Social:Tirhuta

Tirhuta; Mithilakshar
Type	Abugida
Languages	Maithili, Sanskrit
Time period	c. 13th century–present day
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic script Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Brāhmī Gupta Siddhaṃ Tirhuta; ; ; ; ; ;
Sister systems	Bengali–Assamese, Odia
Direction	Left-to-right
ISO 15924	Tirh, 326
Unicode alias	Tirhuta
Unicode range	U+11480–U+114DF; Final Accepted Script Proposal

Short description: Script of Maithili language

The Tirhuta or Mithilakshar script was the primary historical script for the Maithili language, as well as one of the historical scripts for Sanskrit. It is believed to be originated in the 10th century CE, but its use declined over years of neglect by the Bihar government. It is very similar to Bengali–Assamese script, with most consonants being effectively identical in appearance. For the most part, writing in Maithili has switched to the Devanagari script, which is used to write neighboring Central Indic languages to the west and north such as Hindi and Nepali, and the number of people with a working knowledge of Tirhuta has dropped considerably in recent years.

12th Century Stone inscription from Simroungarh showing early Tirhuta writing

History and current status

Before 14th CE, Tirhuta was exclusively used to write Sanskrit, later Maithili was written in this script. Despite the near universal switch from Tirhuta to the Devanagari script for writing Maithili, some traditional pundits still use the script for sending one another ceremonial letters (pātā) related to some important function such as marriage. Metal type for this script was first produced in the 1920s, and digital fonts in the 1990s.^[1]

The 2003 inclusion of Maithili in the VIIIth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, having accorded official recognition to it as a language independent of Hindi, there is a possibility that this might lead to efforts to re-implement Tirhuta on a wider basis, in accord with similar trends in India reinforcing separate identities. However, currently, only Maithili in the Devanagari script is officially recognized.

Signs of the script

Consonant letters

Most of the consonant letters are effectively identical to Bengali–Assamese. The Unicode submission, for example, only bothered to create new graphic designs for 7 of the 33 letters: ⟨jh, ṭ, ḍh, ṇ, l, ś, h⟩.

Consonants
Sign		Transcription
Image	Text	IAST	IPA
	𑒏	ka	/kə/
	𑒐	kha	/kʱə/
	𑒑	ga	/gə/
	𑒒	gha	/gʱə/
	𑒓	ṅa	/ŋə/
	𑒔	ca	/t͡ʃə/
	𑒕	cha	/t͡ʃʱə/
	𑒖	ja	/d͡ʒə/
	𑒗	jha	/d͡ʒʱə/
	𑒘	ña	/ɲə/
	𑒙	ṭa	/ʈə/
	𑒚	ṭha	/ʈʱə/
	𑒛	ḍa	/ɖə/
	𑒜	ḍha	/ɖʱə/
	𑒝	ṇa	/ɳə/
	𑒞	ta	/t̪ə/
	𑒟	tha	/t̪ʱə/
	𑒠	da	/d̪ə/
	𑒡	dha	/d̪ʱə/
	𑒢	na	/nə/
	𑒣	pa	/pə/
	𑒤	pha	/pʱə/
	𑒥	ba	/bə/
	𑒦	bha	/bʱə/
	𑒧	ma	/mə/
	𑒨	ya	/jə/
	𑒩	ra	/rə/
	𑒪	la	/lə/
	𑒫	va	/ʋə/
	𑒬	śa	/ʃə/
	𑒭	ṣa	/ʂə/
	𑒮	sa	/sə/
	𑒯	ha	/ɦə/

Vowels

Vowels
Independent		Dependent		Transcription
Image	Text	Image	Text	IAST	IPA
	𑒁			a	/а/
	𑒂		𑒰	ā	/а:/
	𑒃		𑒱	і	/і/
	𑒄		𑒲	ī	/і:/
	𑒅		𑒳	u	/u/
	𑒆		𑒴	ū	/u:/
	𑒇		𑒵	ṛ	/r̩/
	𑒈		𑒶	ṝ	/r̩ː/
	𑒉		𑒷	ḷ	/l̩/
	𑒊		𑒸	ḹ	/l̩ː/
	𑒋		𑒹	ē	/е:/
			𑒺	e	/е/
	𑒌		𑒻	аі	/аі/
	𑒍		𑒼	ō	/о:/
			𑒽	о	/о/
	𑒎		𑒾	аu	/аu/

Other signs

Other dependent signs
Text	Name	Notes
𑒿	candrabindu	marks the nasalization of a vowel
𑓀	anusvara	marks nasalization
𑓁	visarga	marks the sound [h], which is an allophone of [r] and [s] in pausa (at the end of an utterance)
𑓂	virama	used to suppress the inherent vowel
𑓃	nukta	used to create new consonant signs
𑓄	avagraha	used to indicate prodelision of an [a]
𑓅	gvang	used to mark nasalization

Numerals

Tirhuta script uses its own signs for the positional decimal numeral system.

Digits
Image
Text	𑓐	𑓑	𑓒	𑓓	𑓔	𑓕	𑓖	𑓗	𑓘	𑓙
Digit	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9

Image gallery

The first two images shown below are samples illustrating the history of Tirhuta. The first is the sacred sign of Ganesha, called āñjī, used for millennia by students before beginning Tirhuta studies. Displayed further below are images of tables comparing the Tirhuta and Devanagari scripts.