Social:Structure of Temperament Questionnaire

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Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (STQ) is a test to measure 12 biologically and neurochemically based individual differences.

Purpose and format

The Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (STQ) is a self-report (for adult versions) or observer-administered (for children) questionnaire measuring 12 biologically-based characteristics of behaviour. These characteristics are the most consistent aspects of the behaviour of an individual across his or her lifespan and are relatively independent of the content of the situation. Initially, all versions of the STQ were validated on adult samples and were designed for the purposes of organizational, educational and clinical psychology. Now there are Child versions of the Short and Compact STQ, for administration by observers and guardians of the child in question. Items in all versions of the STQ are given in the form of a statement, with a response following the Likert scale format: "strongly disagree (1)," "disagree (2)," "agree (3)," "strongly agree (4)".

Experimental background of the STQ models

The STQ is based on the Eastern-European tradition of experiments investigating the types and properties of nervous systems. This tradition is the longest in (110 years old) among all traditions of temperamental research. It started from extensive experiments on several species of mammals, and then continued with human adults and children within the Pavlovian Institute of Highest Nervous Activity (Pavlov, 1941, 1957). It then was continued within the Laboratory of Differential Psychophysiology and Differential Psychology (Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences), supervised by Boris Teplov (1963), then Vladimir Nebylitsyn (1972), and then Vladimir Rusalov.[1] The STQ has several versions, which are based on two models of the structure of temperament: Rusalov's model and Trofimova's model. All versions of the STQ are based on the Activity-specific approach in temperament research. This approach differentiates between the traits related to 3 aspects of behaviour: social-verbal, physical and mental. All models and all modern versions of the STQ have 12 temperament scales.

Rusalov's versions of the STQ

There are two versions of the Structure of Temperament Questionnaire based on Rusalov's model: an Extended STQ (STQ-150) and a Short STQ (STQ-26) [2][3] Both versions use 12 scales, which are grouped by 3 types of activities and 4 formal-dynamical aspects of activities, and a validity scale:

Rusalov's model of the STQ

The Extended STQ is a 150-item self-report measure with 144 items assigned to 12 temperament scales (12 items each), 1 validity scale (6 items), and 6 indexes, which combine these scales. The values on each of temperament scales vary between 12 and 48. The validity scale is designed to measure a social desirability tendency. The value on this scale varies from 6 and 24, and protocols having a score higher than 17 on this scale are considered to be invalid.

Testing with the STQ-150 takes 30 minutes.

There was also an initial version of Rusalov's model, STQ-105,[4] which used the same items and scales as the 8 scales of the STQ-150 (Extended) version, with the exception of the three scales related to intellectual aspects of activities (Intellectual Ergonicity, Intellectual Plasticity, Intellectual Tempo, Intellectual Emotionality). Rusalov upgraded his model to 12 (4 x 3) components implemented in his Extended STQ in the mid-1990s.[2]

Rusalov's version of the STQ measures 12 traits related to 4 aspects of behaviour (ergonicity (endurance), plasticity, tempo and emotionality), which are grouped by three aspects of behavior: motor-physical, social-verbal and intellectual. This model was incorporated in the extended Structure of Temperament Questionnaire. The factor analysis of the data received on Russian, Australian, American, Canadian, Urdu-Canadian, Polish-Canadian and Chinese samples confirmed a separation between the factors related to these three aspects of behavior.[2][3][5][6][7][8]

Administration of the Extended STQ in practice was rather time-consuming, so Rusalov and Trofimova agreed to develop shorter, more compact versions of the STQ, which would be more suitable for screening purposes in clinical, organizational, vocational and educational settings. The items with the highest item-total correlations were selected for these versions. Rusalov developed the Short version of the STQ, and Trofimova developed the Compact version of the STQ (STQ-77). The Short STQ (STQ-26) is composed of 2 out of 12 items on each scale of the Extended STQ, including the validity scale. This version was adapted for the assessment of adults, teenagers, preschool and early school children.[9]

Compact version of the STQ (STQ-77)

During the studies of psychometric properties of the Extended STQ and a selection of the most valid items for the Compact version of the STQ Trofimova suggested an alternative structure of temperament and reflected this structure in the Compact version of the STQ (STQ-77). The STQ-77 consists of 12 temperament scales (6 items each), and a validity scale (5 items), i.e. in total 77 items. STQ-77 has adult and several pilot Childhood versions.

Testing with the STQ-77 takes 12-15 minutes.

The STQ-77 arranges the dimensions of temperament into functional groups differently than the STQ-150 (compare two Figures). Similar to the Rusalov's STQ-150, the STQ-77 differentiates between the traits regulating motor-physical, social-verbal and mental-probabilistic aspects of behaviour.[3][10][11][12][13]

The differences between Trofimova's and Rusalov's models of temperament (and the structures of their versions of the STQ) are:

  • grouping of temperament traits by 3 dynamical aspects (endurance, speed of integration of actions and orientation), presented as three columns in the Figure;
  • a presence of orientation-related traits in Trofimova's model which were not included in Rusalov's model. These traits describe three types of behavioural orientation of a person with preferences to specific types of reinforcers: sensations (Sensation Seeking), other people's state (Empathy) or knowledge about causes of natural processes (a trait named as Sensitivity to Probabilities).
  • a different structure of the traits related to emotionality. FET considers emotionality traits as systems amplifying three dynamical aspects of behaviour presented in the three columns of the model. Amplification of orientation aspects emerges in the trait of Neuroticism; amplification of speed of integration (i.e. immature integration) emerges as Impulsivity and amplification of subjective feeling of energetic capacities emerges in the trait of Self-confidence.

The STQ-77 is therefore partially based on the model of Rusalov's STQ-150, but also on the work of Luria describing the functionality of three neurophysiological systems: “sensory-informational block”, “programming block” and “energetic block” regulating human behaviour. The re-arrangement of the STQ scales in the STQ-77 scales was also based on the analysis of commonalities between the leading European and American models of temperament and the latest findings in neurophysiology and neurochemistry. The support of the STQ-77 architecture was recently reinforced by the review in neurochemistry research resulted in development of a neurochemical model Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET) that maps an interplay between main neurotransmitter systems and temperament traits [14][15]

Description of the temperament scales of the STQ-77

  • Mental Endurance, or Attention (ERI): the ability to stay focused on selected features of objects with suppression of behavioural reactivity to other features
  • Motor-physical Endurance (ERM): the ability of an individual to sustain prolonged physical activity using well-defined behavioural elements
  • Social-verbal Endurance (sociability, ERS): the ability of an individual to sustain prolonged social-verbal activities using well-defined behavioural elements
  • Plasticity (PL): the ability to adapt quickly to changes in situations, to change the program of action, and to shift between different tasks
  • Motor-physical Tempo (TMM): speed of integration of physical manipulations of objects according to pre-defined scripts of actions
  • Social-verbal Tempo (TMS): the preferred speed of speech and ability to understand fast speech on well-known topics, reading and sorting of known verbal material
  • Sensitivity to Probabilities (PRO): the drive to gather information about uniqueness, frequency and values of objects/events, to differentiate their specific features, to project these features in future actions
  • Sensation Seeking (SS): behavioural orientation to well-defined and existing sensational objects and events, underestimation of outcomes of risky behaviour
  • Empathy (EMP): behavioural orientation to the emotional states/needs of others (ranging from empathic deafness in autism and schizophrenia disorders to social dependency)
  • Neuroticism (NEU): A tendency to avoid novelty, unpredictable situations and uncertainty. Preference of well-known settings and people over unknown ones and a need for approval and feedback from people around.
  • Impulsivity (IMP): Initiation of actions based on immediate emotional reactivity rather than by planning or rational reasoning
  • Self-Confidence (SLF): A sense of security, dominance, self-esteem and in many cases entitlement for appreciation from others. In spite of the optimism about outcomes of his or her activities, the respondent might be negligent in details

Versions in other languages and validation

Validation history of the STQ-105 and STQ-150

The Extended (STQ-150) version was adapted to five languages: English, Russian, Chinese, Polish and Urdu.[3]

Evidence for construct, concurrent and discriminatory validity of the STQ-105 and STQ-150 was demonstrated through significant correlations with the following measures:

Trofimova's model: Structure of Temperament Questionnaire–Compact, STQ-77 ("Functional Ensemble of Temperament")

Factor structure of the STQ-150

Factor analysis of the Russian version of the STQ-150 consistently showed four factors: Motor-physical activity (which includes Motor Ergonicity, Motor Plasticity, Motor Tempo), Social-Verbal activity (which includes Social Ergonicity, Social Plasticity, Social Tempo), Intellectual Activity (which includes Intellectual Ergonicity, Intellectual Plasticity, Intellectual Tempo) and Emotionality (3 scales of Emotionality) [2][3][37][26][9]

The administration of the English version of the STQ to American, Australian, and Canadian samples showed that the factor structure of this version is similar to the Russian language version, and that the English version possesses good reliability and internal consistency,[3][8][6][7][5][55]

Chinese (STQ-C), Urdu (STQ-U) and Polish (STQ-P) Extended versions of the STQ, administered among corresponding populations, showed reliability coefficients in the range 0.70-0.86, item-total correlations in the range 0.42-0.73, and all versions demonstrated robust factor structures similar to those of the original version [3][5]

Validation of the STQ-77

The Compact (STQ-77) version was adapted to three languages: English, Russian and Chinese.[3] Moreover, evidence for the construct, concurrent and discriminatory validity of the STQ-77 was demonstrated through significant correlations with the following measures:

  • Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) [56]
  • Comorbid Major Depression and Generalized Anxiety symptoms [57][58]
  • Five-Factors Personality test (NEO-FFI) [11]
  • Generalized Anxiety symptoms [56][58]
  • Hamilton Depression Inventory (HDI) [59]
  • high-school grades [12]
  • I7 Impulsiveness Questionnaire (Eysenck, S. et al., 1985) (I-7) [12]
  • Major Depression symptoms [59][58]
  • Motivation in Achievements/Aspiration level scale [10][13]
  • Pavlovian Temperamental Survey (PTS) [10][13]
  • Personality Assessment Inventory [60]
  • Rotter Locus of Control Scale [12][10][13]
  • speed of performance in mental activities [12][10]
  • speed of verbal processing [54][13]
  • State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) [56]
  • Symptom Checklist (SCL-90) [59]
  • Verbal classification tasks [10][54]
  • Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scales (SSS) [11]

Clinical validation studies conducted with the use of the STQ-77 showed that its scales match the structure of symptoms of mental disorders described in main classifications DSM-V, ICD much better than other temperament models, and they are capable of differentiating between anxiety and depression [60][56][59][57]

Validation of the STQ-77 structure was successful by its comparison to the main findings in neurochemistry. As the result of such comparison the scales of the STQ-77 were linked to the ensemble interactions between main neurotransmitter systems (presented as a neurochemical Functional Ensemble of Temperament model) [14][15][61]

Factor structure of the STQ-77

The Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Compact STQ (STQ-77) using data from a Canadian sample shows a satisfactory fit of the traditional 4-factor STQ activity-specific model, grouping the scales to the factors of Motor, Social, Intellectual activity and Emotionality and having 2 correlated residuals (from the new scale of Sensitivity to Sensations to Impulsivity and Neuroticism scales) with the CFI > .90, RMSEA < .07 and RMSR < .06.[11][3]

The STQ-77 arranges the dimensions of temperament into 12 components differently than it is done in the STQ-150 (see and compare two Figures). The structure of the STQ-77 relies on verified neurochemical biomarkers and expands a rough 4-factor structure derived from factor analysis. Similar to the Rusalov's STQ-150, the STQ-77 differentiates between the traits regulating motor-physical, social-verbal and mental-probabilistic aspects of behaviour [3][10][11][12][13]

Language versions

Beginning from 2017 the STQ-77 is offered for free for a non-commercial use (research and personal testing) in 21 languages: Chinese-Simplified, Chinese-Traditional, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Italian, Hebrew, Hindu, Korean, Japanese, Norwegian, Swedish, German, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Serbian, Spanish and Urdu.[3] There are versions for screening child temperament in English and Russian for the ages 0–3, 4-7, 8-11 and 12-16, freely available on the website of test developers. There are also several child versions in other languages.

A battery of behavioural testing in line with 12 components of the STQ-77/FET has been developed for adult and age 12-15 groups in English, Russian and Portuguese, in collaboration with Michael Araki (Brasil). Behavioural testing batteries are designed for individual and in-group (class) testing.

The extended STQ-150 was adapted in 6 languages: English (using US,[7][6][8] Australian [55] and Canadian [3][5] samples), Chinese-Simplified,[3] Russian,[3][5][2][9] Polish,[3][5][41] Urdu [3][5] and German.[40][41] The STQ-150 has an old, less efficient scale structure in comparison to the STQ-77 and, therefore, is not recommended for further translations.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Rusalov VM (1979). Biologicheskiye osnovi individual'no-psichologicheskih razlichiy [Biological basis of individual psychological differences] Moscow: Nauka Russia. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Rusalov, VM (1997). Oprosnik formal'no-dynamicheskih svoystv individual'nosti. Questionnaire of formal-dynamical properties of individual. Moscow: IPRAN. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 Rusalov, VM; Trofimova, IN (2007). Structure of Temperament and Its Measurement. Toronto, Canada: Psychological Services Press.. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Rusalov, VM (1989). "Motor and communicative aspects of human temperament: a new questionnaire of the structure of temperament.". Personality and Individual Differences 10 (8): 817–827. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90017-2. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Trofimova, IN (2010). "Exploration of the activity-specific model of temperament in four languages". International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy 10/1: 79–95. https://www.ijpsy.com/volumen10/num1/251.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Dumenci, L. (1996). "Factorial validity of scores on the Structure of Temperament Questionnaire.". Educational and Psychological Measurement 56 (3): 487–493. doi:10.1177/0013164496056003010. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Bishop, D. (1993). "Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (STQ): Results from a US sample". Personality and Individual Differences 14 (3): 485–487. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90318-w. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Bishop, D.; Hertenstrein, M. (2004). "A confirmatory factor analysis of the Structure of Temperament Questionnaire". Educational and Psychological Measurement 64 (6): 1019–1029. doi:10.1177/0013164404264843. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fccef11314b696f48748d2dc6870d30447ea3979. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Rusalov, VM (2004). Formal'no-dynamicheskiye svoystva individual'nosti (temperament) [Formal-dynamical properties of individual (temperament)]. Russian Academy of Sciences, IPAN Press: Moscow. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Trofimova, IN (2010). "Questioning the "general arousal" models". Open Behavioral Science and Psychology 4: 1–8. doi:10.2174/1874230001004010001. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Trofimova, IN (2010). "An investigation into differences between the structure of temperament and the structure of personality". American Journal of Psychology 123 (4): 467–480. doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.123.4.0467. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fccde9c695ddaeac7535b758bcda58fcd9115b22. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Trofimova, IN; Sulis, W (2011). "Is temperament activity-specific? Validation of the Structure of Temperament Questionnaire – Compact (STQ-77)". International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy 11 (3): 389–400. https://www.ijpsy.com/volumen11/num3/306.html. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 "O predstavlennosti tipov psichicheskoy deatelnosti v raslichnih modelyah temperamenta [On representation of psychological types in several models of temperament]". Psychological Journal [Psichologicheskii Zjurnal] 32 (3): 74–84. 2011. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Trofimova, IN (2016). "The interlocking between functional aspects of activities and a neurochemical model of adult temperament.". In: Arnold, M.C. (Ed.) Temperaments: Individual Differences, Social and Environmental Influences and Impact on Quality of Life. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.: 77–147. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Trofimova, I.; Robbins, T.W. (2016). "Temperament and arousal systems: a new synthesis of differential psychology and functional neurochemistry". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 64: 382–402. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.008. PMID 26969100. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/274784. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Charakteristika otvetov na testovie zadania psihologicheskih metodik i structura individual'nogo opita [Peculiarities of psychodiagnostic test item responses and the structure of individual experience]". Psikhologicheskiy Zhurnal [Psychological Journal] 17 (4): 87–96. 1996. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Gritzenko S.V. (1996). Relationship between strength of nervous system, specific types of intellectual activity and auditory sensitivity. In: Education of children and youth: modern methods [Obrazovanie detey i molodeji: sovremenniye metodi]. University Press of Russian Academy of Education. Moscow. pp. 147–156. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Vasyura, S.A. (2008). "Psychology of male and female communicative activity". The Spanish Journal of Psychology 11 (1): 289–300. doi:10.1017/s1138741600004327. PMID 18630669. http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/SJOP/article/view/SJOP0808120289A. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 Biryukov SD (1992). "Psychogenetic study of plasticity as a temperamental trait". Psychological Journal (Psikhologicheskii Zjurnal) 13 (5): 64–71. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 "Temperament: an event-related potential study using the oddball paradigm". Psychology & Neuroscience 6 (3): 235–245. 2013. doi:10.3922/j.psns.2013.3.01. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/pn/v6n3/01.pdf. 
  21. ↑ Dumenci, L. (1995). "The relation between the Structure of Temperament Questionnaire and other personality domains.". Educational and Psychological Measurement 55 (5): 850–857. doi:10.1177/0013164495055005020. 
  22. ↑ Trofimova, I (1995). "Interconnections of characteristics of temperament with peculiarities of semantic space.". Dissertation Thesis. Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Kornienko DS (2006). "Characteristics of integral individuality from the perspective of psychogenetic approach". Psychology of Individuality. High Economic School/Series Psychology. Moscow. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 Zin'ko, E.V. (2006). Relationship between self-image and aspiration level in parameters of stability and relevance [Sootnoshenie samootsenki i urovnya prityazaniy po parametram ustoychivosti i adekvatnosti]. Dissertation thesis. Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Podbutskaya, NV (2014). "Self-regulation features of engineering students". Ananiev's Readings-2014. Psychological Bases of Professional Activities – Conference Proceedings. Skifia-print: St-Petersburg: 194–196. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Shreyber, TV (2004). "Goal development and self-regulation of modern high school children". Proceedings of Udmurdt University [Vestnik Udmurdskogo Universitheta]. Psychology and Pedagogics 11: 70–80. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 Drozdov SV (2000). Динамика мотивационно-смысловых образований личности студентов в процессе адаптации к учебе. Dissertation. Kursk State Pedagogical University. Kursk, Russia. 
  28. ↑ Rusalov, V.M.; Parilis, S.E. (1991). "Temperament and particularities of cognitive system of personality.". Psychological Journal [Psichologicheskii Zjurnal] 12 (1): 118–123. 
  29. ↑ Eputaev, E.Y.; Ikonnikova M.E., Agarkov B.A., Tarabrina N.V. (2003). "Dissociative states and formal-dynamical properties of individual.". Proceedings of 7th Multidisciplinary Conference "Stress and Behaviour": 121–123. Moscow: IPRAN Press. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "The predisposition to dissociate: the temperamental traits of flexibility/rigidity, daily rhythm, emotionality and interactional speed". Dissociation VIII (4): 236–240. 1995. 
  31. ↑ Rusalov VM (1988). Psychological individual differences and bio-electric activity of the brain (Ed.) [Индивидуально-психологические различия и биоэлектрическая активность мозга]. Moscow: Nauka. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Rusalov, VM; Kalashnikov, SV. (1988). "On the correlation of psychic plasticity with the integral factors of human brain bioelectrical activity". Rusalov, V. M. (Ed.) Individual'no -psikhologicheskie Razlichiya I Bioelektricheskaya Aktivnost' Mozga Cheloveka [Individual Psychological Differences and Human Brain Bioelectrical Activity]Moscow: Nauka 1: 5–55. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Rathee, N.; Singh, R. (2001). "Mobility or/and Lability of the Nervous Processes as Temperamental Trait(s)". Personality and Individual Differences 31 (7): 1091–1104. doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00206-3. 
  34. ↑ "Psychological testing of temperament". Zhurnal Vysshey Nervnoy Deyatelnosti [Journal of Higher Nervous Activity] 42 (1): 44. 1992. 
  35. ↑ "Bioelectrical activity of the brain in subjects with different types of temperament". Zhurnal Vysshey Nervnoy Deyatelnosti [Journal of Higher Nervous Activity] 43 (3): 530–542. 1993. 
  36. ↑ Brebner, J.; Stough, C. (1993). "The relationship between the Structure of Temperament and Extraversion and Neuroticism". Personality and Individual Differences 14 (4): 623–626. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90160-5. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 Rusalov, VM; Naumova, ER (1999). "On the relationship between general abilities and "intellectual" scales of temperament.". Psikhologicheskiy Zhurnal [Psychological Journal] 20 (1): 70–77. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Buzova VM (1997). "Samoactualizacia predstaviteley Komi i russkogo etnosov [Self-actualization in representatives of Komi and Russian ethnic groups].". Psikhologicheskiy Zhurnal [Psychological Journal] 18 (1): 61–69. 
  39. ↑ "Temperament cheloveka i osobennosti vibora mejdu veroyatnostyu dostijeniya tseli i ee tzennostyu [Temperament of man and peculiarities of choice between the probability of goal achievement and its value]". Zhurnal Vysshey Nervnoy Deyatelnosti [Journal of Higher Nervous Activity] 50 (3): 388. 2000. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Ruch, W; Angleitner, A; Strelau, J (1991). "The Strelau Temperament Inventory Revised (STI-R): Validity studies". European Journal of Personality 5 (4): 287–308. doi:10.1002/per.2410050403. https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/record/1779608. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Strelau, J. (1999). The Pavlovian Temperament Survey (PTS): An international handbook. Hogrefe-Huber Publishers. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Trofimova (2009). "Exploration of the benefits of an activity-specific test of temperament". Psychological Reports 105 (2): 643–658. doi:10.2466/pr0.105.2.643-658. PMID 19928626. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0a76735db888110d638587d3f654c52ecac1ece5. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Rusalov, VM; Dudin, SI (1995). "Temperament i intellect: obchie b specificheskiye factori rasvitiya [Temperament and Intelligence: general and specific factors of development]". Psikhologicheskiy Zhurnal [Psychological Journal] 16 (5): 12–23. 
  44. ↑ Popov YuA (1996). "Psychoregulation and Temperament". Annual Reports of Russian Professional Education (RPO) 4 (2): 57–78. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Popov Yu.A. (2006). "Trevojnost' v psycho-pedagogocheskom portrete studenta kolledga [Anxiety in psycho-pedagogical portrait of a College student]". Professional`noye obuchenie [Professional Education] 8: 24–25. 
  46. ↑ Vorobieva, EV (2004). "Modern psychogenetic studies of intelligence and theory of motivation for achievements". Journal of Applied Psychology 3: 53–59. 
  47. ↑ "On heredity of formal-dynamical properties of individuality". Proceedings of the Second International Luria Memorial Conference. Moscow. 2002. 
  48. ↑ Vorobyeva, E.V. (2015). "The relationships between the achievement motivations and temperaments of psychology students with different lateral organization profiles". Psychology in Russia: State of the Art 8: 32. doi:10.11621/pir.2015.0104. 
  49. ↑ "Comparison of general and specific types of temperament [Sravnitelnaya harakteristika obschih i chastnyh tipov temperamenta]". Siberian Medical Review [Sibirskoye Medicinskoye Obozrenie] 58 (4): 20–24. 2009. 
  50. ↑ Rusalov, V.M.; Poltavtzeva, L. I. (1997). "Temperament as a prerequisite of creative abilities". Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity 47 (3): 451–460. 
  51. ↑ Trofimova, I (1999). "How people of different age, sex and temperament estimate the world". Psychological Reports 85 (2): 533–552. doi:10.2466/pr0.1999.85.2.533. PMID 10611787. 
  52. ↑ Volkova DA (2006). "Analysis of approaches to study activity as temperamental and personality properties of a subject". Reports of RUDN University (Vestnik RUDN), Psychology and Pedagogics 1 (3): 74–82. 
  53. ↑ Trofimova, I.N. (1997). "Interconnections of characteristics of temperament with some peculiarities of cognitive activity of human". Questions of Psychology 1: 74–82. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Trofimova, I (2014). "Observer bias: how temperament matters in semantic perception of lexical material". PLOS One 9 (1): e85677. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085677. PMID 24475048. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Stough, C.; Brebner, J.; Cooper, C. (1991). "The Rusalov Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (STQ): results from an Australian sample". Personality and Individual Differences 12 (12): 1355–1357. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90212-t. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 Trofimova, IN; Sulis, W (2016). "Benefits of distinguishing between physical and social-verbal aspects of behaviour: an example of generalized anxiety". Frontiers in Psychology 7: 338. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00338. PMID 27014146. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Trofimova, IN; Sulis, W (2018). "There is more to mental illness than negative affect: comprehensive temperament profiles in depression and generalized anxiety". BMC Psychiatry 18:125 (1): 125. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1695-x. PMID 29747614. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Sulis, William (2018). "Assessing the continuum between temperament and affective illness: Psychiatric and mathematical perspectives". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373 (1744): 20170168. doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0168. PMID 29483352. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 Trofimova, IN; Sulis, W (2016). "A study of the coupling of FET temperament traits with major depression.". Frontiers in Psychology 7: 1848. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01848. PMID 27933018. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Trofimova, IN; Christiansen, J. (2016). "Coupling of temperament traits with mental illness in four age groups". Psychological Reports 118 (2): 387–412. doi:10.1177/0033294116639430. PMID 27154370. 
  61. ↑ Trofimova, IN (2018). "Functionality vs dimensionality in psychological taxonomies, and a puzzle of emotional valence". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 373 (1744): 20170167. doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0167. PMID 29483351. 

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