Social:Uyghur Tribunal

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Short description: Non-governmental genocide tribunal

The Uyghur Tribunal was an independent "people's tribunal" based in the United Kingdom aiming to examine evidence regarding the ongoing human rights abuses against the Uyghur people by the Government of China and to evaluate whether the abuses constitute genocide under the Genocide Convention.[1][2][3][4][5] The tribunal was chaired by Geoffrey Nice, the lead prosecutor in the trial of Slobodan Milošević, who announced the creation of the tribunal in September 2020.[1][2][6]

According to Nice, the tribunal was called when there became "no other way of bringing the leadership of the [Chinese] Communist Party collectively or individually to judgement."[4] China's government has said that the tribunal constitutes "blasphemy against the law", issued sanctions against the tribunal and its organizers, and called the tribunal "sheer fiction".[3][7][8][9]

In December 2021, the tribunal concluded that the government of the People's Republic of China had committed genocide against the Uyghurs via birth control and sterilization measures.[10][5][11][12] In addition to this, they found evidence of crimes against humanity, torture and sexual abuse.[10] The tribunal's final determination did not individually bind any government to take action, but organizers hoped that the tribunal's hearings and reports may spur international action and help to hold China to account for its abuse of the Uyghurs.[5][12][13][14][15]

Background

Main pages: Religion:Uyghur genocide and Religion:Xinjiang internment camps

The government of China has committed an ongoing series of human rights abuses against the Uyghur people and other ethnic and religious minorities in and around the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of the China that is often characterized as genocide.[16][17][18] Since 2014,[19] the Chinese government, under the direction of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the administration of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, has pursued policies leading to more than one million Muslims[20][21][22][23][24] (the majority of them Uyghurs) being held in secretive internment camps without any legal process[25][26] in what has become the largest-scale and most systematic detention of ethnic and religious minorities since the Holocaust and World War II.[27][28][29][30][31] Thousands of mosques have been destroyed or damaged, and hundreds of thousands of children have been forcibly separated from their parents and sent to boarding schools.[32][33][34]

In particular, critics of the Chinese government's policies have highlighted the concentration of Uyghurs in state-sponsored internment camps,[35][36] suppression of Uyghur religious practices,[37][38] political indoctrination,[39] severe ill-treatment,[40] as well as extensive evidence[41][42][43] and other testimonials detailing human rights abuses including forced sterilization, contraception,[44][45] and abortions.[46][47][48][49] Critics have described these as constituting the forced assimilation of Xinjiang, as well as an ethnocide or cultural genocide.[50][51][52][53][54][55] Some governments, activists, independent NGOs, human rights experts, academics, government officials, and the East Turkistan Government-in-Exile have called it a genocide.[18][56][57][58][59]

International reactions have been sharply divided, with dozens of United Nations (UN) member states issuing opposing letters to the United Nations Human Rights Council in support and condemnation of China's policies in Xinjiang in 2020.[60][61] In December 2020, the International Criminal Court declined to take investigative action against China on the basis of not having jurisdiction over China for most of the alleged crimes.[62][63] The United States , Canada's House of Commons, the Dutch parliament, the United Kingdom's House of Commons, the Seimas of Lithuania, and Senate of the Czech Republic have recognized the treatment of Uyghurs in China as genocide.[64][65][66][67][68][69]

Creation of the tribunal

Geoffrey Nice, the prosecutor in the war crimes trial of Slobodan Milošević, launched the Uyghur tribunal in September 2020.[2] The tribunal was set up in response to a June 2020 request from the World Uyghur Congress, which provided the initial evidence to the tribunal.[4][5][70][71] A call for evidence was put out at the time of the tribunal's announcement.[2][4]

By February 2020 the tribunal's jury had been finalized;[1] the tribunal's jury is composed of human rights experts and lawyers.[5][11]

Invitation of witnesses

One dozen experts have been invited to the hearings to present evidence, including academics such as anthropologist Darren Byler, Chinese Studies professor Joanne Smith Finley, researcher Nathan Ruser, and researcher Adrian Zenz.[6][71][72] Others who will present evidence include World Uyghur Congress President Dolkun Isa, Uyghur scholar Adbuweli Ayup, and witnesses to the Xinjiang internment camps that include former detainees.[3][6][14][71]

Organizers of the Uyghur Tribunal say that China was invited to present evidence, though the Chinese government has not done so.[5][11][70]

Hearings

The Uyghur Tribunal began its first series of hearings in June 2021, with a second set of hearings scheduled for September 2021.[5][11][72]

Testimonies

During hearings held in June 2021, witness testimonies described observing or experiencing mass torture, rape (including gang rape), forced sterilization, forced abortion, forced administration of medications that stopped women from menstruating, arbitrary arrest and detention, mass surveillance, intimidation by government officials, and forced child separation,[3][5][13][14][15][70][73] and allegations of Infanticide.[74] Evidence presented also included testimony of sexual harassment of women by Chinese agents, retaliation by the Chinese government against relatives of Uyghurs living abroad, the physical destruction of homes with families that "had more births than allowed", and other abuses.[13][70][73]

China denies that it has committed human rights abuses within Xinjiang, including within the Xinjiang internment camps, and disputes the legitimacy of the testimonies.[5][9]

The Uyghur Tribunal held a virtual third hearing on 27 November 2021.

Judgment

According to the tribunal's website, the finding of genocide "would constitute the commission of Genocide as defined in Article 2 of the Convention of 1948 to which the PRC is a signatory and ratifying state. Acts arising from or incidental to the prohibited acts of Genocide, may also in themselves constitute crimes against humanity."[75]

On 9 December 2021, the tribunal concluded that the government of the People's Republic of China had committed genocide against the Uyghurs via birth control and sterilization measures.[10] Additionally, they found evidence of crimes against humanity, torture and sexual abuse.[10]

Reactions

Countries

Australia

Australia offered to provide the Uyghur Tribunal with relevant evidence, according to the Tribunal's counsel.[5]

China

The Chinese government launched an aggressive public relations campaign against the Uyghur Tribunal.[5][14][70][72][76] The government issued sanctions against the tribunal and its organizers, while its spokesmen have said that the tribunal is "blasphemy against the law" and "sheer fiction"[3][7][8][9][77] with paid actors.[78] The sanctions were condemned by the British Prime Minister and led the British Foreign Secretary to summon the Chinese ambassador.[79][80]

According to the tribunal's representatives, China was invited to present evidence, but has not done so.[5][11][70]

United Kingdom

UK Asia Minister Nigel Adams declined to formally provide government evidence to the Uyghur Tribunal, but met with the chair of the tribunal in April 2021.[81]

United States

The United States offered to provide the Uyghur Tribunal with relevant evidence, according to the tribunal's counsel.[5]

Non-governmental organizations

Human rights groups

Luke de Pulford, the co-founder of the Coalition for Genocide Response, wrote in ITV News that the tribunal was of "global significance." He wrote that, in the absence of the ability of an international court to analyze the case owing to China's veto power on the United Nations Security Council, that the tribunal would serve "to ensure the Genocide Convention does not become a meaningless document."[82]

Uyghur groups

Dolkun Isa, President of the World Uyghur Congress, told Radio Free Asia after the first day of hearings that "[t]he Uyghur Tribunal hearing has gone extremely well today in spite of China's disinformation campaign and diplomatic threats against tribunal, camp survivors and witnesses."[14]

Links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "UK tribunal to hear witnesses on China genocide accusations". Associated Press. 4 February 2021. https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-london-china-slobodan-milosevic-dce87ecaa1500434bbc098725dfc5f1b. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lipes, Joshua (4 September 2020). "Independent Tribunal Launched to Judge Claims of Mass Atrocities Crimes in Xinjiang". Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/tribunal-09032020170056.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 ""Cannot Forget...": Uyghur Tribunal Hears Testimony Of Alleged China Abuses". NDTV. Agence France-Presse. 4 June 2021. https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/uyghur-tribunal-hears-allegations-of-rampant-human-rights-abuses-in-china-2456577. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "UK tribunal to investigate China's alleged genocide against Muslim Uighur population". ITV News. 3 September 2020. https://www.itv.com/news/2020-09-03/uk-tribunal-to-investigate-chinas-alleged-genocide-against-muslim-uighur-population. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 "'Uyghur Tribunal' opens with testimony of alleged rape, torture". Al Jazeera. 4 June 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/4/uighur-tribunal-hears-evidence-of-alleged-china-abuses. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Gunter, Joel (4 June 2021). "Hearings in London aim to assess allegations of genocide in China". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57318564. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "PM 'stands firmly' with MPs, activists sanctioned by China over Uyghur campaign". Jewish News (Times of Israel). 26 March 2021. https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/pm-stands-firmly-with-mps-activists-sanctioned-by-china-over-uyghur-campaign/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Chaplain, Chloe (26 March 2021). "China sanctions: The UK figures banned in response to Uighur Muslim measures – and why they've been targeted". i. https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/china-sanctions-uk-figures-banned-uighur-muslim-measures-why-been-targeted-930903. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Edward, Debl (3 June 2021). "China on offensive over Uyghur Tribunal it says seeks to 'smear' reputation of Xinjiang and its people". ITV News. https://www.itv.com/news/2021-06-03/china-on-offensive-over-uyghur-tribunal-it-says-seeks-to-smear-reputation-of-xinjiang-and-its-people. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Gunter, Joel (December 9, 2021). "China committed genocide against Uyghurs, independent tribunal rules". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-59595952. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 "'Uyghur Tribunal' to convene over abuses as China fumes". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 4 June 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210604-uyghur-tribunal-to-convene-over-abuses-as-china-fumes. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "'Uighur tribunal' to open in London as China dismisses 'PR show'". France 24. 4 June 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210604-uighur-tribunal-to-open-in-london-as-china-dismisses-pr-show. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Weiting, Asye (3 June 2021). "Uyghur exiles describe forced abortions, torture in Xinjiang". Washington Times. Associated Press. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jun/3/uyghur-exiles-describe-forced-abortions-torture-in/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Gerin, Roseanne (4 June 2021). "Uyghur Tribunal Hears Grim Accounts of Rape And Torture in China's Xinjiang". Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/uyghur-tribunal-06042021174406.html. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Swerling, Gabriella (4 June 2021). "'The horror made me wonder if they are human': UK inquiry examines China genocide allegations". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/06/04/horror-made-wonder-human-uk-inquiry-examines-china-genocide/. 
  16. ↑ "Uyghur American Association holds rally in US to raise awareness about Muslim genocide in China". Hindustan Times. 3 October 2020. https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/uyghur-american-association-holds-rally-in-us-to-raise-awareness-about-muslim-genocide-in-china/story-3CudRMYaUrcvHUpUO3BeBO.html. 
  17. ↑ Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (10 February 2021). "Norway's youth parties call for end to China free trade talks". Axios. https://www.axios.com/norways-youth-parties-call-for-end-to-china-free-trade-talks-cd070721-7390-4e7e-a6e9-b6494793d411.html. "...[O]pposition to China's Uyghur genocide is gaining momentum in Norway, where some politicians are fearful of jeopardizing ties with Beijing." 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Uighurs: 'Credible case' China carrying out genocide". BBC News. 2021-02-08. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55973215. 
  19. ↑ Davidson, Helen (18 September 2020). "Clues to scale of Xinjiang labour operation emerge as China defends camps". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/18/clues-to-scale-of-xinjiang-labour-operation-emerge-as-china-defends-camps. 
  20. ↑ "One million Muslim Uighurs held in secret China camps: UN panel". Al Jazeera. 10 August 2018. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/8/10/one-million-muslim-uighurs-held-in-secret-china-camps-un-panel. 
  21. ↑ Welch, Dylan; Hui, Echo; Hutcheon, Stephen (24 November 2019). "The China Cables: Leak reveals the scale of Beijing's repressive control over Xinjiang". ABC News (Australia). https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-25/china-cables-beijings-xinjiang-secrets-revealed/11719016. 
  22. ↑ Mourenza, Andrés (31 January 2021). "Los exiliados uigures en Turquía temen la larga mano china". El País. https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-01-31/los-exiliados-uigures-en-turquia-temen-la-larga-mano-china.html. 
  23. ↑ Child, David (27 Jan 2021). "Holocaust Memorial Day: Jewish figures condemn Uighur persecution". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/27/holduk-jewish-leaders-use-holocaust-day-to-denounce-uighur-abuses. 
  24. ↑ "Trump signs bill pressuring China over Uighur Muslim crackdown". The Daily Star (Lebanon). 28 June 2020. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/World/2020/Jun-18/507667-trump-signs-bill-pressuring-china-over-uighur-muslim-crackdown.ashx. 
  25. ↑ Stroup, David R. (19 November 2019). "Why Xi Jinping's Xinjiang policy is a major change in China's ethnic politics". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/19/why-xi-jinpings-xinjiang-policy-is-major-change-chinas-ethnic-politics/. 
  26. ↑ "UN: Unprecedented Joint Call for China to End Xinjiang Abuses". Human Rights Watch. 10 July 2019. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/10/un-unprecedented-joint-call-china-end-xinjiang-abuses. 
  27. ↑ Finley, Joanne (2020). "Why Scholars and Activists Increasingly Fear a Uyghur Genocide in Xinjiang". Journal of Genocide Research 23 (3): 348–370. doi:10.1080/14623528.2020.1848109. 
  28. ↑ McNeill, Sophie (14 July 2019). "The Missing: The families torn apart by China's campaign of cultural genocide". ABC News (Australia). https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-14/chinas-crackdown-on-uyghurs-tearing-families-apart/11221614. "It appears to be the largest imprisonment of people on the basis of religion since the Holocaust." 
  29. ↑ Khatchadourian, Raffi (5 April 2021). "Surviving the Crackdown in Xinjiang". The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/04/12/surviving-the-crackdown-in-xinjiang. 
  30. ↑ Kirby, Jen (25 September 2020). "Concentration camps and forced labor: China's repression of the Uighurs, explained". Vox. https://www.vox.com/2020/7/28/21333345/uighurs-china-internment-camps-forced-labor-xinjiang. "It is the largest mass internment of an ethnic-religious minority group since World War II." 
  31. ↑ Rajagopalan, Megha; Killing, Alison; Buschek, Christo (27 August 2020). "China Secretly Built A Vast New Infrastructure To Imprison Muslims". Buzzfeed News. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/meghara/china-new-internment-camps-xinjiang-uighurs-muslims. "China has established a sprawling system to detain and incarcerate hundreds of thousands of Uighurs, Kazakhs, and other Muslim minorities, in what is already the largest-scale detention of ethnic and religious minorities since World War II." 
  32. ↑ Khatchadourian, Raffi (5 April 2021). "Surviving the Crackdown in Xinjiang". The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/04/12/surviving-the-crackdown-in-xinjiang. Retrieved 16 April 2021. 
  33. ↑ Feng, Emily (9 July 2018). "Uighur children fall victim to China anti-terror drive". The Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/f0d3223a-7f4d-11e8-bc55-50daf11b720d. 
  34. ↑ Adrian Zenz (July 2019). "Break Their Roots: Evidence for China's Parent-Child Separation Campaign in Xinjiang.". The Journal of Political Risk 7 (7). 
  35. ↑ Danilova, Maria (2018-11-27). "Woman describes torture, beatings in Chinese detention camp". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/61cdf7f5dfc34575aa643523b3c6b3fe. 
  36. ↑ Stewart, Phil (2019-05-04). "China putting minority Muslims in 'concentration camps,' U.S. says". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-concentrationcamps-idUSKCN1S925K. 
  37. ↑ Congressional Research Service (18 June 2019). "Uyghurs in China". Congressional Research Service. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10281.pdf. Retrieved 2 December 2019. 
  38. ↑ Blackwell, Tom (25 September 2019). "Canadian went to China to debunk reports of anti-Muslim repression, but was 'shocked' by treatment of Uyghurs". National Post. https://nationalpost.com/news/canadian-went-to-china-to-debunk-reports-of-anti-muslim-repression-but-was-shocked-by-treatment-of-uyghurs. 
  39. ↑ "Muslim minority in China's Xinjiang face 'political indoctrination': Human Rights Watch". Reuters. September 9, 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-rights/muslim-minority-in-chinas-xinjiang-face-political-indoctrination-human-rights-watch-idUSKCN1LQ01F. 
  40. ↑ "Responsibility of States under International Law to Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims in Xinjiang, China". Bar Human Rights Committee. https://www.barhumanrights.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020-Responsibility-of-States-to-Uyghurs_Final.pdf. 
  41. ↑ Vanderklippe, Nathan (9 March 2011). "Lawsuit against Xinjiang researcher marks new effort to silence critics of China's treatment of Uyghurs". The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-lawsuit-against-xinjiang-researcher-marks-new-effort-to-silence/. 
  42. ↑ Falconer, Rebecca (9 March 2021). "Report: "Clear evidence" China is committing genocide against Uyghurs". Axios. https://www.axios.com/report-clear-evidence-china-genocide-uyghur-muslims-3c50f075-89c8-47c2-9506-9433e7d5a51a.html. 
  43. ↑ "China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization". Associated Press. June 28, 2020. https://apnews.com/article/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c. 
  44. ↑ "China Forces Birth Control on Uighurs to Suppress Population". Voice of America. https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/china-forces-birth-control-uighurs-suppress-population. 
  45. ↑ Samuel, Sigal (10 March 2021). "China's genocide against the Uyghurs, in 4 disturbing charts". Vox. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22311356/china-uyghur-birthrate-sterilization-genocide. 
  46. ↑ "China: Uighur women reportedly sterilized in attempt to suppress population". Deutsche Welle. 1 July 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/china-uighur-women-reportedly-sterilized-in-attempt-to-suppress-population/a-54018051. 
  47. ↑ Enos, Olivia; Kim, Yujin (29 August 2019). "China's Forced Sterilization of Uighur Women Is Cultural Genocide". The Heritage Foundation. https://www.heritage.org/asia/commentary/chinas-forced-sterilization-uighur-women-cultural-genocide. 
  48. ↑ "China 'using birth control' to suppress Uighurs". BBC News. 2020-06-29. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-53220713. 
  49. ↑ Mares, Courtney (22 October 2020). "Vatican and China renew provisional agreement on appointment of bishops". Catholic News Agency. https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/vatican-and-china-renew-provisional-agreement-on-appointment-of-bishops-38737. 
  50. ↑ "'Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education'". The Independent. 5 July 2019. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html. 
  51. ↑ "'Cultural genocide' for repressed minority of Uighurs". The Times. 17 December 2019. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/cultural-genocide-for-repressed-minority-of-uighurs-bp0w6dw89. 
  52. ↑ "China's Oppression of the Uighurs 'The Equivalent of Cultural Genocide'". Der Spiegel. 28 November 2019. https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/chinese-oppression-of-the-uighurs-like-cultural-genocide-a-1298171.html. 
  53. ↑ "Fear and oppression in Xinjiang: China's war on Uighur culture". Financial Times. 12 September 2019. https://www.ft.com/content/48508182-d426-11e9-8367-807ebd53ab77. 
  54. ↑ Finnegan, Ciara (2020). "The Uyghur Minority in China: A Case Study of Cultural Genocide, Minority Rights and the Insufficiency of the International Legal Framework in Preventing State-Imposed Extinction". Laws 9: 1. doi:10.3390/laws9010001. 
  55. ↑ Fallon, Joseph E. (Summer 2019). "China's crime against Uyghurs is a form of genocide". Fourth World Journal 18 (1): 76–88. https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=508909415820545;res=IELIAC. Retrieved 27 April 2020. 
  56. ↑ "Menendez, Cornyn Introduce Bipartisan Resolution to Designate Uyghur Human Rights Abuses by China as Genocide". United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. October 27, 2020. https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/ranking/release/menendez-cornyn-introduce-bipartisan-resolution-to-designate-uyghur-human-rights-abuses-by-china-as-genocide. 
  57. ↑ "Blackburn Responds to Offensive Comments by Chinese State Media". U.S. Senator Marsha Blackburn of Tennessee. December 3, 2020. https://www.blackburn.senate.gov/2020/12/blackburn-responds-to-offensive-comments-by-chinese-state-media/accb2b20-54e8-4926-a643-5f2a1cde31fa. 
  58. ↑ Alecci, Scilla (October 14, 2020). "British lawmakers call for sanctions over Uighur human rights abuses". International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. https://www.icij.org/investigations/china-cables/british-lawmakers-call-for-sanctions-over-uighur-human-rights-abuses/. 
  59. ↑ "Committee News Release - October 21, 2020 - SDIR (43-2)". House of Commons of Canada. October 21, 2020. https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43-2/SDIR/news-release/10903199. 
  60. ↑ Basu, Zachary (8 October 2020). "Mapped: More countries sign UN statement condemning China's mass detentions in Xinjiang". Axios. https://www.axios.com/un-statement-china-uighurs-xinjiang-6b29dbf5-b93c-4c70-bd4c-333e1c23471f.html. 
  61. ↑ Kashgarian, Asim. "Diaspora Uighurs Say China Confirms Deaths, Indictments of Missing Relatives Years Later". Voice of America. https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/voa-news-china/diaspora-uighurs-say-china-confirms-deaths-indictments-missing. 
  62. ↑ Griffiths, James. "China avoids ICC prosecution over Xinjiang for now, but pressure is growing". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/14/china/china-xinjiang-icc-biden-intl-hnk/index.html. 
  63. ↑ "Report on Preliminary Examination Activities 2020". International Criminal Court. 14 December 2020. https://www.icc-cpi.int/itemsDocuments/2020-PE/2020-pe-report-eng.pdf. 
  64. ↑ Gordon, Michael R. (19 January 2021). "U.S. Says China Is Committing 'Genocide' Against Uighur Muslims". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-declares-chinas-treatment-of-uighur-muslims-to-be-genocide-11611081555. 
  65. ↑ Ryan Patrick Jones (22 February 2021). "MPs vote to label China's persecution of Uighurs a genocide". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/uighur-genocide-motion-vote-1.5922711. "A substantial majority of MPs — including most Liberals who participated — voted in favour of a Conservative motion that says China's actions in its western Xinjiang region meet the definition of genocide set out in the 1948 United Nations Genocide Convention. ... The final tally was 266 in favour and zero opposed. Two MPs formally abstained." 
  66. ↑ "Dutch parliament: China's treatment of Uighurs is genocide". Reuters. February 25, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-netherlands-china-uighurs-idUSKBN2AP2CI. 
  67. ↑ Hefffer, Greg (22 April 2021). "House of Commons declares Uighurs are being subjected to genocide in China". https://news.sky.com/story/house-of-commons-declares-uighurs-are-being-subjected-to-genocide-in-china-12283995. 
  68. ↑ Basu, Zachary (20 May 2021). "Lithuanian parliament becomes latest to recognize Uyghur genocide". Axios. https://www.axios.com/lithuania-parliament-china-uyghur-genocide-ef0382b4-6fec-44a5-80b4-793d2618e094.html. 
  69. ↑ Gerlin, Roseanne (15 June 2021). "Belgium, Czech Republic Legislatures Pass Uyghur Genocide Declarations". Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/genocide-declarations-06152021171101.html. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 70.5 Kuo, Lily (4 June 2021). "Tribunal to examine China genocide allegations begins as Beijing slams 'farce' hearing". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-genocide-human-rights-uyghurs/2021/06/04/aff9118a-c4db-11eb-89a4-b7ae22aa193e_story.html. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Hoshur, Shohret (27 May 2021). "Xinjiang Authorities Detain Uyghur Woman Who Intervened in Domestic Dispute". Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/dispute-05272021182325.html. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 Nuriman; Seytoff, Alim (26 May 2021). "Uyghur Tribunal Determination Could Change Paradigm For China Relations: Experts". Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/tribunal-05262021212431.html. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "China: Uighurs 'treated worse than dogs' in Xinjiang camps, independent 'people's tribunal' hears". Sky News. 4 June 2021. https://news.sky.com/story/china-uighurs-treated-worse-than-dogs-in-xinjiang-camps-independent-peoples-tribunal-hears-12324830. 
  74. ↑ "Uyghur Tribunal Judgement". Uyghur Tribunal. December 9, 2021. https://uyghurtribunal.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/UT_Judgment_E-PDF_activelinks_20Feb2023_FINAL.pdf. 
  75. ↑ "About" (in en-US). https://uyghurtribunal.com/abouttribunal/. 
  76. ↑ Murphy, Emma (3 June 2021). "'I am living in hell': Uyghur families hope tribunal will fuel international action on China's alleged genocide". ITV News. https://www.itv.com/news/2021-06-03/i-am-living-in-hell-uyghur-families-hope-tribunal-will-fuel-international-action-on-chinas-alleged-genocide. 
  77. ↑ "China targets UK politicians for sanctions over Xinjiang 'lies'". Al Jazeera. 26 Mar 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/26/china-imposes-uk-targeted-sanctions-over-xinjiang-lies. 
  78. ↑ Benedict Rogers (September 15, 2001). "Uyghur Tribunal concludes, ignoring China's tantrums". Union of Catholic Asian News. https://www.ucanews.com/news/uyghur-tribunal-concludes-ignoring-chinas-tantrums/94144. 
  79. ↑ "China sanctions: Boris Johnson praises MPs banned by Beijing for 'shining a light on gross human rights violations'". Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/beijing-strikes-back-after-uk-sanctions-and-adds-senior-british-politicians-to-its-own-list-12256981. 
  80. ↑ "'Badge of honour' - China sanctions UK politicians for Xinjiang 'lies'". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-sanctions-uk-entities-individuals-xinjiang-lies-2021-03-25. 
  81. ↑ Wintour, Patrick (22 April 2021). "UK MPs declare China is committing genocide against Uyghurs in Xinjiang". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/22/uk-mps-declare-china-is-committing-genocide-against-uyghurs-in-xinjiang. 
  82. ↑ de Pulford, Luke (3 June 2021). "Why a People's Tribunal is happening in London to examine China's alleged atrocities of Uyghur Muslims". ITV News. https://www.itv.com/news/2021-06-03/why-a-peoples-tribunal-is-happening-in-london-to-examine-chinas-alleged-atrocities-of-uyghur-muslims. 



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