed (2004). Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860-1880. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. ISBN 9780521548861. https://books.google.com/books?id=_z2JMnBpTqgC&dq=radicalism+Jacksonian+Democracy&pg=PT413. "... which was one of the recurrent themes in European and in particular American radicalism : Jacksonian democrats were ..." 
  35. ↑ Craig Calhoun, ed (2012). The Roots of Radicalism: Tradition, the Public Sphere, and Early Nineteenth-Century Social Movements. University of Chicago Press. p. 266. 
  36. ↑ Nichols, John (15 August 2018). "The Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Effect". The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/the-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-effect/. 
  37. ↑ Cas Mudde, Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, ed (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 60. 
  38. ↑ "Democratic socialist Bernie Sanders is too far left for Sweden's ruling Social Democrats, official says". The Week. 20 February 2020. https://theweek.com/speedreads/896948/democratic-socialist-bernie-sanders-far-left-swedens-ruling-social-democrats-official-says. 
  39. ↑ Wolf, Zachary B. (2023-02-08). "Joe Biden goes full populist as he searches for common ground | CNN Politics" (in en). https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/08/politics/biden-populist-sotu-what-matters/index.html. 
  40. ↑ Michael Shamir, ed (2017). The Elections in Israel 2013. Routledge. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9781351295826. https://books.google.com/books?id=GKs0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41. 
  41. ↑ Robert J. Pekkanen, ed (2023). Japan Decides 2021: The Japanese General Election. Springer Nature. p. 65. ISBN 9783031113246. https://books.google.com/books?id=zQafEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65. "Reiwa Shinsengumi is usually viewed as a progressive populist party." 
  42. ↑ "Record number of women and LGBTQ election hopefuls run to shake up Japan politics". The Japan Times. 7 July 2022. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/07/07/national/politics-diplomacy/election-women-lgbtq/. "The candidates include 50-year-old transgender candidate Karen Yoda from the Reiwa Shinsengumi party, whose catchphrase is "Diversity is power," ..." 
  43. ↑ "South Korea's 'Bernie Sanders' touts universal basic income ahead of polls". Financial Times. 12 October 2021. https://www.ft.com/content/2250f5ac-442a-4035-a9fb-661695fba7cc. 
  44. ↑ Shin, Hyonhee (2021-09-14). "'S.Korea's Bernie Sanders' tops presidential polls with talk of universal basic income" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/skoreas-bernie-sanders-tops-presidential-polls-with-talk-universal-basic-income-2021-09-13/. 
  45. ↑ "After Choi-gate". Jacobin magazine. 12 June 2016. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/12/south-korea-seoul-park-geun-hye-corruption-unemployment. "This allows a populist figure like Lee Jae-myung, mayor of wealthy satellite city Seongnam, to be presented as a progressive presidential candidate, simply because he instituted a minor basic income program and has directly called for President Park’s imprisonment." 
  46. ↑ "이재명 공약 핵심 "세계 최초 기본소득 지급하는 나라"". 11 October 2021. https://www.nbntv.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=936324. 
  47. ↑ "이재명 "기본소득, 국민 반대하면 추진 않겠다…그것이 민주주의"". The Chosun Ilbo. 2 December 2021. https://www.chosun.com/politics/politics_general/2021/12/02/OTVI377T5JEF3CC4LRHMYSDTQE/. 
  48. ↑ "홍준표 "'경기도 차베스' 이길 야권 주자는 나뿐"". 경기시문. 4 November 2021. https://kgnews.co.kr/mobile/article.html?no=674905. 
  49. ↑ "이재명 "보수 가치 제대로 서는 나라 만들고 싶어"". Yonhap News Agency. 2021-09-21. https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20161221066400061. 
  50. ↑ "이재명 "관료적 규제 없애야...내가 친기업 1등"". 머니투데이. 11 November 2021. https://news.mt.co.kr/mtview.php?no=2021111016055444387. "이 후보는 이날 서울 중구 대한상공회의소에서 최태원 대한상의 회장과 만나 "창의와 혁신을 가로막는 관료적 규제는 축소하거나 없애야 하는 것"이라면서 "기업은 새로운 아이템 발굴이 자유롭게 이뤄질 수 있도록 해야한다"고 밝혔다." 
  51. ↑ ""이재명의 청년에 여성 자리는 없나": 심상정 "李, 反페미니즘 자처"". The Chosun Ilbo. 12 November 2021. https://m.pressian.com/m/pages/articles/2021111117450458319. 
  52. ↑ "김현종, 헨리 키신저 만났다…이재명에 "행운을 빈다"". MBN 뉴스. 1 December 2021. https://mbn.co.kr/news/politics/4650617. 
  53. ↑ "이재명, '좌파'보다 '박정희'에 가깝다". Dong-A Ilbo. 7 November 2021. https://weekly.donga.com/List/3/03/11/3026387/1. 
  54. ↑ "이재명은 사회민주주의 정치인이다". Workers' Solidarity. 27 July 2021. https://wspaper.org/article/25925. 
  55. ↑ "학생운동권 "윤석열 지지…진정한 좌파라면 이재명 못찍어"". The Chosun Ilbo. 5 November 2021. https://www.chosun.com/politics/politics_general/2021/11/05/3MS5ANVRG5FX7PIAT57BAEZLBQ/. "“당신이 진정한 좌파라면 이재명을 ‘사회민주주의자’ 혹은 ‘개혁의 적임자’로 판단하면 안 된다”" 
  56. ↑ "외신 앞에 선 이재명, '다자외교·자유무역·한반도 평화' 강조". 메트로신문. 11 April 2023. https://www.metroseoul.co.kr/article/20230411500541. 
  57. ↑ De Lange, Sarah (December 2005). "Political extremism in Europe". European Political Science 4 (4): 476–488. doi:10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210056. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Albertazzi and McDonnell, p. 132.
  59. ↑ Albertazzi and McDonnell, p. 133.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 The Crisis of Social Democracy in Europe. Edinburgh University Press. 2013. p. 147. ISBN 978-0748665822. https://books.google.com/books?id=DJskDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140. 
  61. ↑ Stavrakaki, Yannis; Katsambekis, Giorgos (June 2014). "Left-wing populism in the European periphery: the case of SYRIZA". Journal of Political Ideologies 19 (2): 119–142. doi:10.1080/13569317.2014.909266. 
  62. ↑ Katsourides, Yiannos (2016). Radical Left Parties in Government: The Cases of SYRIZA and AKEL. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 103ff. 
  63. ↑ * "Greece 'leaves behind the austerity that ruined it,' party leader vows after vote". CNN. 25 January 2015. http://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/25/europe/greece-elections/index.html. 
  64. ↑ Donatella M. Viola (2015). "Italy". in Donatella M. Viola. Routledge Handbook of European Elections. Routledge. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-317-50363-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=7stgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113. 
  65. ↑ Italy’s Left-Wing Populists Won’t Stop the Far-Right. They’ll Strengthen It, Foreign Policy
  66. ↑ Paolo Gerbaudo (2014). "Populism 2.0: Social media activism, the generic Internet user and interactive direct democracy". Social Media, Politics and the State: Protests, Revolutions, Riots, Crime and Policing in the Age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. Routledge. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-1-317-65548-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=E28KBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76. 
  67. ↑ Quando Luigi Di Maio disse che le Ong sono taxi del mare. La polemica con Saviano, Huffington Post
  68. ↑ Antonucci, Maria Cristina (21 September 2019). "Da sinistra a destra, Conte fa (bene) il presidentissimo. Analisi di Antonucci". https://formiche.net/2019/09/conte-sinistra-destra-presidentissimo-antonucci/. 
  69. ↑ "Conte? Campione di trasformismo". https://www.iltempo.it/politica/2019/09/18/news/governo-giallorosso-conte-renzi-news-m5s-pd-mastella-trasformismo-1210557/. 
  70. ↑ Last ditch effort: Italy's Conte pushes for populist-left wing alliance, EuroNews
  71. ↑ Andeweg, R. B.; Galen A. Irwin (2002). Governance and politics of the Netherlands. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 978-0333961575. 
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  73. ↑ Carlos de la Torre (11 December 2014). The Promise and Perils of Populism: Global Perspectives. University Press of Kentucky. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-8131-4687-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=_ybJBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA211. 
  74. ↑ Entscheidung in Spanien: Konservative sind Wahlsieger, verlieren aber Mehrheit. Spiegel Online, 20 December 2015 (German)
  75. ↑ "Rebuilding the Demos". https://www.jacobinmag.com/2018/11/podemos-inigo-errejon-psoe-populism. 
  76. ↑ Juan José Cruces (21 February 2016). "El puchero de gallina del populismo kirchnerista" (in es). La Nación. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1872743-el-puchero-de-gallina-del-populismo-kirchnerista. 
  77. ↑ "South America's New Caudillos". The New York Times. 16 October 2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/17/opinion/evo-morales-of-bolivia-and-democracy.html?_r=0. 
  78. ↑ Eduardo Porter (3 May 2016). "Populist Policies Let Brazil's Tomorrow Slip Away". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/04/business/economy/populist-policies-let-brazils-tomorrow-slip-away.html?_r=0. 
  79. ↑ Tõnis Saarts. Persistence and decline of political parties: the case of Estonia. East European Politics, 2015, Vol. 31, No. 2. Lk 214
  80. ↑ Denis Tugdual (5 April 2013). "Le Pen-Mélenchon: la mode est au langage populiste" (in fr). L'Express. http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/le-pen-melenchon-la-mode-est-au-langage-populiste_1237437.html. 
  81. ↑ Jean-Laurent Cassely (15 April 2013). "Le populisme "vintage" de Jean-Luc Mélenchon, trop élaboré pour être efficace" (in fr). Slate. http://www.slate.fr/story/70687/melenchon-populisme-vintage. 
  82. ↑ Katsambekis, Giorgos (2014). "Left-wing Populism in the European Periphery: The Case of SYRIZA". Journal of Political Ideologies (academia.edu) 19 (2): 119. doi:10.1080/13569317.2014.909266. https://www.academia.edu/5812717. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Pausch, Robert (4 February 2015). "Populismus oder Extremismus? – Radikale Parteien in Europa". http://www.zeit.de/feature/populismus-extremismus-europa. 
  84. ↑ Suiter, Jane (2017). "Ireland: The rise of Populism on the Left and Among Independents". Populist Political Communication in Europe. New York and London: Routledge. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-138-65480-8. 
  85. ↑ Sì al taglio dei parlamentari, no allo ius culturae: il Pd ha assunto in blocco il verbo populista
  86. ↑ Il populismo di sinistra per fermare il populismo di destra non funziona (e non solo in Umbria), Linkiesta
  87. ↑ Strippoli, Francesco (2017). "Emiliano, populista inconsapevole". http://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/bari/politica/17_settembre_05/emiliano-populista-inconsapevole-170adf7c-9216-11e7-ad4c-9fea13166872.shtml. 
  88. ↑ "Alles ist möglich - onvista". https://www.onvista.de/news/alles-ist-moeglich-101500619. 
  89. ↑ Rüb, Matthias; Rom. "Koalition Fünf Sterne und Lega: Neue Regierung in Italien wird Freitag vereidigt". Faz.net. https://www.faz.net/1.5617125. 
  90. ↑ "Kabinett Conte: Euro-Kritiker Savona (81) wird Europaminister". 31 May 2018. http://de.euronews.com/2018/05/31/jetzt-doch-5-sterne-und-lega-wollen-mit-conte-regieren. 
  91. ↑ 石戸諭 (22 July 2019). "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ja). Yahoo! JAPAN. https://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/ishidosatoru/20190722-00135238/. 
  92. ↑ Nakamura, Kasane (1 August 2019). "れいわ・山本太郎代表「私はポピュリストです」。羽鳥慎一モーニングショーで左派ポピュリズムとの指摘に宣言。" (in ja). HuffPost. https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/entry/story_jp_5d4241f9e4b0aca34118407d. 
  93. ↑ Kamei, Hiroshi (31 July 2019). "れいわ躍進、左派ポピュリズムの日本版 N国も無視できず" (in ja). Asahi Shimbun. p. 1. https://dot.asahi.com/wa/2019073000040.html?page=1. 
  94. ↑ Ohi, Akai (3 July 2019). "山本太郎は日本のバーニー・サンダースか 左派ポピュリズムと中道リベラルの「戦略的互恵関係」" (in ja). Asahi Shimbun Publications Inc.. pp. 1, 4. https://webronza.asahi.com/politics/articles/2019070300005.html?page=1. 
  95. ↑ Andeweg, R. B.; Galen A. Irwin (2002). Governance and politics of the Netherlands. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 978-0333961575. 
  96. ↑ "Rumäniens Justiz im Belagerungszustand". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 21 February 2018. https://www.nzz.ch/international/rumaeniens-justiz-im-belagerungszustand-ld.1357693. 
  97. ↑ "Aufgefallen: Der stille Anführer". Publik-Forum [de]. 10 March 2017. https://www.publik-forum.de/Publik-Forum-05-2017/der-stille-anfuehrer#close. 
  98. ↑ Beichelt, Timm (2013). "6.1.1 Strukturelle Kontextbindungen" (in de). Demokratische Konsolidierung im postsozialistischen Europa: Die Rolle der politischen Institutionen. Springer-Verlag. p. 299. ISBN 978-3322813206. https://books.google.com/books?id=-1byBQAAQBAJ&q=linkspopulistisch+rum%C3%A4nien&pg=PA299. 
  99. ↑ "Red Tide: From 'economic freedom' to 'white genocide', extremism grabs the spotlight (in English)". Daily Maverick. 14 October 2013. http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-10-14-red-tide-from-economic-freedom-to-white-genocide-extremism-grabs-the-spotlight/#.UnQCyhb1DoF. 
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  101. ↑ Christopher Ross; Bill Richardson; Begoña Sangrador-Vegas (2016). Contemporary Spain. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-317-75164-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=2p_7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75. 
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  105. ↑ Merrick, Jane (11 May 2017). "Can left-wing populism win the UK election?". http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/11/europe/uk-election-labour-manifesto/index.html. 
  106. ↑ Riddell, Mary (1 October 2013). "Ed Miliband's populism has turned him into the Tories' Red Peril". https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ed-miliband/10347436/Ed-Milibands-populism-has-turned-him-into-the-Tories-Red-Peril.html. 
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  108. ↑ Etzioni, Amitai (8 January 2015). "The Left's Unpopular Populism". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150310142440/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/01/the-lefts-unpopular-populism-elizabeth-warren-democratic-party/384310/. Retrieved 10 April 2022. 
  109. ↑ "America in Populist Times: An Interview With Chantal Mouffe" , By Waleed Shahid. The Nation. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
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  111. ↑ "Fighting Faux Populism". http://www.dsausa.org/fighting_faux_populism_dl. 
  112. ↑ "Left-Wing Populists in Latin America?". http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_1080.pdf. 
  113. ↑ Drinkwater, Michael (1991). The State and Agrarian Change in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 93–96. ISBN 978-0312053505. 
  114. ↑ Libertad y Desarrollo (10 September 2021). "2021 ENTRANDO A LA RECTA FINAL ELECTORAL". https://lyd.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/TP-1512-ELECTORAL.pdf. 
  115. ↑ "About TAP". Timbro. https://populismindex.com/about/. 
  116. ↑ Fred Reinhard Dallmayr (199). Border Crossings: Toward a Comparative Political Theory. Lexington Books. p. 136. ISBN 9780739100431. "To provide an Islamic justification for their populist program, Mojahedin often utilized the euphemism coined by Shariati." 
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Further reading

  • Albertazzi, Daniele; McDonnell, Duncan (2008). Twenty-First Century Populism. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 9780230013490. 
  • Dingeldey, Philip (2021). "A People's Tribunate in a Populist Democracy? A Thought Experiment between Republicanism and Populism re-visited.” In: Mayr, Stefan/ Orator, Andreas (eds.): Populism, Popular Sovereignty, and Public Reason (= Central and Eastern European Forum for Legal, Political, and Social Theory Yearbook, Vol. 10). Peter Lang. ISBN 9783631840832, pp. 71-84.
  • Weyland, Kurt (2013). "The Threat from the Populist Left". Journal of Democracy 24 (3): 18–32. doi:10.1353/jod.2013.0045. 
  • March, Luke (2007). "From Vanguard of the Proletariat to Vox Populi: Left-Populism as a 'Shadow' of Contemporary Socialism". SAIS Review of International Affairs 27 (1): 63–77. doi:10.1353/sais.2007.0013. 

External links



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