Social:Social Liberal Party (Brazil)
| <div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid Script error: No such module "Political party".; border-bottom:2px solid Script error: No such module "Political party".; line-height: 1;"> Social Liberal Party Partido Social Liberal | |
|---|---|
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| Abbreviation | PSL |
| President | Luciano Bivar |
| Founded | 30 October 1994 |
| Dissolved | 8 February 2022 |
| Merged into | Brazil Union |
| Headquarters | SHN, Quadra 02, Bloco F, Ed. Executive Office Tower, Sala 1.122 – Brasília, DF |
| Membership (October 2021) | 74,824[1] |
| Ideology | 2018–2022: Brazilian nationalism[2] Conservatism[3][4] Economic liberalism[5] Federalism[2] National conservatism[6] Right-wing populism[7] Anti-communism[2] 1994–2018: Social liberalism[8] Classical liberalism[8] Cultural liberalism[8] |
| Political position | 2018–2022: Right-wing to far-right[9] 1994–2018: Centre |
| Colours | Blue Yellow Green |
| TSE Identification Number | 17 |
| Website | |
| psl | |
The Social Liberal Party (Portuguese: Partido Social Liberal, PSL) was a far-right[9] political party in Brazil, that merged with the Democrats and founded the Brazil Union. Founded in 1994 as a social-liberal political party, the PSL was registered on the Superior Electoral Court in 1998.
In January 2018, former Social Christian Party politician Jair Bolsonaro joined the party and later converted it into an economically liberal, Brazilian nationalist, radically anti-communist and social conservative party. The original name remained after the ideological shift, and after Livres (the party's original main wing) left the party and formed their own political movement to continue the party's original goals. Bolsonaro became the party's nominee for the 2018 Brazilian general election and won in both rounds. Bolsonaro left the party in 2019 after disagreements with its president, Luciano Bivar, and then founded Alliance for Brazil.[10]
On October 6, 2021, the party voted to merge with the Democrats to establish the Brazil Union party.[11]
History
PSL was originally founded on 30 October 1994 by businessman Luciano Bivar as a social liberal party.[12] It was registered on the Superior Electoral Court on 2 June 1998.[13]
In the 2002 legislative elections, PSL won 1 out of 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and no seats in the Federal Senate. In the 2006 legislative elections, the party won no seats in the Chamber of Deputies or the Federal Senate. In the 2010 legislative elections, PSL won 1 seat in the Chamber of Deputies and no seats in the Federal Senate, maintaining the same results in the 2014 legislative elections.
In 2015, PSL underwent a reform led by the internal social liberal wing Livres, with names such as political scientist Fábio Ostermann and journalist Leandro Narloch reinforcing the party's affiliation with social liberal policies.[14][15] PSL also supported the impeachment of former president Dilma Rousseff.[16]
On 5 January 2018, conservative and former Social Christian politician Jair Bolsonaro became a member of the party, which prompted the Livres wing to leave the party in protest of Bolsonaro's social conservative views. After the exit of Livres, the party followed a national conservative path, changed its colors from purple to the more nationalist blue, yellow and green (the colors of Brazil's flag) and since then has discussed a name change either to Republicans (Republicanos) or Mobilize (Mobiliza).[17] On 5 March 2018, Bivar stepped down from party's presidency and Gustavo Bebianno was appointed as acting president.
Bolsonaro eventually became PSL's nominee for the 2018 presidential election, exceeding polling forecasts to receive 46% of the popular vote in the first round.[18] Bolsonaro's coattails helped elect 52 deputies and 4 senators from PSL, which made it the second largest political party in the post-2018 Chamber of Deputies.[19] It also became the largest single party in the legislative assemblies of both Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.[20][21] On 28 October 2018, Bolsonaro was elected president with 55.13% of the votes, defeating Workers' Party's Fernando Haddad.[22] He took office on 1 January 2019.[23]
On 29 October 2018, Bivar was re-appointed as party's president.[24] On 12 November 2019, Bolsonaro announced his departure from the party following disagreements with the national executive.[25]
On October 6, 2021, the party voted to merge with the Democrats (DEM) to establish the Brazil Union party. The new party plans to use the number 44 as its electoral number.[11] The merger was approved by the Superior Electoral Court and officially became registered on 8 February 2022.[26] As such, both PSL and DEM were disbanded.
Organization
Ideology and policies
Since Bolsonaro's entrance in the party, PSL has changed much of its ideologies. It went from a social-liberal party with an economic liberal group Livres[27] to a far-right and right-wing populist party, abandoning its former cultural liberalism and keeping its economic liberal policies, supporting privatisation and decentralisation, while at the same time adopting cultural conservatism as well as social-conservative policies regarding abortion, legalization of marijuana, and teaching of gender identity in schools.[2]
Electoral history
Presidential elections
| Election | Party candidate | Running mate | Colligation | Votes | % | Votes | % | Result | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First round | Second round | ||||||||
| 2006 | Luciano Bivar (PSL) | Américo de Souza (PSL) | None | 62.064 | 0.06% (#7) | - | - | Lost 
|
[28][29][30] |
| 2014 | Marina Silva (PSB) | Beto Albuquerque (PSB) | PSB; PHS; PRP; PPS; PPL; PSL | 22,176,619 | 21.32% (#3) | - | - | Lost
|
[31][32][33][34] |
| 2018 | Jair Bolsonaro (PSL) | Hamilton Mourão (PRTB) | PSL; PRTB | 49,276,990 | 46.0% (No. 1) | 57,797,801 | 55.13% (No. 1) | Elected 
|
[35][36][37][38][39] |
Legislative elections
| Election | Chamber of Deputies | Federal Senate | Government | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | ||
| 2002 | 408,512 | 0.47% | 1 / 513
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 1
|
295,807 | 0.19% | 0 / 81
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;"> |
 0
|
Coalition |
| 2006 | 190,793 | 0.20% | 0 / 513
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;"> |
 1
|
46,542 | 0.06% | 0 / 81
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;"> |
0
|
Extra-parliamentary |
| 2010 | 499,963 | 0.52% | 1 / 513
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0.2%; height: 100%;"> |
1
|
446,517 | 0.26% | 0 / 81
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;"> |
0
|
Opposition |
| 2014 | 808,710 | 0.83% | 1 / 513
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0.2%; height: 100%;"> |
0
|
did not participate | 0 / 81
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;"> |
0
|
Opposition | |
| 2018 | 11,457,878 | 11.65% | 52 / 513
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 10%; height: 100%;"> |
51
|
19,413,869 | 11.33% | 4 / 81
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 5%; height: 100%;"> |
4
|
Coalition |
See also
- Patriota
References
- ↑ "Estatísticas do eleitorado – Eleitores filiados" (in pt). Superior Electoral Court. November 2021. http://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/estatisticas-de-eleitorado/filiados.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Em que acreditamos" (in pt). Social Liberal Party. https://www.pslnacional.org.br/?p=1360/.
- ↑ "Brazil elections: Bolsonaro and Haddad choices before voters". BBC. 28 October 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-46008907.
- ↑ Scuch, Matheus (5 January 2018). "Bolsonaro decide concorrer à Presidência pelo PSL" (in pt). GaúchaZH. https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/politica/noticia/2018/01/bolsonaro-decide-concorrer-a-presidencia-pelo-psl-cjc2fakbg00vm01psf9t5hetf.html/.
- ↑ "Com chegada de bolsonaro livres anuncia saida do psl". https://politica.estadao.com.br/blogs/blog-do-fucs/com-chegada-de-bolsonaro-livres-anuncia-saida-do-psl/.
- ↑ "Jair Bolsonaro seeks top judge to become Brazil justice minister". BBC News. 30 October 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46026867/.
- ↑ Pearson, Samantha; Magalhaes, Luciana (28 October 2018). "Far-right populist Jair Bolsonaro wins divisive Brazil presidential election". MarketWatch. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/far-right-candidate-jair-bolsonaro-favored-in-divisive-brazil-presidential-election-2018-10-28/.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Quem Somos" (in pt). Livres. https://www.eusoulivres.org/sobre.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 * Blunck, Julia (17 October 2018). "Why Brazil's far-right challenger Jair Bolsonaro has already won". New Statesman. https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2018/10/why-brazil-s-far-right-challenger-jair-bolsonaro-has-already-won.
- Phillips, Tom; Phillips, Dom (7 October 2018). "Far-right populist Jair Bolsonaro leads as Brazil goes to vote". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/07/brazil-presidential-election-far-right-populist-jair-bolsonaro.
- "Brazil far-right politician enters presidential race". BBC News. 23 July 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-44919769.
- Londoño, Ernesto; Darlington, Shasta (17 October 2018). "Jair Bolsonaro Wins Brazil's Presidency, in a Shift to the Far Right". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election.html.
- Cuadros, Alex (8 October 2018). "Brazil Turns Its Back on Democracy". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/10/brazil-election-democracy-jair-bolsonaro-lula-haddad/572470/.
- Frederowski, Bruno; Mandl, Carolina (8 October 2018). "Brazil's far-right Bolsonaro: No coalition politics in cabinet picks". Reuters. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-election/brazils-far-right-bolsonaro-no-coalition-politics-in-cabinet-picks-idUSKCN1MJ27U.
- Mortari, Marcos (9 March 2018). "Com Bolsonaro, extrema-direita embarca forte (e para vencer) nesta eleição, diz analista" (in pt). InfoMoney. https://www.infomoney.com.br/mercados/politica/noticia/7324428/com-bolsonaro-extrema-direita-embarca-forte-para-vencer-nesta-eleicao.
- Miro, Jordi; Genot, Louis (8 October 2018). "Bolsonaro 'tsunami' swells far-right party in Brazil congress". Yahoo! News. https://www.yahoo.com/news/bolsonaro-tsunami-swells-far-party-brazil-congress-200546684.html.
- Benites, Afonso (6 August 2018). "Mourão, o controverso general que sela a chapa puramente militar de Bolsonaro" (in pt). https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/08/05/politica/1533482571_722395.html.
- "Brazil's right-wing presidential frontrunner says he's an 'admirer' of Trump" (in en-US). https://www.timesofisrael.com/brazils-right-wing-presidential-frontrunner-says-hes-an-admirer-of-trump/.
- Meredith, Sam (9 October 2018). "Who is the 'Trump of the Tropics?': All you need to know about Brazil's presidential frontrunner". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/09/brazil-election-all-you-need-to-know-about-jair-bolsonaro.html.
- "Brazil's overhauled congress to be dominated by hard right" (in en-US). The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/brazil-s-overhauled-congress-to-be-dominated-by-hard-right-1.3668388.
- "Brazil right-wing firebrand Jair Bolsonaro wins first presidential round" (in en-US). Financial Review. 8 October 2018. https://www.afr.com/news/world/brazil-polls-close-rightwing-firebrand-jair-bolsonaro-expects-firstround-win-20181007-h16c1l.
- "Brazilians are so averse to the Workers' Party they're willing to elect a radical far-right populist — Quartz" (in en). 6 October 2018. https://qz.com/1412604/polls-show-brazilians-are-leaning-toward-a-trump-of-their-own/.
- "Emerging Markets Have Struggled All Year. Here's One Country Bucking the Trend" (in en). https://money.com/brazil-stocks-election/.
- ↑ "Bolsonaro anuncia saída do PSL e criação de novo partido" (in pt). 12 November 2019. https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/11/12/deputados-do-psl-dizem-que-bolsonaro-decidiu-deixar-partido-e-criar-nova-legenda.ghtml.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 null. "Convenção coletiva formaliza fusão PSL-DEM e criação do União Brasil" (in pt-BR). https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/convencao-coletiva-formaliza-fusao-psl-dem-e-criacao-do-uniao-brasil/.
- ↑ "PSL - Partido Social Liberal 17" (in pt). Social Liberal Party. http://www.psl.org.br/.
- ↑ "Partido Social Liberal - Nossa História" (in pt-br). https://psl.org.br/pagina/partido-social-liberal.
- ↑ "Partido Social Liberal" (in pt). Social Liberal Party. http://www.pslnacional.org.br/.
- ↑ Constantino, Rodrigo (28 January 2016). "PSL se renova e foca mais no "liberal" da sigla. Ou: It's happening!" (in pt). http://rodrigoconstantino.com/artigos/psl-se-renova-e-foca-mais-no-liberal-da-sigla-ou-its-happening/.
- ↑ "Impeachment de Dilma: saiba como votou cada um dos partidos na Câmara" (in pt). 18 April 2016. http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2016-04/impeachment-de-dilma-saiba-como-votou-cada-um-dos-partidos-na-camara.
- ↑ "Deputado Jair Bolsonaro anuncia filiação ao PSL" (in pt). G1. 5 January 2018. https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/deputado-jair-bolsonaro-anuncia-filiacao-ao-psl.ghtml.
- ↑ "Jair Bolsonaro: Far-right candidate wins first round of Brazil election". BBC News. 8 October 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45780176.
- ↑ Gamarski, Rachel; Adghirni, Samy (8 October 2018). "Bolsonaro Election Effect Turns Brazil's Congress on Its Head". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-08/bolsonaro-election-effect-turns-brazil-s-congress-on-its-head.
- ↑ "Deputados estaduais eleitos no RJ; veja lista" (in pt). G1. 8 October 2018. https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/10/08/deputados-estaduais-sao-eleitos-no-rj-veja-lista.ghtml.
- ↑ Pessoa, Gabriela Sá; Saldaña, Paulo (8 October 2018). "PSDB cai pela metade na Assembleia de SP e PSL se torna principal bancada" (in pt). Folha de S.Paulo. https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/10/psdb-cai-pela-metade-na-assembleia-de-sp-e-psl-se-torna-principal-bancada.shtml.
- ↑ Faiolo, Anthony; Lopes, Marina (7 October 2018). "Brazil's far-right candidate takes big lead in presidential election". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/world/the_americas/brazilians-vote-in-presidential-election-with-a-trump-fan-as-front-runner/2018/10/07/7d82d512-c65d-11e8-9c0f-2ffaf6d422aa_story.html.
- ↑ Londoño, Ernesto; Darlington, Shasta (28 October 2018). "Jair Bolsonaro, Far-Right Populist, Elected President of Brazil". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election.html?smtyp=cur&smid=tw-nytimes.
- ↑ Grillo, Marco (29 October 2018). "Um dia após vitória de Bolsonaro, PSL troca presidência do partido" (in pt). O Globo. https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/um-dia-apos-vitoria-de-bolsonaro-psl-troca-presidencia-do-partido-23196896.
- ↑ "Bolsonaro anuncia saída do PSL e criação do Aliança pelo Brasil" (in pt). R7. 12 November 2019. https://noticias.r7.com/prisma/r7-planalto/bolsonaro-anuncia-saida-do-psl-e-criacao-do-alianca-pelo-brasil-12112019.
- ↑ Alves, Renato (2021-10-06). "Convenção marca junção de PSL-DEM e surgimento do União Brasil | O TEMPO" (in pt-BR). https://www.otempo.com.br/politica/convencao-marca-juncao-de-psl-dem-e-surgimento-do-uniao-brasil-1.2551869.
- ↑ Fucs, José (5 January 2018). "Com chegada de Bolsonaro, Livres anuncia saída do PSL" (in pt). O Estado de São Paulo. https://politica.estadao.com.br/blogs/blog-do-fucs/com-chegada-de-bolsonaro-livres-anuncia-saida-do-psl/.
- ↑ "Candidatos - Presidente - Luciano Bivar" (in pt). Folha de São Paulo. August 12, 2006. https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/especial/2006/eleicoes/candidatos-presidente-luciano_bivar.shtml.
- ↑ "Luciano Bivar (PSL)" (in pt). August 21, 2006. http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Eleicoes/0,,AA1252006-6282-395,00.html.
- ↑ "Bivar por Bivar" (in pt). G1. November 11, 2006. http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Eleicoes/0,,AA1267601-6282,00.html.
- ↑ "PSL ficará na coligação, diz assessoria de Marina Silva". Exame. 3 December 2018. https://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/psl-ficara-na-coligacao-diz-assessoria-de-marina-silva/.
- ↑ "Marina Silva's coalition likely to back presidential candidate Aécio Neves". Agência Brasil. October 9, 2014. https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2014-10/marina-silvas-coalition-backs-presidential-candidate-aecio-neves.
- ↑ "Wilderness to wildest dreams: the remarkable rise of Bolsonaro's Social Liberal Party in Brazil". LSE. March 1, 2019. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2019/03/01/wilderness-to-wildest-dreams-the-remarkable-rise-of-bolsonaros-social-liberal-party-in-brazil/.
- ↑ "Partidos da coligação aprovam candidatura de Marina Silva" (in pt). G1. August 21, 2014. http://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2014/noticia/2014/08/partidos-da-coligacao-psb-aprovam-candidatura-de-marina-silva.html.
- ↑ "Jair Bolsonaro: Far-right candidate wins Brazil poll". BBC. October 29, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46013408?intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/c4wq0zk0wq2t/brazil-general-elections-2018&link_location=live-reporting-story.
- ↑ "Ficha do candidato a presidente Jair Bolsonaro - PSL | Eleições 2018 | Folha" (in pt-BR). https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/eleicoes/2018/presidente/jair-bolsonaro-280000614517.shtml.
- ↑ "Front-runner Bolsonaro has campaign riddled with controversy". Agência Brasil. October 7, 2018. https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2018-10/front-runner-bolsonaro-has-campaign-riddled-controversy.
- ↑ "Apuração pelo Brasil" (in pt). G1. October 28, 2018. https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/apuracao/brasil/.
- ↑ "Jair Bolsonaro gana en Brasil y se convierte en presidente electo: mira aquí los resultados de las elecciones estado por estado" (in es). BBC. October 28, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46013635.
| Preceded by 16 - USWP (PSTU) |
Numbers of Brazilian Official Political Parties 17 - SLP (PSL)(defunct) |
Succeeded by 18 - NETWORK (REDE) |
 |  |
