Social:Sanöma language

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Short description: Language of Venezuela and Brazil
For other uses, see Samata (disambiguation) and Sanima (disambiguation).
Sanumá
Shamatari
Sanöma
Pronunciation[ˈsɑnɨmɑ]
Native toVenezuela, Brazil
EthnicitySanumá
Native speakers
(5,100 cited 2000–2006)[1]
Yanomaman
  • Sanumá
Language codes
ISO 639-3xsu
Glottologsanu1240[2]
Yanomaman languages location
  Yanomamö
  Ninam
  Yanomám
  Sanumá
  Ỹaroamë

Sanöma /ˈsænʊmə/[3] or Sanumá is a Yanomaman language spoken in Venezuela and Brazil. It is also known as Sanema, Sanima, Tsanuma, Samatari, Samatali, Xamatari and Chirichano.

Most of its speakers in Venezuela also speak Ye'kuana, also known as Maquiritare, the language of the Ye'kuana people the Sanumá live alongside in the Caura River basin.[4]

History

Throughout the centuries, the Yanomami, originally from the Parima range, have spread up toward river valleys on the plains both to the south in Brazil, and to the north in Venezuela. The Sanumá speak one of the four known Yanomami languages. It is in the rainforests of north Brazil and south Venezuela that the groups have lived undisturbed until recently. In the last 40 years or so, the western world has been knocking at their doorsteps wanting lumber and gold.[5]

Dialects

There are three dialects spoken in Roraima, Brazil:[6]

  • Awaris (2,955 speakers)
  • Aracaçá (29 speakers)
  • Hokomawä (180 speakers)

Phonology

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Dorsal Glottal
Plosive plain p t k
aspirated tʰ ⟨th⟩
Nasal m n
Fricative s h
Lateral l
Approximant w

Voiceless plosives /p, t, k/ are in free variation with their voiced counterparts /b, d, g/; /t/ is also in free variation with [ɾ]. [j] has limited distribution. /k/ becomes [ɣ] between vowels. /k/ becomes palatalized to [kʲ] when preceding /i/, as does /s/ to [ʃ] when preceding /i/, though there is an exception in solosama [soloʃama] 'songthrush'.[4] In initial positions, /s/ can be heard as an affricate [ts], or as [tʃ] when palatalized, preceding /i/. /l/  becomes palatalized to [ʎ] when preceding /i, e/.[7]

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i ĩ ɨ ⟨ö⟩ɨ̃ u ũ
Mid e ẽ ə ⟨ä⟩ o õ
Open a ã

/a/ has an allophone of [ʌ] after [m, l, j]. /o/ is in free variation with [ɔ]. /e/ is realized as [ɛ] after a palatalized consonant.[7]

Syntax

Word order

In Sanöma, the subject is placed before the verb or predicate in subordinate and independent clauses.[4] Script error: No such module "Interlinear".

References

  1. ↑ Sanumá at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Sanuma". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sanu1240. 
  3. ↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Borgman, Donald M. (1989). "Sanuma". in Pullum, Geoffrey K.. Handbook of Amazonian Languages. Handbook of Amazonian Languages. 2. Berlin; New York: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-011495-9. 
  5. ↑ Ramos, Alcida Rita (c. 1995). Sanumá memories: Yanomami ethnography in times of crisis. Memórias sanumá.English. Madison, Wis.. ISBN 9780299146542. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/txu.059173015239841. 
  6. ↑ Ferreira, Helder Perri; Machado, Ana Maria Antunes; Senra, Estevão Benfica. 2019. As línguas Yanomami no Brasil: diversidade e vitalidade. São Paulo: Instituto Socioambiental (ISA) and Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN). 216pp. ISBN 978-85-8226-076-0
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Autuori, Joana Dworecka (2013). Aspectos da fonología da língua Sanumá. Universidade Federal de Roraima. 

Further reading

  • Alcida Ramos, Sanuma Memories: Yanomami Ethnography in Times of Crisis (University of Wisconsin Press, 1995)
  • Bruce Parry, Tribe: Adventures in a Changing World (Michael Joseph Ltd, 2007)

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