Social:Strategic thinking

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Short description: Cognitive activity

Strategic thinking is a mental or thinking process applied by an individual in the context of achieving a goal or set of goals. As a cognitive activity, it produces thought.

When applied in an organizational strategic management process, strategic thinking involves the generation and application of unique business insights and opportunities intended to create competitive advantage for a firm or organization.[1][2][3] It can be done individually, as well as collaboratively among key people who can positively alter an organization's future. Group strategic thinking may create more value by enabling a proactive and creative dialogue, where individuals gain other people's perspectives on critical and complex issues. This is regarded as a benefit in highly competitive and fast-changing business landscapes.[4][5][6]

Overview

There is a generally accepted definition for strategic thinking, a common agreement as to its role or importance, and a standardised list of key competencies of strategic thinkers.[7] There is also a consensus on whether strategic thinking is an uncommon ideal or a common and observable property of strategy. It includes finding and developing a strategic foresight capacity for an organization, by exploring all possible organizational futures, and challenging conventional thinking to foster decision making today.[8][9] Research on strategic thought indicates that the critical strategic question is not the conventional "What?",[10] but "Why?" or "How?".[10] The work of Henry Mintzberg[11][12] and other authors,[13][14][15] further support the conclusion; and also draw a clear distinction between strategic thinking and strategic planning, another important strategic management thought process.[6][16]

General Andre Beaufre wrote in 1963 that strategic thinking "is a mental process, at once abstract and rational, which must be capable of synthesizing both psychological and material data. The strategist must have a great capacity for both analysis and synthesis; analysis is necessary to assemble the data on which he makes his diagnosis, synthesis in order to produce from these data the diagnosis itself—and the diagnosis in fact amounts to a choice between alternative courses of action."[17]

Most agree that traditional models of strategy making, which are primarily based on strategic planning, are not working.[18][19][20] Strategy in today's competitive business landscape is moving away from the basic ‘strategic planning’ to more of ‘strategic thinking’ in order to remain competitive.[21] However, both thought processes must work hand-in-hand in order to reap maximum benefit.[6] It has been argued that the real heart of strategy is the 'strategist'; and for a better strategy execution requires a strategic thinker who can discover novel, imaginative strategies which can re-write the rules of the competitive game; and set in motion the chain of events that will shape and "define the future".[22][23].

There are many tools and techniques to promote and discipline strategic thinking. The flowchart to the right provides a process for classifying a phenomenon as a scenario in the intuitive logics tradition, and how it differs from a number of other planning approaches.[24]

Process for classifying a phenomenon as a scenario in the Intuitive Logics tradition.

Strategic thinking vs. strategic planning

In the view of F. Graetz, strategic thinking and planning are “distinct, but interrelated and complementary thought processes” that must sustain and support one another for effective strategic management. Graetz's model holds that the role of strategic thinking is "to seek innovation and imagine new and very different futures that may lead the company to redefine its core strategies and even its industry". Strategic planning's role is "to realise and to support strategies developed through the strategic thinking process and to integrate these back into the business".[14]

Henry Mintzberg wrote in 1994 that strategic thinking is more about synthesis (i.e., "connecting the dots") than analysis (i.e., "finding the dots"). It is about "capturing what the manager learns from all sources (both the soft insights from his or her personal experiences and the experiences of others throughout the organization and the hard data from market research and the like) and then synthesizing that learning into a vision of the direction that the business should pursue." Mintzberg argued that strategic thinking cannot be systematized and is the critical part of strategy formation, as opposed to strategic planning exercises. In his view, strategic planning happens around the strategy formation or strategic thinking activity, by providing inputs for the strategist to consider and providing plans for controlling the implementation of the strategy after it is formed.[25]

According to Jeanne Liedtka, strategic thinking differs from strategic planning along the following dimensions of strategic management:[15]

Strategic Thinking Strategic Planning
Vision of the Future Only the shape of the future can be predicted. A future that is predictable and specifiable in detail.
Strategic Formulation and Implementation Formulation and implementation are interactive rather than sequential and discrete. The roles of formulation and implementation can be neatly divided.
Managerial Role in Strategy Making Lower-level managers have a voice in strategy-making, as well as greater latitude to respond opportunistically to developing conditions. Senior executives obtain the needed information from lower-level managers, and then use it to create a plan which is, in turn, disseminated to managers for implementation.
Control Relies on self-reference – a sense of strategic intent and purpose embedded in the minds of managers throughout the organisation that guides their choices on a daily basis in a process that is often difficult to measure and monitor from above. Asserts control through measurement systems, assuming that organisations can measure and monitor important variables both accurately and quickly.
Managerial Role in Implementation All managers understand the larger system, the connection between their roles and the functioning of that system, as well as the interdependence between the various roles that comprise the system. Lower-level managers need only know his or her own role well and can be expected to defend only his or her own turf.
Strategy Making Sees strategy and change as inescapably linked and assumes that finding new strategic options and implementing them successfully is harder and more important than evaluating them. The challenge of setting strategic direction is primarily analytic.
Process and Outcome Sees the planning process itself as a critical value-adding element. Focus is on the creation of the plan as the ultimate objective.

Strategic thinking and Complexity

In a complex scenario, organizational actions are intensified by a global network of interactions, leading to diverse environmental, economic, and social challenges [26] [27] [28][29]. This complexity is characterized by intricate networks and recursive cause-and-effect relationships, diverging from the linear logic of Cartesian thought and the punctual logic of dialectical thought. Within such systems, seemingly trivial actions can produce unexpected outcomes or be magnified by intricate relationship networks, resulting in entirely unpredictable consequences [28][29][30]

To address this context, Terra and Passador[28] advocate for strategic thinking capable of: (1) reconnecting phenomena across different levels and disciplines and treating them holistically; (2) addressing objects of study subjected to recursive causality; (3) understanding facts through their dynamics; (4) approaching problems through mappings and negative approaches; (5) integrating non-empirical elements; and (6) incorporating a new mathematical rationale to navigate the non-linearity of such systems and the continuous transition between certainty and uncertainty inherent in their dynamics.

In the realm of academic research, Stacey [27] suggests that this reality demands studies in the field of strategic thinking to focus on explanation, hypotheses about whole systems, their dynamics, and the relationship between dynamic behavior and innovative success. In this type of study, methods such as scheme construction, phenomenological approaches based on deductions and metaphors [31][28] and integrative frameworks [32][33] have been employed to understand the dynamics of various organizational problems by assimilating concepts common to several fields of science [28]. In the field of studies on strategic thinking, several authors have developed multidisciplinary approaches based on these premises, utilizing systems thinking and cybernetics [29][34], integrative approaches [32], new mathematics of chaos [29][30][35], and concepts such as order through noise, autopoiesis, and self-organization [29][35].

Strategic thinking competencies

Liedtka observed five “major attributes of strategic thinking in practice” that resemble competencies:[15][36]

  1. Systems perspective, refers to being able to understand implications of strategic actions. "A strategic thinker has a mental model of the complete end-to-end system of value creation, his or her role within it, and an understanding of the competencies it contains."[15]
  2. Intent focused which means more determined and less distractible than rivals in the marketplace. Crediting Hamel and Prahalad with popularising the concept, Liedtka describes strategic intent as "the focus that allows individuals within an organization to marshal and leverage their energy, to focus attention, to resist distraction, and to concentrate for as long as it takes to achieve a goal."[15]
  3. Thinking in time means being able to hold past, present and future in mind at the same time to create better decision making and speed implementation. "Strategy is not driven by future intent alone. It is the gap between today’s reality and intent for the future that is critical."[15] Scenario planning is a practical application for incorporating "thinking in time" into strategy making.[37]
  4. Hypothesis driven, ensuring that both creative and critical thinking are incorporated into strategy making. This competency explicitly incorporates the scientific method into strategic thinking.[36]
  5. Intelligent opportunism, which means being responsive to good opportunities. "The dilemma involved in using a well-articulated strategy to channel organisational efforts effectively and efficiently must always be balanced against the risks of losing sight of alternative strategies better suited to a changing environment."[15]

See also

  • U.S. Army Strategist

References

  1. ↑ "What is Strategic Thinking?". harvardbusiness.org. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120819052457/http://ww3.harvardbusiness.org/corporate/demos/hmm10/strategic_thinking/what_is_strategic_thinking.html. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 
  2. ↑ "What is Strategic Thinking? by Rich Horwath". http://www.sculpturaconsulting.com/Articles_Samples/What_is_Strategic_Thinking.pdf. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 
  3. ↑ "Strategic Thinking". Center for Applied Research. http://www.cfar.com/Documents/strathink.pdf. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 
  4. ↑ "Strategic Thinking : The power of collaboration". harvardbusiness.org. http://ww3.harvardbusiness.org/corporate/demos/hmm10/strategic_thinking/the_power_of_collaboration.html. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 
  5. ↑ "Strategic Thinking : Is Leadership the missing link An Exploratory Study". http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/announce/convention/papers/Strategy-01-Manu%20Amitabh%20final.pdf. Retrieved 10 August 2012.  by Manu Amitabh, Fellow Scholar, M.D.I Gurgaon and Arun Sahay, Professor and Area Chairman, Strategy Management, M.D.I Gurgaon
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Strategic Thinking : A discussion paper". csun.edu. http://www.csun.edu/bus302/Course/Materials/Cases/strategic.thinking.pdf. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 
  7. ↑ David Hussey, (2001), “Creative Strategic Thinking and the Analytical Process: Critical Factors for Strategic Success”, Strategic Change, 10(4), 201–13.
  8. ↑ "Strategic Thinking presentation". https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamidade.gov%2Fhr%2Flibrary%2Fstrategic_thinking.ppt. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 
  9. ↑ "Thinking Futures ..thinking beyond the status-quo to strengthen today's decisions". http://thinkingfutures.net/services/thinking/. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Michael D. Taylor Systems Thinking in Project Management
  11. ↑ Henry Mintzberg (1994), “The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning”, Harvard Business Review
  12. ↑ Henry Mintzberg (1987), “Crafting Strategy”, Harvard Business Review, 65(4), 66–75.
  13. ↑ Ingrid Bonn, (2001), “Developing Strategic Thinking as a Core Competency”, Management Decision, 39(1), 63–76.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Fiona Graetz, (2002), “Strategic Thinking versus Strategic Planning: Towards Understanding the Complementarities”, Management Decision, 40(5/6), 456–62.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 Jeanne Liedtka,(1998), “Linking Strategic Thinking with Strategic Planning”, Strategy and Leadership, 26(4), 30–35.
  16. ↑ Stan Abraham, (2005), “Stretching Strategic Thinking,” Strategy & Leadership, 33(5), 5–12.
  17. ↑ Beaufre, Andre (1965). An Introduction to Strategy. Frederick A. Prager. 
  18. ↑ Mark Chussil, (2005), “With All This Intelligence, Why Don’t We Have Better Strategies?”, Journal of Business Strategy, 26(1), 26–33.
  19. ↑ Jeanne Liedtka, (2000), “Strategic planning as a contributor to strategic change: a generative model
  20. ↑ "From Strategic Planning to Strategic Thinking". http://horizon.unc.edu/projects/OTH/2-3.asp. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 
  21. ↑ "Strategic Thinking versus Strategic Planning". http://sbs.ac.ke/blog/2011/09/09/146/. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 
  22. ↑ Max Mckeown, (2011), “The Strategy Book: How to think and act strategically for outstanding results", FT-Prentice Hall.
  23. ↑ Paul Schoemaker, (2012), “6 Habits of True Strategic Thinkers”
  24. ↑ Spaniol, Matthew J.; Rowland, Nicholas J. (2018). "Defining Scenario". Futures & Foresight Science 1: e3. doi:10.1002/ffo2.3. 
  25. ↑ Henry Mintzberg. The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning. Harvard Business Review. January 1994
  26. ↑ Senge, Peter M.; Scharmer, C. Otto; Jaworski, Joseph; Flowers, Betty Sue (2008). "Alternative Future". Leadership Excellence 25 (2): 3-4. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Stacey, Ralph D. (1995). "The science of complexity - an alternative perspective for strategic change processes". Strategic Management Journal 16 (6): 477-495. doi:10.1002/smj.4250160606. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Terra, Leonardo A. A.; Passador, João L. (2018). "Strategic Thinking in The Context of Complexity". Systems Research and Behavioral Science 35 (6): 869-883. doi:10.1002/sres.2530. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 Terra, Leonardo A. A.; Passador, João L. (2016). "Symbiotic Dynamic: The Strategic Problem from the Perspective of Complexity". Systems Research and Behavioral Science 33 (2): 235-248. doi:10.1002/sres.2379. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Stacey, Ralph D. (2007). Strategic Management and Organisational Dynamics: The Challenge of Complexity to Ways of Thinking about Organisations. Financial Times Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780273708117. 
  31. ↑ Terra, Leonardo A. A. (2015). "A Phenomenological Approach to the Study of Social Systems". Systemic Practice and Action Research 28 (6): 613-627. doi:10.1007/s11213-015-9350-7. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Zollo, Maurizio; Minoja, Mario; Coda, Vittorio (2017). "Toward an integrated theory of strategy". Strategic Management Journal 39 (6): 1753-1778. doi:10.1002/smj.2712. 
  33. ↑ Mason, Jennifer (2016). "Mixing methods in a qualitatively driven way". Qualitative Research 6 (1): 9-25. doi:10.1177/1468794106058866. 
  34. ↑ Espejo, Raul; Schuhmann, Werner; Schwaninger, Markus; Bilello, Ubaldo (1996). Organizational transformation and learning: a cybernetic approach to management. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 350. ISBN 0-471-96182-5. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Stacey, Ralph D. (1993). "Strategy as order emerging from chaos". Long Range Planning 26 (1): 10-17. doi:10.1016/0024-6301(93)90228-8. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Liedktka Strategic Thinking-Can It Be Taught?-Long Range Planning-1998". http://www.nsw.ipaa.org.au/content/docs/Course-Readings---Dip-Gov-Policy-Development/3%20Liedtka.pdf. 
  37. ↑ Paul Schoemaker, (1995), “Scenario Planning : A Tool for Strategic Thinking”, Sloan Management Review, 36(2), 25–40.

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