Social:Likum language

From HandWiki
Short description: West Manus language of Papua New Guinea
Likum
Native toPapua New Guinea
Regionwesternmost Manus Island, Manus Province
Native speakers
(80 cited 2000)e25
Austronesian
  • Malayo-Polynesian
    • Oceanic
      • Admiralty Islands
        • Eastern Admiralty Islands
          • Manus
            • West Manus
              • Likum
Language codes
ISO 639-3lib
Glottologliku1243[1]
Likum is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

The Likum language is a West Manus language spoken by approximately 80 people in western Manus Island, Manus Province of Papua New Guinea.[2] Its speakers also use Nyindrou.[2] Likum is classified as "definitely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[3] It has SVO word order.[2]

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants[4]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive/Affricate Voiceless p t c[lower-alpha 1] k ʔ
Labialized pʷ
Voiced (b) (d)~ⁿr[lower-alpha 2] ⟨dr⟩ j[lower-alpha 1] (g)
Voiced labialized (bʷ) (gʷ)
Nasal Plain m n ɲ
Labialized mʷ
Fricative s h
Trill r
Approximant w j ⟨y⟩
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Blust describes ⟨c⟩ and ⟨j⟩ as palatal affricates, using ⟨y⟩ for /j/.[5]
  2. ↑ Blust says the evidence for /d/ is weak and considers it a variant of ⟨dr⟩, which he describes as a prenasalized alveolar trill.[5]

Vowels

Vowels[4]
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

Pronouns

Personal pronouns in Likum have grammatical number and clusivity.

Personal pronouns[6]
Singular Dual Trial Plural
1st, incl. je teru tocetulumow to
1st, excl. eru etucetulumow etu
2nd ow ah etocetulumow eto
3rd iy neru drocetulumow dro

Notes

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Likum". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/liku1243. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named e25
  3. ↑ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger". http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Blust 2021, p. 290.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Blust 2021, p. 291.
  6. ↑ Blust 2021, p. 300.

References

  • Kaipuleohone's Robert Blust collections include written and audio materials Likum




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