Social:Be language
| Be | |
|---|---|
| Lingao | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Hainan |
Native speakers | 600,000 (2000)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | onb |
| Glottolog | ling1270[3] |
Be (native pronunciation: [ʔɑŋ˧ɓe˧]), also known as Ong Be, Bê, or Lingao (Mandarin 臨高 Lín'gāo), is a pair of languages spoken by 600,000 people, 100,000 of them monolingual, on the north-central coast of Hainan Island, including the suburbs of the provincial capital Haikou. The speakers are counted as part of the Han Chinese nationality in census. According to Ethnologue, it is taught in primary schools.[4]
Names
Be speakers refer to themselves as ʔaŋ˧vo˧, with ʔaŋ˧ being the prefix for persons and vo˧ meaning 'village' (Liang 1997:1). Liang (1997) notes that it is similar to the autonym ŋaːu˩fɔːn˩ (from ŋaːu˩ 'person' and fɔːn˩ 'village'), by which Gelong 仡隆 (Cun language) speakers refer to themselves.
Classification
Be is a Kra–Dai language, but its precise relationship to other branches within the Kra-Dai family has yet not been conclusively determined. Hansell (1988)[2] considers Be to be a sister of the Tai branch based on shared vocabulary, and proposes a Be–Tai grouping.
Based on toponymic evidence from place names with the prefix dya- (调 diao), Jinfang Li considers Be to have originated from the Leizhou peninsula of Guangdong province.[5]
Weera Ostapirat (1998),[6] analyzing data from Zhang (1992),[7] notes that Be and Jizhao share many lexical similarities and sound correspondences, and that Jizhao may be a remnant Be-related language on the Chinese mainland.
Dialects
Be consists of the Lincheng 临城 (Western) and Qiongshan 琼山 (Eastern) dialects (Liang 1997). Liang (1997:32) documents the following varieties of Be.
- Lingao County (including Lincheng 临城镇 and Xinying 新盈镇 towns)
- Bailian 白莲, Chengmai County
- Longtang Township 龙塘镇, Qiongshan District
Be of Chengmai is intermediate between the Lincheng and Qiongshan dialects, and has features of both (Liang 1997).
Chen (2018) contains extensive comparative lexical data for the Be dialects of Changliu (長流), Yongxing (永興), Longtang (龍塘), Qiaotou (橋頭), Huangtong (皇桐), and Xinying (新盈). The Qiaotou, Huangtong, and Xinying dialects are unintelligible with the Changliu, Yongxing, Longtang, and Shishan (石山) dialects. Chen (2018) also reconstructs Proto-Ong-Be on the basis of this comparative lexical data.
Classification
Chen (2018: 82) classifies the Ong-Be dialects into two groups, which are mutually unintelligible with each other.
- Western Ong-Be
- Qiaotou 橋頭
- Huangtong 皇桐
- Maniao 馬裊
- Lincheng 臨城
- Jialai 加來
- Meiliang 美良
- Xinying 新盈
- Eastern Ong-Be
- Longtang 龍塘
- Longqiao 龍橋
- Longquan 龍泉 (formerly Shizilu 十字路)
- Yongxing 永興
- Shishan 石山
- Changliu 長流
- Laocheng 老城
Phonology
Consonants
Initials
| Labial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | (p) | t | k | ʔ | |
| glottalized | ʔb | ʔd | ||||
| Affricate | ts | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | (ɕ) | x | h |
| voiced | v | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ȵ | ŋ | ||
| Approximant | l | j | ||||
- [p] is mainly heard in finals, rarely in initials.
- /s/ can also be heard as [ɕ] in free variation.
- /f/ can be heard as [pʰ] in the dialect of Xindengyi.
Finals
| Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | k | ʔ |
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ |
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| (ɛ) | (ɐ) | ɔ | |
| Low | a | ||
- Vowels in word-initial position are phonetically heard beginning with a glottal [ʔ].
- An open-mid vowel [ɛ] occurs in the Chengmai and Qiongshan dialects.
- A near-open central vowel sound [ɐ] also occurs in the Qiongshan dialect.[8]
History
Liang (1997:16) considers Be to have migrated to Hainan from the Leizhou Peninsula of Guangdong about 2,500 years ago during the Warring States Period, but not over 3,000 years ago. Liang & Zhang (1996:21–25)[9] also believe that Be had migrated from the Leizhou Peninsula to northern Hainan about 2,500 years ago during the Warring States period.
See also
- List of Proto-Ong-Be reconstructions (Wiktionary)
References
- ↑ Be at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hansell, Mark (1988). "The Relation of Be to Tai: Evidence from Tones and Initials". in Edmondson, Jerold A. (in en). Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai. Publications in Linguistics No. 86. Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 239–288.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Lingao". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ling1270.
- ↑ "Lingao" (in en). https://www.ethnologue.com/language/onb.
- ↑ Tan, Xiaoshu 谭晓舒 (2015-04-22). "Lǐ Jǐnfāng jiàoshòu: "Bīnwēi yǔyán jízhào huà yánjiū"". https://wxy.gxun.edu.cn/info/1224/2008.htm.
- ↑ Ostapirat, Weera (1998). "A Mainland Bê Language? / Dàlù de bê yǔyán?". Journal of Chinese Linguistics 26 (2): 338–344.
- ↑ Zhang, Zhenxing 张振兴 (1992). "Guǎngdōngshěng wúchuān fāngyán jì lüè" (in zh). Fāngyán 1992 (3).
- ↑ Zhang, Yuansheng; Ma, Jialin; Wen, Mingying; Wei, Xinglang (1985) (in zh). Hǎinán Língāo huà. Nanning: Guangxi minzu chubanshe.
- ↑ Liang, Min 梁敏; Zhang, Junru 张均 (1996) (in zh). Dòng-Tái yǔzú gàilùn. Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. ISBN 7-5004-1681-4.
Works cited
- Liang, Min 梁敏 (1997) (in zh). Língāo yǔ yánjiū. Shanghai: Shanghai yuandong chuban.
- Chen, Yen-ling (2018). Proto-Ong-Be (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). University of Hawaii at Manoa.
External links
- ABVD: Ong Be word list
- Ong Be–language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
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