Social:V-Dem Democracy indices

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Map of V-Dem's 2020 Index of Egalitarian Democracy v11.1 [1]
Red indicates more authoritarian, blue indicates more democratic. Template:Graph:Highlighted world map by country

Countries autocratizing (red) or democratizing (blue) substantially and significantly (2010–2020). Countries in grey are substantially unchanged.[2]

The V-Dem Democracy Indices is a dataset that describe qualities of different governments published by V-Dem Institute. This dataset is published on an annual basis and is publicly available and free.[3] In particular, the V-Dem dataset is a popular dataset among political scientists used to describe the characteristics of political regimes around the world. In total, datasets released by the V-Dem Institute include information on hundreds of indicator variables describing all aspects of government, especially on the quality of democracy, inclusivity, and other economic indicators. An R package automatically bundles new data.[4]

The V-Dem Institute's measures of democracy are the most elaborate and granular among several democracy indexes (such as the Polity data series and Freedom House's Freedom in the World).[5] By 2020, the V-Dem index had "more than 470 indicators, 82 mid-level indices, and 5 high-level indices covering 202 polities from the period of 1789–2019."[5] Each indicator is coded independently by at least five country experts.[5] V-Dem uses methodological tools to deal with rating reliability and confidence intervals in the expert ratings.[5] Political scientist Daniel Hegedus describes V-Dem as "the most important provider of quantitative democracy data for scholarly research."[5]

Democracy indices

V-Dem Core

The V-Dem institute publishes, as of 2022, 483 indicators unique to V-Dem institute and republishes 59 other indicators.[6][7] V-Dem publishes five core indices with several other supplementary indices. The core indices are the electoral democracy index, the liberal democracy index, the participatory democracy index, the Deliberative Democracy Index and the egalitarian democracy index.[8]

The Electoral Democracy Index
This index measures the principle of electoral or representative democracy, including whether elections were free and fair, as well as the prevalence of a free and independent media. This index is part of all the other indices as a central component of democracy.[9]
Liberal Democracy Index
This index incorporates measures of rule of law, checks and balances, and civil liberties along with the concepts measured in the electoral democracy index.[9]
Participatory Democracy Index
This index measures the degree to which citizens participate in their own government through local democratic institutions, civil society organizations, direct democracy, and the concepts measured in the electoral democracy index.[9]
Deliberative Democracy Index
This index measures the degree to which decisions are made in the best interest of the people as opposed to due to coercion or narrow interest groups, in addition to the basic electoral democracy index.[9]
Egalitarian Democracy Index
This index measures the level of equal access to resources, power, and freedoms across various groups within a society, in addition to the level of electoral democracy.[9]

Other Indices

The V-Dem institute publishes several other[which?] indices which are created, in part, with the assistance of other V-Dem indices.

Rankings

The table below shows how countries score on the 11th edition of V-Dem's Democracy indices in 2020.[1]

V-Dem Democracy Indices (v11 2020)
Country Electoral Democracy Liberal Democracy Participatory Democracy Deliberative Democracy Egalitarian Democracy
 Denmark 0.91 0.878 0.696 0.869 0.87
 Sweden 0.905 0.873 0.649 0.842 0.815
 Costa Rica 0.899 0.849 0.658 0.853 0.81
 Norway 0.899 0.855 0.647 0.871 0.856
 New Zealand 0.894 0.846 0.698 0.776 0.798
  Switzerland 0.892 0.847 0.787 0.855 0.825
 Estonia 0.89 0.832 0.625 0.7 0.796
 Belgium 0.887 0.821 0.634 0.815 0.824
 Spain 0.886 0.8 0.635 0.787 0.811
 Ireland 0.881 0.817 0.648 0.807 0.788
 Germany 0.879 0.833 0.637 0.844 0.809
 Finland 0.878 0.837 0.631 0.807 0.802
 France 0.877 0.796 0.61 0.8 0.766
 Portugal 0.876 0.792 0.598 0.771 0.764
 United Kingdom 0.872 0.797 0.643 0.755 0.746
 Netherlands 0.87 0.825 0.594 0.815 0.781
 Canada 0.869 0.736 0.619 0.769 0.764
 Luxembourg 0.869 0.783 0.595 0.824 0.804
 Uruguay 0.865 0.795 0.697 0.754 0.74
 Italy 0.861 0.785 0.686 0.779 0.785
 South Korea 0.859 0.792 0.594 0.787 0.751
 Iceland 0.854 0.79 0.632 0.789 0.754
 Greece 0.843 0.744 0.611 0.768 0.715
 Austria 0.842 0.758 0.615 0.718 0.764
 Australia 0.836 0.787 0.605 0.75 0.716
 Slovakia 0.836 0.756 0.617 0.665 0.664
 Argentina 0.831 0.67 0.547 0.685 0.656
 Cyprus 0.825 0.724 0.53 0.633 0.732
 Japan 0.822 0.731 0.535 0.734 0.741
 Latvia 0.821 0.736 0.598 0.681 0.695
 Lithuania 0.821 0.76 0.627 0.695 0.71
 Taiwan 0.817 0.718 0.627 0.72 0.739
 United States of America 0.815 0.728 0.581 0.585 0.63
 Chile 0.814 0.758 0.573 0.706 0.58
 Jamaica 0.808 0.698 0.55 0.664 0.632
 Czech Republic 0.805 0.708 0.53 0.635 0.716
 Peru 0.803 0.691 0.585 0.579 0.509
Template:Country data BRB 0.798 0.684 0.35 0.688 0.663
 Armenia 0.786 0.597 0.469 0.635 0.634
 Cape Verde 0.776 0.69 0.479 0.641 0.616
 Malta 0.772 0.612 0.56 0.62 0.676
 Romania 0.76 0.552 0.572 0.379 0.543
 Trinidad and Tobago 0.755 0.643 0.484 0.685 0.609
 Croatia 0.753 0.641 0.526 0.574 0.588
 Panama 0.749 0.558 0.467 0.578 0.507
 Slovenia 0.748 0.651 0.551 0.572 0.607
 Senegal 0.747 0.583 0.404 0.618 0.559
Template:Country data VUT 0.745 0.64 0.452 0.627 0.571
Template:Country data SUR 0.737 0.595 0.453 0.6 0.537
 Israel 0.737 0.648 0.474 0.558 0.597
 Tunisia 0.727 0.644 0.476 0.67 0.571
Template:Country data BFA 0.705 0.506 0.433 0.575 0.458
 South Africa 0.701 0.577 0.43 0.6 0.477
 Ghana 0.698 0.596 0.348 0.582 0.517
Template:Country data STP 0.695 0.587 0.438 0.526 0.505
 Brazil 0.69 0.511 0.444 0.381 0.348
Template:Country data TLS 0.66 0.464 0.392 0.459 0.421
 Namibia 0.648 0.524 0.385 0.483 0.38
Template:Country data SLB 0.648 0.485 0.39 0.419 0.392
 Mexico 0.645 0.407 0.385 0.359 0.363
 Georgia 0.643 0.506 0.421 0.523 0.521
 Ecuador 0.638 0.485 0.452 0.465 0.426
 Mongolia 0.634 0.503 0.351 0.517 0.465
 North Macedonia 0.633 0.428 0.43 0.43 0.437
 Poland 0.632 0.487 0.418 0.375 0.538
Template:Country data LSO 0.631 0.497 0.396 0.503 0.489
Template:Country data LBR 0.628 0.477 0.346 0.418 0.401
Template:Country data MUS 0.625 0.504 0.395 0.552 0.49
 Moldova 0.623 0.467 0.402 0.377 0.433
 Kosovo 0.611 0.43 0.346 0.416 0.432
 Colombia 0.609 0.447 0.402 0.378 0.262
 Indonesia 0.608 0.448 0.396 0.546 0.328
 Sri Lanka 0.606 0.379 0.346 0.34 0.423
Template:Country data BWA 0.603 0.481 0.365 0.515 0.455
 Bulgaria 0.603 0.491 0.449 0.481 0.44
 Dominican Republic 0.594 0.344 0.387 0.469 0.288
 El Salvador 0.586 0.383 0.34 0.355 0.254
Template:Country data MDV 0.583 0.439 0.333 0.426 0.381
 Paraguay 0.581 0.426 0.361 0.358 0.255
Template:Country data GTM 0.58 0.405 0.363 0.323 0.251
Template:Country data SLE 0.574 0.435 0.39 0.535 0.391
Template:Country data SYC 0.574 0.471 0.248 0.454 0.456
Template:Country data NPL 0.573 0.446 0.376 0.367 0.346
Template:Country data GUY 0.556 0.404 0.34 0.383 0.405
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.545 0.34 0.337 0.336 0.376
 Ukraine 0.544 0.348 0.35 0.435 0.389
 Nigeria 0.537 0.359 0.347 0.364 0.299
Template:Country data BTN 0.537 0.458 0.334 0.458 0.455
Template:Country data GNB 0.536 0.347 0.232 0.247 0.284
 Malawi 0.528 0.449 0.346 0.421 0.312
Template:Country data NER 0.521 0.389 0.292 0.485 0.353
 Ivory Coast 0.511 0.312 0.359 0.401 0.331
Template:Country data GMB 0.504 0.419 0.305 0.374 0.372
 Albania 0.501 0.403 0.316 0.221 0.372
Template:Country data MDG 0.487 0.269 0.283 0.281 0.216
 Hungary 0.467 0.368 0.32 0.253 0.338
 Mali 0.465 0.317 0.286 0.392 0.303
 Kenya 0.461 0.367 0.303 0.399 0.297
 Lebanon 0.458 0.286 0.265 0.342 0.252
 Montenegro 0.454 0.347 0.298 0.339 0.343
 India 0.45 0.34 0.278 0.267 0.259
 Benin 0.439 0.295 0.257 0.293 0.359
Template:Country data MMR 0.435 0.271 0.271 0.349 0.254
 Philippines 0.433 0.28 0.292 0.373 0.205
 Papua New Guinea 0.422 0.336 0.254 0.262 0.204
Template:Country data TGO 0.418 0.2 0.259 0.337 0.346
Template:Country data FJI 0.418 0.279 0.197 0.308 0.32
Template:Country data TZA 0.409 0.327 0.233 0.337 0.33
Template:Country data MRT 0.401 0.185 0.277 0.321 0.175
 Somaliland 0.4 0.248 0.25 0.225 0.171
 Malaysia 0.4 0.284 0.247 0.301 0.31
 Kyrgyzstan 0.399 0.291 0.235 0.241 0.288
Template:Country data HTI 0.393 0.235 0.222 0.265 0.12
 Singapore 0.389 0.307 0.104 0.34 0.337
 Gabon 0.38 0.207 0.263 0.29 0.3
Template:Country data CAF 0.379 0.214 0.159 0.232 0.191
 Mozambique 0.372 0.254 0.231 0.258 0.24
Template:Country data HND 0.37 0.23 0.242 0.257 0.149
 Pakistan 0.368 0.25 0.242 0.346 0.127
 Afghanistan 0.366 0.192 0.151 0.289 0.142
 Iraq 0.365 0.22 0.235 0.255 0.179
Template:Country data COM 0.36 0.173 0.254 0.278 0.275
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.359 0.157 0.217 0.293 0.187
Template:Country data AGO 0.346 0.212 0.104 0.19 0.147
 Serbia 0.342 0.239 0.234 0.258 0.295
Template:Country data ZMB 0.339 0.27 0.205 0.27 0.181
 Ethiopia 0.335 0.163 0.165 0.289 0.233
Template:Country data GIN 0.332 0.137 0.193 0.143 0.182
 Bolivia 0.324 0.23 0.266 0.245 0.228
 Kuwait 0.317 0.288 0.1 0.275 0.246
 Uganda 0.31 0.23 0.204 0.24 0.165
 Hong Kong 0.306 0.253 0.114 0.171 0.288
 Cameroon 0.297 0.124 0.114 0.157 0.22
Template:Country data ZWE 0.288 0.192 0.193 0.204 0.173
 Turkey 0.286 0.111 0.164 0.081 0.182
 Morocco 0.284 0.257 0.181 0.274 0.209
 Algeria 0.277 0.147 0.111 0.185 0.251
Template:Country data BGD 0.273 0.097 0.141 0.109 0.097
 Libya 0.272 0.153 0.132 0.241 0.193
 Jordan 0.268 0.242 0.126 0.224 0.241
Template:Country data TCD 0.268 0.093 0.161 0.132 0.107
 Russia 0.261 0.104 0.186 0.137 0.213
Template:Country data DJI 0.256 0.125 0.142 0.135 0.176
 Palestine/West Bank 0.256 0.164 0.186 0.224 0.21
 Zanzibar 0.253 0.185 0.139 0.241 0.22
 Nicaragua 0.251 0.062 0.145 0.039 0.17
Template:Country data COG 0.248 0.119 0.195 0.207 0.138
 Kazakhstan 0.24 0.129 0.077 0.126 0.201
 Belarus 0.236 0.076 0.096 0.086 0.264
 Uzbekistan 0.227 0.105 0.073 0.194 0.172
 Vietnam 0.218 0.107 0.182 0.146 0.229
 Rwanda 0.212 0.107 0.14 0.177 0.196
 Venezuela 0.209 0.073 0.153 0.041 0.144
 Azerbaijan 0.201 0.066 0.067 0.042 0.126
Template:Country data KHM 0.196 0.066 0.137 0.068 0.097
 Thailand 0.194 0.175 0.108 0.061 0.165
Template:Country data SSD 0.191 0.07 0.085 0.054 0.042
 Iran 0.191 0.142 0.057 0.128 0.178
Template:Country data SDN 0.188 0.086 0.107 0.18 0.081
 Cuba 0.184 0.085 0.118 0.109 0.246
 Egypt 0.181 0.122 0.084 0.109 0.109
Template:Country data GNQ 0.179 0.056 0.053 0.049 0.113
 Tajikistan 0.177 0.047 0.066 0.063 0.077
 Oman 0.176 0.139 0.122 0.059 0.188
Template:Country data BDI 0.169 0.053 0.152 0.057 0.118
Template:Country data SOM 0.159 0.097 0.086 0.104 0.087
 Turkmenistan 0.152 0.042 0.035 0.034 0.106
 Palestine/Gaza 0.141 0.091 0.123 0.067 0.155
 Syria 0.139 0.037 0.056 0.024 0.073
Template:Country data SWZ 0.135 0.12 0.082 0.068 0.084
Template:Country data LAO 0.121 0.09 0.109 0.061 0.124
 Bahrain 0.118 0.048 0.036 0.041 0.109
 Yemen 0.111 0.037 0.065 0.034 0.028
 United Arab Emirates 0.1 0.091 0.04 0.087 0.14
 North Korea 0.09 0.015 0.044 0.013 0.089
 Qatar 0.08 0.095 0.026 0.099 0.124
 China 0.075 0.043 0.053 0.111 0.088
Template:Country data ERI 0.07 0.012 0.01 0.031 0.118
 Saudi Arabia 0.016 0.047 0.02 0.072 0.118

Impact and usage

A variety of other organizations use V-Dem's dataset in the construction of their indicators.[10][11] USAID's Journey to Self Reliance Country Roadmap uses V-Dem's data to inform three of its indicators: Liberal Democracy (from V-Dem's Liberal Democracy Index), Social Group Equality (from V-Dem's Social Group Equality in Respect for Civil Liberties) and Civil Society and Media Effectiveness (from V-Dem's Diagonal Accountability Index).[10] The World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators also use V-Dem's data to inform their Control of Corruption indicator (includes V-Dem's Corruption index), Rule of Law Indicator (includes V-Dem's liberal component index), and the Voice and Accountability Indicator (includes V-Dem's Expanded freedom of expression, Freedom of association, and Clean elections indicators).[11]

Digital Society Project

The Digital Society Project is a subset of indicators on V-Dem's survey which asks questions about the political status of social media and the internet.[9] Specifically, the Digital Society Project measures a range of questions related to internet censorship, misinformation online, and internet shutdowns.[12] This annual report includes 35 indicators assessing five areas: disinformation, digital media freedom, state regulation of digital media, polarization of online media, and online social cleavages.[13][14] It has been updated each year starting in 2019, with data covering from 2000-2021.[13] Similar to other expert analyses like Freedom House, these data are more prone to false positives when compared with remotely sensed data, such as that from Access Now or the OpenNet Initiative.[14]

See also

  • Democracy index

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21.
  2. ↑ Nazifa Alizada, Rowan Cole, Lisa Gastaldi, Sandra Grahn, Sebastian Hellmeier, Palina Kolvani, Jean Lachapelle, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Shreeya Pillai, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2021. Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute. https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf
  3. ↑ "New index rates countries by degree of freedom for scholars". https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/03/30/new-index-rates-countries-degree-freedom-scholars. 
  4. ↑ V-Dem Institute (2022). "The V-Dem Dataset". https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Hegedüs, Daniel (2020). "Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change. By Michael Coppedge, John Gerring, Adam Glynn, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Svend-Erik Skaaning, and Jan Teorell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 226p. $99.99 cloth." (in en). Perspectives on Politics 18 (4): 1258–1260. doi:10.1017/S1537592720003059. ISSN 1537-5927. 
  6. ↑ "New democracy dataset to 'revolutionize' democracy research". https://news.nd.edu/news/new-democracy-dataset-to-revolutionize-democracy-research/. 
  7. ↑ Tucker, Joshua. "Open data and (15 million!) new measures of democracy". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/12/open-data-and-15-million-new-measures-of-democracy/. 
  8. ↑ Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Kyle L. Marquardt, Juraj Medzihorsky, Daniel Pemstein, Nazifa Alizada, Lisa Gastaldi, Garry Hindle, Johannes von Römer, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, and Steven Wilson. 2020. “V-Dem Methodology v10”. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg,Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi,Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L.Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes vonRömer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, EitanTzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem Codebook v11"Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.[1]
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 USAID (2020) FY 2021 USAID Journey to Self-Reliance Country RoadmapMethodology Guide. https://selfreliance.usaid.gov/docs/FY_2021_USAID_Journey_to_Self-Reliance_Country_Roadmap_Methodology_Guide.pdf
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "WGI-Documents". https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/Home/Documents. 
  12. ↑ Mechkova, V., Daniel P., Brigitte S.,&Steven W. (2020). Digital Society Project Dataset v2.Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project http://digitalsocietyproject.org/
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Mechkova, Valeriya; Pemstein, Daniel; Seim, Brigitte; Wilson, Steven (2021). Digital Society Survey Codebook. Digital Society Project. http://digitalsocietyproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/DSP-Codebook-v3.pdf. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Fletcher, Terry; Hayes-Birchler, Andria (2020-07-30). "Comparing Measures of Internet Censorship: Analyzing the Tradeoffs between Expert Analysis and Remote Measurement". Data for Policy 2020. https://zenodo.org/record/3967398. 

Further reading

External links




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