Social:List of matrilineal or matrilocal societies

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The following list includes societies that have been argued to practice matrilineality or matrilocality. "Matrilineal" means kinship or property is passed down through the maternal line.[1] "Matrilocal" means new families are established in proximity to the wives extended family of origin, not that of the husband.

Culture[lower-alpha 1] Region Residence[lower-alpha 2] Lineage Reference
Abui Alor archipelago Patrilocal Both [citation needed]
Akan West Africa Both Matrilineal [2]
Akimel Oʼodham Aridoamerica Matrilocal Patrilineal [citation needed]
Amis Taiwan Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Aneuk Jamee Sumatra Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Apache Aridoamerica Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Bakor Niger Delta Patrilocal Matrilineal [3]
Basques Pyrenees Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Batek Sumatra Both Both [citation needed]
Bijago Bissagos Islands Patrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Billava Malabar Coast Patrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Bontoc people Luzon Patrilocal Both [citation needed]
Boyowan Trobriand Islands Patrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Bribri Cordillera de Talamanca Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Bunt Malabar Coast Patrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Cantabri Iberia Matrilocal Matrilineal [4]
Chamorro Micronesia Patrilocal Matrilineal
Chams Champa Matrilocal Matrilineal [5]
Cherokee Southeastern Woodlands Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Chickasaw Southeastern Woodlands Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Choctaw Southeastern Woodlands Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Danes Læsø Matrilocal Matrilineal[lower-alpha 3] [6]
Durotriges Great Britain Matrilocal Matrilineal [7][8]
Enggano Enggano Island Matrilocal Matrilineal [9]
Fore New Guinea Minority Matrilocal Both [citation needed]
Fur Darfur Matrilineal Matrilocal [10][11]
Gallaeci Iberia Matrilocal Matrilineal [12]
Garo Zomia Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Gitxsan Pacific Northwest Patrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Guna Darien Gap Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Hallstatt Europe Unknown Matrilineal [13][14]
Haudenosaunee Great Lakes Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Hopi Aridoamerica Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Huaorani Andes Matrilocal Both [citation needed]
Iban Borneo Both Neither [citation needed]
Imazighen Sahara Matrilineal Matrilocal [citation needed]
Jaintia Zomia Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Jemez Aridoamerica Matrilocal Matrilineal [15]
Jews Levant Patrilocal Matrilineal [16]
Chicham peoples[which?] Amazon Matrilocal Both [citation needed]
Karen Zomia Matrilocal Matrilineal [17]
Keres Aridoamerica Matrilocal Matrilineal [15]
Kerinci Sumatra Matrilocal Matrilineal [18]
Khasi Zomia Matrilocal Matrilineal [19]
Kom Ambazonia Patrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Kung Kalahari Desert Matrilocal Both [citation needed]
Lenape Lenapehoking Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Lesbian Aegean Islands Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Mahl Lakshadweep archipelago Separate Matrilineal [citation needed]
Marshallese Micronesia Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Minangkabau Sumatra Separate Matrilineal [citation needed]
Mohican Northeastern Woodlands Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Mosuo Hengduan Mountains Separate Matrilineal [citation needed]
Mukomuko Sumatra Matrilocal Matrilineal [20]
Muscogee Southeastern Woodlands Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Nair Malabar Coast Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Navajo Aridoamerica Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Ngada Flores Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Ngazidja Comoro Islands Matrilocal Matrilineal
Nipmuc New England Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Nubians Nile valley Patrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Ovambo Cuvelai-Etosha Basin Patrilocal Matrilineal [21]
Parisi (Arras) Great Britain Matrilocal Matrilineal [22]
Petalangan Riau Archipelago Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Picts Great Britain Non-matrilocal Matrilineal[lower-alpha 4] [24][25]
Powhatan Northeastern Woodlands Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Rhade Dak Lak Plateau Matrilocal Matrilineal [26]
Sakai Malay peninsula Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Seminole Florida peninsula Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Serer Sahel Patrilocal Both [27][28]
Sinyar Sahel Matrilocal Matrilineal [29]
Siraya Taiwan Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Tai people Southeast Asia Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Taiwanese Taiwan Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Tiwi Australia Patrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Tlingit Pacific Northwest Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Tsimshian Pacific Northwest Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Vanatinai Tagula Island Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Wampanoag New England Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Wayuu Guajira Peninsula Matrilocal Matrilineal [30]
Wemale Seram Matrilocal Matrilineal [citation needed]
Zuni Aridoamerica Matrilocal Matrilineal [15]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Peoples who produced specific material cultures with no known ethnonym are put in italics.
  2. ↑ Separate refers to the practice of husbands and wives living in separate locations, often informally called walking marriages.
  3. ↑ only in informal everyday language.
  4. ↑ This is an actively debated topic, some scholars don't think the written evidence for matriliny is conclusive.[23]

References

  1. ↑ Madaus, Sarah (5 August 2019). "6 Matriarchal Societies That Have Been Thriving With Women at the Helm for Centuries". Hearst Digital Media. https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/g28565280/matriarchal-societies-list/. 
  2. ↑ Val'Dman, A. V.; Kozlovskaia, M. M. (1975). "1950 Ashanti Kinship. In A.R. Radcliffe Brown. African systems of Kinship and Marriage. London: Oxford University Press". Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 75 (11): 1710–7. PMID 1950. 
  3. ↑ Ganyi, Francis Mowang; Utsalo, Carmeline Kuku (2016). "The Bakor Matrilineal Descent System: An Ethno-Linguistic Model of Female Empowerment". Journal of Advances in Humanities 4 (5): 565–574. doi:10.24297/jah.v4i2.5061. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326974744. Retrieved August 15, 2026. 
  4. ↑ García, Inmaculada García; Cravioto, Enrique Gozalbes (2009). "Cantabrian women's labour in the work of Strabo". https://www.index-f.com/index-enfermeria/v19n1/7178e.php. 
  5. ↑ Phuong, Tran Ky; Lockhart, Bruce (2011-01-01) (in en). The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art. NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-459-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=GUHeBgAAQBAJ&q=Balamon+Bani+Cham&pg=PA325. 
  6. ↑ Gårdene gik i arv på spindesiden. Kvinderne drev landbruget, medens mændene mest tog sig af strandinger og fiskeri og hjalp med pløjning og tærskning.
    The farms were inherited in the distaff side. The women drive agriculture, while men most took care of shipwrecks and fishing and helped with plowing and threshing.
    • Stoklund, Bjarne: "Arbejde og kønsroller på Læsø o. 1200-1900" ISBN 87-88683-08-7
    • "Kvindefællesskaber" (Anna Birte Ravn og Marianne Rostgård). ISBN 87-982062-1-4
  7. ↑ Russell, M., Smith, M., Cheetham, P., Evans, D., & Manley, H. (2019). The girl with the chariot medallion: a well-furnished, Late Iron Age Durotrigian burial from Langton Herring, Dorset. Archaeological Journal, 176(2), 196–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/00665983.2019.1573551
  8. ↑ Cassidy, Lara M.; Russell, Miles; Smith, Martin; Delbarre, Gabrielle; Cheetham, Paul et al. (January 2025). "Continental influx and pervasive matrilocality in Iron Age Britain". Nature 637 (8048): 1136–1142. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08409-6. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 39814899. Bibcode: 2025Natur.637.1136C.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  9. ↑ Ter Keurs, Pieter (2011). "Enggano: Art and Culture". Bulletin of the Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen 34: 45–62. 
  10. ↑ Denic, Srdjan; Nagelkerke, Nicolaas; Agarwal, Mukesh M. (2010). "Choice of kin in consanguineous marriages: Effects of altruism and ecological factors". Annals of Human Biology 37 (6): 738–753. doi:10.3109/03014460903575354. PMID 20367322. 
  11. ↑ de Waal, Alex (February 2022). The Conflict in Darfur, Sudan: Background and Overview (Report). The World Peace Foundation, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University. 
  12. ↑ Sievers, Susanne; Urban, Otto Helmut; Ramsl, Peter C. (2012). Lexikon zur Keltischen Archäologie: A–K und L–Z. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 588–589. ISBN 978-3-7001-6728-0. 
  13. ↑ Gretzinger, Joscha; Schmitt, Felicitas; Mötsch, Angela; Carlhoff, Jana; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Fu, Qiaomei; Schiffels, Stephan (2024). "Evidence for dynastic succession among early Celtic elites in Central Europe". Nature Human Behaviour 8 (8): 1438–1451. doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01888-7. PMID 38831077. 
  14. ↑ Birkhan, Helmut (1997). Kelten. Versuch einer Gesamtdarstellung ihrer Kultur. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 91 f. ISBN 978-3-7001-2609-6. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Paul Kirchhoff, "Gatherers and Farmers in the Greater Southwest: A Problem in Classification", American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 56, No. 4, Southwest Issue (August 1954), pp. 529–550
  16. ↑ Agassi, Judith Buber, (1989) "Theories of Gender Equality: Lessons from the Israeli Kibbutz", Gender and Society, 3/2, 160-186.
  17. ↑ Marshall, Harry Ignatius (1922). "The Karen People of Burma: A Study in Anthropology and Ethnology." Ohio State University Bulletin 26(13). ISBN 974-8496-86-4
  18. ↑ C. W. Watson Kinship, Property and Inheritance in Kerinci, Central Sumatra 1992 ISBN 0 904938 19 0
  19. ↑ The Khasis by P. R. T. Gurdon
  20. ↑ "Traditions and Culture of Enam Kaum as a Source of Strengthening Ethnopedagogy in Mukomuko Bengkulu". Indonesian Journal of Social Science Education 5 (2). 2023. 
  21. ↑ Marriage in a matrilineal African tribe: A social anthropological study of marriage in the Ondonga tribe in Ovamboland.
  22. ↑ Olalde, Iñigo; Armit, Ian; Buster, Lindsey; Lillie, Malcolm; Zuazo, Estibalitz; Ringbauer, Harald; Akbari, Ali; Castells, Laura et al. (2026-08-06). Ancient DNA reveals matrilineal organisation and recurrent unions between dominant matrilines in Iron Age Britain. doi:10.64898/2026.08.03.742615. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/411771122. 
  23. ↑ Woolf, Alex (1998). "Pictish matriliny reconsidered". The Innes Review 49 (2): 147–167. doi:10.3366/inr.1998.49.2.147. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270030859. 
  24. ↑ Rankin, David (1987). Celts and the Classical World. Routledge. pp. 248–249. ISBN 978-0-415-15090-3. 
  25. ↑ Morez, Adeline; Britton, Kate; Noble, Gordon; Günther, Torsten; Snape, Kristiina; Ananyevskaya, Inna; Andersen, Oddný Osk; Gerdau-Radonic, Karina et al. (2023). "Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK". PLOS Genetics 19 (4). doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010360. PMID 37104250. PMC 10138790. https://plos.org. 
  26. ↑ Lebar, Frank M.; Gerald C. Hickey; John K. Musgrave (1964). Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia. New Haven, Connecticut: Human Relations Area Files Press. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-25414.
  27. ↑ (in French) Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation sereer, vol. II: Pangool", Nouvelles éditions africaines, Dakar (1990), pp 193-4, ISBN 2-7236-1055-1
  28. ↑ (in French) Becker, Charles, "Vestiges historiques, témoins matériels du passé dans les pays sereer", Dakar (1993), CNRS - ORS TO M Excerpt (Retrieved: 23 July 2012)
  29. ↑ Weekes, Richard (1985). Muslim peoples : a world ethnographic survey. Greenwood Press. pp. 690–694. ISBN 978-0-86172-038-5. http://archive.org/details/muslimpeopleswor0000unse. 
  30. ↑ Friedemann, Nina S. de, Jaime Arocha Rodríguez (1982) “Herederos del jaguar y la anaconda”; pp 289-338 “8. Guajiros: amos de la arrogancia y del cacto”; Carlos Valencia Editores Bogotá ISBN 84-8277-088-8|quote= (…) "los hombres en el acto de procreación contribuyen con su sangre –asháa–, a tiempo que las mujeres participan con la carne –eiruku–. Los hijos, tanto los varones como las mujeres, heredan la sangre del padre, pero solamente las madres pueden transmitirles la carne y el “apellido”. Así, un guajiro, sea sea hombre o mujer, tiene más relaciones económicas y sociales con la familia materna, sus parientes de carne, que con la paterna, sus parientes de sangre"
    "The men in the act of procreation contribute with their blood -asháa-, while the women participate with their flesh -eiruku-. The children, both males and females, inherit the blood of the father, but only the mothers can transmit the flesh and the "surname". Thus, a guajiro, whether male or female, has more economic and social relations with the maternal family, his or her relatives of flesh, than with the paternal family, his or her relatives of blood."



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