Social:Zapatismo

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Zapatismo is the political philosophy identified with the ideas of Emiliano Zapata, one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution, most commonly associated with the Plan of Ayala (1911). The members of the Liberation Army of the South led by Zapata were known as "Zapatistas". Zapatismo is a form of agrarian socialism.[1]

Background

Philosophy

Emiliano Zapata

Zapatismo is primarily concerned with matters of land reform and land redistribution. The movement's earlier plans for land reform were detailed in the Plan of Ayala and the Agrarian Law written in 1915, signed by Manuel Palafox.[1] Such documents confirmed the right of the citizen to be able to possess and cultivate the land, that lands were to be fairly returned to indigenous peasant farmers, villages were to retain the right to maintain ejidos.[2] Zapatismo called for an improved system in which land claims can be processed and collective lands can be returned to their respective communities.


There are several mottos associated with the movement. One motto, "Liberty, Justice, and Law," later altered to "Reform, Liberty, Justice, and Law," is believed to have been borrowed, if not heavily influenced by Ricardo Flores Magón's anarchist newspaper Regeneración. It reflected the popular phrase used by the Mexican Liberal Party, "Tierra y Libertad," in English, "Land and Liberty."[2][3] Another motto associated with the movement is "Land belongs to those who plough."[4]

Banditry within the Movement

Zapatismo is also associated with banditry. It was a common tactic for Zapatista forces to ransack the wealthy land-owning elite in Mexico. Banditry within troops would become an increasing problem, something that Francisco I. Madero would call out and use as a slight against Zapata and Zapatismo as a whole. Fearing the ramifications of having a reputation as a bandit, Zapata would attempt to enforce rules barring troops from looting the poor.[2][3]

Mexican Revolution

During the Mexican Revolution, followers of Zapatismo would find themselves aligned with the Conventionalists in opposition to the Constitutionalists. Despite this opposition, certain Constitutionalist principles have their origins within Zapatismo.[5] The Constitutionalists own platform for land reform was inspired from Zapatismo though they differed in views of implementation.

The ideals of Zapatismo were mocked and frowned upon by Francisco I. Madero, who gave permission for the Plan of Ayala to be published so that, "everyone will know how crazy that Zapata is."[6] Zapatismo clashed with the ideologies of Venustiano Carranza and Francisco I. Madero because it was antithetical to the idea that the Mexican Revolution was the creation of the urban working class.[2]

Zapatismo belief would have a significant influence on the making of the Mexican Constitution in spite of the Zapatistas losing militarily due to the prevalence of Zapatismo within the nation. Article 27 in particular would accomplish one of the many goals of Zapatismo. It mandated the return of the lands that were privatized and taken under the control of Porfirio Díaz. It also stated that land can be taken away if it wasn't put to good use and be given to the public instead. Article 123 included labor rights for all workers, child labor laws, and laws protecting women in the workplace.[7]

After Zapata's assassination

The Zapatista Army arrives in Zócalo.
Zapatistas in Zócalo

Zapatismo continued after the assassination of Emiliano Zapata in 1919. Many of the remaining Zapatistas continued to fight Venustiano Carranza's forces, others surrendered peacefully in exchange for amnesties.[2] In 1920, Álvaro Obregón sided with the Zapatistas in a coup against Venustiano Carranza's government. This led to the installation of agrarian reforms in the state of Morelos.[8]


After Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) would declare war on the Mexican government. Their ideology (Neozapatismo) would be similar to the original Zapatismo of the Mexican Revolution but includes additional feminist and anti-neoliberal sentiments.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hart, P.  (2018, February 26). Emiliano Zapata and Revolutionary Mexico, 1910–1919. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. Retrieved 5 Mar. 2025, from https://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-450
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Womack, John (1970). Zapata and the Mexican Revolution. A Vintage book, V-627. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-394-70853-9. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Brunk, Samuel (1996). ""The Sad Situation of Civilians and Soldiers": The Banditry of Zapatismo in the Mexican Revolution". The American Historical Review 101 (2): 331–353. doi:10.2307/2170394. ISSN 0002-8762. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2170394. 
  4. ↑ González, F. (2018). Zapatismo. In A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 11 Mar. 2025, from https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199670840.001.0001/acref-9780199670840-e-1490
  5. ↑ Baitenmann H (2019). Zapata's Justice: Land and Water Conflict Resolution in Revolutionary Mexico (1914–16). Journal of Latin American Studies 51, 801–828. doi:10.1017/S0022216X19000634
  6. ↑ Garza, Hisauro A. (Summer 1979). "Political Economy and Change: The Zapatista Agrarian Revolutionary Movement.". Rural Sociology 44 (2): 281–306. 
  7. ↑ Oficial, Diario. "The Constitution of 1917 - The Mexican Revolution and the United States | Exhibitions – Library of Congress" (in en). https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mexican-revolution-and-the-united-states/constitution-of-1917.html. 
  8. ↑ Russell, Phillip (2011). The History of Mexico: From Pre-Conquest to Present. Routledge. 
  9. ↑ "The Zapatista Movement: The Fight for Indigenous Rights in Mexico" (in en-US). https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/news-item/the-zapatista-movement-the-fight-for-indigenous-rights-in-mexico/. 

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