Software:Fatal Frame

From HandWiki
Fatal Frame / Project Zero
Fatal Frame logo.png
Logo used in North American releases from the second game onward
Genre(s)Survival horror
Photography game
Developer(s)Koei Tecmo (Tecmo), Grasshopper Manufacture, Nintendo Software Planning & Development
Publisher(s)
Creator(s)Makoto Shibata, Keisuke Kikuchi
Platform(s)PlayStation 2, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo 3DS , Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Wii, Wii U, Xbox, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
First releaseFatal Frame
December 13, 2001
Latest releaseFatal Frame
March 9, 2023
Spin-offsSpirit Camera

Fatal Frame, titled Zero[lower-alpha 1] in Japan and Project Zero in Europe and Australia, is a Japanese survival horror video game series created, published and developed by Koei Tecmo (originally Tecmo). Debuting in 2001 with the first entry in the series for the PlayStation 2, the series consists of five main entries. The series is set in 1980s Japan, with each entry focusing on a location beset by hostile supernatural events. In each scenario, the characters involved in the present investigation use Camera Obscura, objects created by Dr. Kunihiko Asou that can capture and pacify spirits. The series draws on staple elements of Japanese horror, and is noted for its frequent use of female protagonists.

The series was conceived by Makoto Shibata and Keisuke Kikuchi. After being introduced to the PlayStation 2 hardware and after the success of the Silent Hill series, the pair decided to develop a horror series inspired by Shibata's own spiritual experiences and popular Japanese horror films of the time. Their main goal was to make the most frightening game experience possible. Later installments have refined the gameplay mechanics while also adding more complex narrative elements.

The series is recognized as one of the best-known horror video game franchises, and the second game in the series, Crimson Butterfly, is considered one of the scariest horror games ever made. While the sales of individual games have never been high, the series as a whole has sold over one million copies worldwide as of April 2014. Multiple Japanese media adaptations have been made, including manga and a 2014 live-action feature film.

Titles

As of 2014, the series consists of five mainline video games, not counting remakes, re-releases and spin-offs.[1] Outside their international releases, the Fatal Frame games are not numbered. This was due to the series' creators considering each entry to be a standalone game, with minimal connections to previous titles.[2] Since the fourth game, new Fatal Frame titles have been funded and co-developed by Nintendo, resulting in new series titles since the fourth game originally only appearing on Nintendo consoles.[3] Koei Tecmo would later purchase Nintendo's publishing rights for multi platform re-releases of Fatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse and Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water.

Video games

Main series

Release timeline
2001Fatal Frame
2002
2003Fatal Frame II
2004
2005Fatal Frame III
2006
2007
2008Fatal Frame
2009
2010
2011
2012Spirit Camera
Project Zero 2
2013
2014Fatal Frame

The titular first entry[lower-alpha 2] in the series was released on the PlayStation 2 in 2001 in Japan and 2002 in North America and Europe and on the Xbox in 2002 in North America and 2003 in Europe.[4][5][6] The second game, Fatal Frame II,[lower-alpha 3] was released again for PlayStation 2 in 2003 in Japan and North America, and 2004 in Europe as well as for Xbox in 2004 in North America and in 2005 in Europe.[7][8][9] Fatal Frame III[lower-alpha 4] likewise released for the PlayStation 2 in 2005 for Japan and North America, and 2006 in Europe.[10][11][12] In 2008, Fatal Frame[lower-alpha 5] released in Japan for the Wii, with no contemporaneous release overseas.[13][14] The fifth title, Fatal Frame,[lower-alpha 6] was released for the Wii U in 2014 in Japan and 2015 in North America, Europe and Australia.[15][16][17]

Re-releases and Spin-offs

The first two titles have received expanded re-releases. An expanded port of the original game was released for the Xbox in 2002 in Japan and 2003 in Western territories. It featured additional story elements, gameplay refinements and a new difficulty setting.[6][18][19] For Crimson Butterfly, a "Director's Cut" for the Xbox was released in 2004 in Japan and North America, and 2005 in Europe.[9][20][21] A new expanded remake for the Wii was released in Japan and Europe in 2012.[22][23] During Nintendo's E3 2021 Nintendo Direct, it was announced that a remaster of Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water would be available later in 2021. The new version was released on the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, and Microsoft Windows.[24] A remaster of Fatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse for the same platforms followed in 2023.

A mobile title, Real Zero, was released in 2004 for FOMA and DoCoMo mobile devices. The game involves users taking pictures of their environments and superimposing ghost images somewhere in the frame. Seventy different ghosts were available to collect, with each new ghost triggering the sending of an email to provide clues for finding the next ghost or other messages.[25][26] The game's service was terminated in 2011.[27] A spin-off for the Nintendo 3DS , Spirit Camera,[lower-alpha 7] was released in all regions in 2012.[28][29][30] The story follows a girl named Maya, who is trapped in a haunted house controlled by a mysterious woman in black, and seeks to escape the woman's control.[29]

Pachinko

In May 2020, a pachislot machine simply titled Pachislot Zero was announced by Yamasa Group. Set to be released in Japan for pachinko parlors in July 2020, the game recreates scenes from the first game in the series with updated graphics, along with additions like new characters and a third ending.[31]

Related media

To commemorate the release of Crimson Butterfly, a special interactive attraction titled Zero4D opened in 2004. It featured movie scenes designed by the same team behind the CGI movies for Crimson Butterfly.[25] A manga based on the series written by Shin Kibayashi, Fatal Frame: Shadow Priestess,[lower-alpha 8] was released in both Japanese and English through DeNA's website in July 2014.[32] A Japanese live-action movie directed by Mari Asato for Kadokawa Pictures was released in cinemas in 2014. The novel it was based on, Fatal Frame: A Curse Affecting Only Girls by Eiji Ohtsuka, was released a few months prior to the movie.[33][34]

A Hollywood film adaptation of the first game was announced in 2003. Robert Fyvolent and Mark R. Brinker were hired as the project's writers, and John Rogers was hired as its producer. The title was being produced by DreamWorks.[35] Later that year, Steven Spielberg was helping Rogers to polish the game's script, and that sessions to find a director and cast the movie would follow.[36] In 2014 alongside the formal announcement of Maiden of Black Water, it was confirmed that the Hollywood film was still planned. Now produced by Samuel Hadida, it was set to begin production after the completion and release of the game.[33] Christophe Gans said in an interview that the movie will take place in Japan in an attempt to capture its Japanese haunted house setting.[37]


Common elements

Series gameplay

The gameplay has remained consistent through the series' lifetime. Each environment is filled with ghosts, with separate games having different attack behaviors for them.[38][39] While navigating these environments, the main character's only means of defense is the Camera Obscura, which can be used to damage ghosts, capturing them on film and pacifying them. When using the camera, the view switches from a third-person to a first-person perspective. The camera locks onto a ghost, with the amount of damage dealt depending on how much of a focus the Camera Obscura has on the ghost, but ghosts fade in and out of existence, making focusing more challenging. Shots of varying closeness and angles also affect how much damage the ghost takes. The most damaging is a "fatal frame", which hits a ghost weak spot. A ghost's captured spirit energy is converted into points, which can be used to buy items to upgrade the Camera Obscura and obtain more powerful film.[40][41][42]

In addition to hostile ghosts, there are passive ghosts encountered in parts of the environment: if they are not caught on film at once, they vanish from the rest of the game. Ghosts captured on film are added to a list, which reveals a ghost's past.[38] For the first three games, navigation is done using semi-fixed third-person view of environments, with characters moving at a slow pace through them. For Mask of the Lunar Eclipse and later entries, the camera perspective was altered to a third-person over-the-shoulder view and character movement was increased a little to speed up gameplay. The ability to either dodge or break free from a ghost's grip was added in Maiden of Black Water.[1][2][40][41]

Setting

The Fatal Frame / Project Zero series is set in the 1980s, before mobile phones were commonly used in Japan. Aside from a few recurring characters, each game has a self-contained story focusing on a different supernatural threat. The main unifying factor is navigating through haunted locations struck by a supernatural catastrophe, with a recurring setting being abandoned Japanese mansions.[2] Recurring characters include Dr. Kunihiko Asou, an occultist who lived in the 1800s and created objects such as the Camera Obscura;[38] and Miku Hinasaki, the protagonist of Fatal Frame and one of three protagonists in The Tormented, who also appears in Maiden of Black Water as one of the main characters' missing mother. A second recurring feature is the exclusive or frequent use of female characters in the leading role. This was explained as being due to the overall tone of the series: since traditional violence was not used, it was better to use a female character to convey this. It was also felt that women were more spiritually aware than men.[43] Another recurring concept is a pseudo-physical location bridging the physical and spiritual worlds, inspired by a tanka written by Japanese poet Taeko Kuzuhara: these were represented by the Hellish Abyss in Crimson Butterfly and the lake in Maiden of Black Water.[44]

The first chronological entry in the series, Mask of the Lunar Eclipse, takes place in 1989. The story revolves around three girls who travel back to the fictional Rougetsu Island to recover memories of being kidnapped while they lived there ten years before. On the island, they must investigate the secrets behind a local ritual dance and an ancient mask related to the ritual.[2] Fatal Frame is set in 1986, with Crimson Butterfly being set in 1988 The Tormented is set two months after the second game's events.[43] Maiden of Black Water is set at an unspecified date after the third game. It takes place around the fictional Mount Hikami, a site infamous for suicides and rituals associated with local bodies of water. The main protagonists are each drawn to the mountain intent on rescuing someone, confronting hostile ghosts along the way.[15][45]

History and development

The concept for Fatal Frame / Project Zero first occurred by Makoto Shibata. The idea occurred after the development of Tecmo's Deception. Inspired by his own experiences of supernatural events, and heartened by the success of the Silent Hill series, Shibata and Keisuke Kikuchi set to work on creating the basics for the game. Shibata was in charge of the majority of game and scenario development, while Kikuchi was in charge of general oversight.[46] When creating the atmosphere, the team watched both high and low-budget Japanese horror films, and war films. One of their goals was to make the game as scary as possible.[2][47][48] The Camera Obscura was not in the initial discussions between Shibata and Kikuchi, with the original idea being that ghosts would be avoided and repelled by light. Ultimately, they decided to have a type of offensive power, which resulted in the Camera's creation. Kikuchi was initially opposed to the idea, but saw that it fitted very well into the game's context as development progressed.[2][47] The first game was marketed in the west as being based on a true story, and while this was not accurate, the story of Fatal Frame was inspired by both real locations noted for apparent haunting and local ghost-related folklore.[49]

For Crimson Butterfly, the team toned down the frightening aspects so players would be willing to complete a playthrough, alongside creating a stronger story. The story was inspired by a dream Shibata had, with the interpretive nature of the game's events being inspired by his feelings about the dream.[50] For The Tormented, they decided to focus on horror elements emerging out of everyday life, focusing on the effects of dreams upon reality.[51] Mask of the Lunar Eclipse was co-produced by Koei Tecmo, Nintendo and Grasshopper Manufacture, with Grasshopper Manufacture's Goichi Suda acting as a co-director with Shibata.[2][52] The gameplay was constructed around the Wii hardware, with the main concept being for players to feel the fear physically. The entire concept occurred by Kikuchi when he saw the specifications for the Wii.[2][45] Maiden of Black Water originated when Kikuchi saw the Wii U hardware, and was co-produced by Koei Tecmo and Nintendo. As they wanted to bring more people into the series, they included a stronger narrative and new gameplay elements to make the experience easier for newcomers.[45][53]

Since Crimson Butterfly, theme songs have been created for each title, primarily performed by Japanese singer Tsuki Amano. The development team wanted an image song for Crimson Butterfly, and Shibata found the then-newly debuted Amano in the Japanese independent community. Amano created the song using documents on the game's story, themes and setting.[54] Amano returned multiple times to create theme songs for The Tormented, Mask of the Lunar Eclipse, and a new theme song for the Wii remake of Crimson Butterfly.[55] She again returned for Maiden of Black Water, and a second new singer AnJu contributed a second theme song to the title.[1]

Reception

Aggregate review scores
Game Metacritic
Fatal Frame (PS2) 74/100[56]
(Xbox) 77/100[57]
Fatal Frame II (PS2) 81/100[58]
(Wii) 77/100[59]
(Xbox) 84/100[60]
Fatal Frame III (PS2) 78/100[61]
Fatal Frame (NS) 73/100[62]
(PC) 69/100[63]
(PS5) 67/100[64]
(XSXS) 64/100[65]
Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir (3DS) 54/100[66]
Fatal Frame (NS) 73/100[67]
(PC) 69/100[68]
(PS4) 71/100[69]
(PS5) 63/100[70]
(WIIU) 67/100[71]
(XSXS) 60/100[72]

In Japan, each title in the Fatal Frame / Project Zero series has seen modest success: the first game's lifetime sales are the lowest in the series, while Mask of the Lunar Eclipse currently stands as the best-selling title in the series to date.[13][73] Since its debut in 2001, the Fatal Frame series has sold 1.3 million copies worldwide.[74]

Multiple video game journalists have singled out the series. IGN's Clara Barraza, in an article on the evolution of the survival horror genre, said that the first game "broke away from the use of weapons like guns and planks of wood to switch it up and try something completely different", praising the use of the Camera Obscura in evoking a sense of fear and calling the game "[a] unique spin on the genre".[75] In a different article for IGN on the history of survival horror, editor Travis Fahs stated that the series gave a much-needed boost to the genre during a period of decline in the early 2000s, highlighting the Japanese horror aesthetic as a selling point that attracted players in tandem with the popularity of The Ring.[76] As part of an interview with the series' creators in 2006, GameSpy writer Christian Nutt referred to it as one of the three best-known horror video game series alongside Resident Evil and Silent Hill.[43] Similarly, as part of a review of Maiden of Black Water, Dennis Scimeca of The Daily Dot ranked the Fatal Frame series alongside Resident Evil and Silent Hill.[77] In an article on the series, Kotaku writer Richard Eisenbeis said that Fatal Frame succeeded in drawing his attention when most other horror games did not, generally praising the settings and the "master stroke" of the Camera Obscura in gameplay.[78] In an interview, F.E.A.R. 2 art leader Dave Matthews stated that the gameplay of F.E.A.R. 2 was influenced by the Fatal Frame series.[79] In multiple articles, Crimson Butterfly has been singled out by video game publications and industry developers as one of the scariest games of the horror genre in general.[80][81][82][83]

Notes

  1. ↑ Japanese: 零（ゼロ）
  2. ↑ Titled 零 〜zero〜 (零) in Japan and Project Zero in Europe.
  3. ↑ Titled Zero 〜Akai Chō〜 (零 〜紅い蝶〜) and Project Zero 2: Crimson Butterfly in Europe.
  4. ↑ Titled Zero: Shisei no Koe (零〜刺青ノ聲〜, lit. Zero: Voice of the Tattoo.) and Project Zero 3: The Tormented in Europe.
  5. ↑ The game has no official English title. Its Japanese title is Zero: Tsukihami no Kamen (零〜月蝕の仮面〜, lit. Zero: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse).
  6. ↑ Titled Zero: Nuregarasu no Miko (零 〜濡鴉ノ巫女〜, lit. Zero: The Raven-haired Shrine Maiden) in Japan and Project Zero: Maiden of Black Water in Europe.
  7. ↑ Titled Spirit Camera: The Possessed Notebook (心霊カメラ 〜憑いてる手帳〜, Shinrei Camera ~Tsuiteru Techou~) in Japan and Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir in Western territories.
  8. ↑ Zero: Kage Miko (零 影巫女)

References

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  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". Nintendo. 2008. http://wii.com/jp/creators-voice/zero/. 
  3. ↑ Hillier, Brenna (21 June 2012). "Report – Nintendo has co-ownership in Fatal Frame IP". https://www.vg247.com/2012/06/21/report-nintendo-has-co-ownership-in-fatal-frame-ip/. 
  4. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". Famitsu. http://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=1286. 
  5. ↑ Ahmed, Shahad (18 January 2002). "Tecmo confirms Fatal Frame release date". http://www.gamespot.com/articles/tecmo-confirms-fatal-frame-release-date/1100-2840610/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Eurogamer - Project Zero". http://www.eurogamer.net/games/project-zero. 
  7. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". Famitsu. http://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=1285. 
  8. ↑ "E3 2003: Fatal Frame II Official". 14 May 2003. http://uk.ign.com/articles/2003/05/14/e3-2003-fatal-frame-2-official. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Eurogamer - Project Zero 2: Crimson Butterfly". http://www.eurogamer.net/games/project-zero-2-crimson-butterfly. 
  10. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". Famitsu. http://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=1287. 
  11. ↑ Sulic, Ivan (8 November 2005). "Fatal Frame III To Stores". http://uk.ign.com/articles/2005/11/08/fatal-frame-iii-to-stores. 
  12. ↑ "Eurogamer - Project Zero 3: The Tormented". http://www.eurogamer.net/games/project-zero-3-tormented. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Riley, Adem (6 March 2009). "Tecmo Discusses Nintendo's Cancellation of Fatal Frame 4 Wii". Cubed3. http://www.cubed3.com/news/12486/1/tecmo-discusses-nintendos-cancellation-of-fatal-frame-4-wii.html. 
  14. ↑ Tanaka, John (28 May 2008). "Nintendo Reveals Summer Lineup in Japan". http://uk.ign.com/articles/2008/05/28/nintendo-reveals-summer-lineup-in-japan. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Sato (16 July 2014). "Fatal Frame: The Black Haired Shrine Maiden Revealed for Wii U". Siliconera. http://www.siliconera.com/2014/07/16/fatal-frame-black-haired-shrine-maiden-revealed-wii-u/. 
  16. ↑ Otero, José (1 April 2015). "Here's All the News from April's Nintendo Direct". http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/04/02/heres-all-the-news-from-aprils-nintendo-direct. 
  17. ↑ McFerran, Damien (1 April 2015). "Wii U Horror Title Fatal Frame Confirmed For Western Release Later This Year". http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2015/04/wii_u_horror_title_fatal_frame_confirmed_for_western_release_later_this_year. 
  18. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". Tecmo. http://www.tecmo.co.jp/product/ff/. 
  19. ↑ "GameSpy - Fatal Frame (Xbox)". GameSpy. http://xbox.gamespy.com/xbox/fatal-frame/. 
  20. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". Game Watch Impress. 21 October 2004. http://game.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/20041021/ff2.htm. 
  21. ↑ Adams, David (28 October 2004). "Fatal Frame II Dated". http://uk.ign.com/articles/2004/10/28/fatal-frame-2-date-confirmed. 
  22. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". Famitsu. http://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=16595. 
  23. ↑ "Eurogamer - Project Zero 2: Wii Edition". http://www.eurogamer.net/games/project-zero-2-wii-edition. 
  24. ↑ "Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water Announced For Nintendo Switch - E3 2020" (in en-sg). 2021-06-15. https://sea.ign.com/fatal-frame-maiden-of-black-water/173170/news/fatal-frame-maiden-of-black-water-announced-for-nintendo-switch-e3-2021. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". Game Watch Impress. 17 July 2004. http://game.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/20040715/tecmo.htm. 
  26. ↑ Palley, Stephan (25 September 2004). "Real: Another Edition Impressions". http://www.gamespot.com/articles/real-another-edition-impressions/1100-6108757/. 
  27. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". Real Zero Website. 31 March 2011. http://0.tecmo.jp/. 
  28. ↑ Gantayat, Anoop (16 December 2011). "Screens Of the 3DS Fatal Frame Spinoff Ghost Camera". Andriasang.com. http://andriasang.com/comzdw/ghost_camera_screens/. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Fletcher, JC (17 January 2012). "Fatal Frame spinoff Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir chills 3DS in April". Joystiq. http://www.joystiq.com/2012/01/17/fatal-frame-spinoff-spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir-chills-3ds/. 
  30. ↑ Ronaghan, Neal (26 January 2012). "Spirit Camera Coming to Europe in 2012 - News". Nintendo World Report. http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/news/29103/. 
  31. ↑ Silva, Angelo (2021-05-10). "Fatal Frame retorna... só que como máquina de pachinko" (in pt-BR). https://www.densetsugames.com.br/fatal-frame-pachislot-zero/. 
  32. ↑ "Fatal Frame Manga by Kindaichi's Amagi Gets English Release". Anime News Network. 18 July 2014. http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-07-18/fatal-frame-manga-by-kindaichi-amagi-gets-english-release/.76781. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Fatal Frame Horror Game's Hollywood Film Also Still in the Works". Anime News Network. 23 April 2014. http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-04-23/fatal-frame-horror-game-hollywood-film-also-still-in-the-works. 
  34. ↑ Romano, Sal (24 April 2014). "New Fatal Frame announced for Wii U". Gematsu. http://gematsu.com/2014/04/new-fatal-frame-announced-wii-u. 
  35. ↑ Linder, Brian (23 April 2003). "Game-to-Film Frenzy". http://uk.ign.com/articles/2003/04/23/games-to-film-frenzy. 
  36. ↑ Calvert, Justine (1 October 2003). "Fatal Frame movie update". http://www.gamespot.com/articles/fatal-frame-movie-update/1100-6076233/. 
  37. ↑ Tyler Fischer (January 31, 2020). "New Silent Hill Movie Announced". https://comicbook.com/gaming/2020/02/01/silent-hill-movie-fatal-frame-new-2020/. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Brown, Andrew (3 November 2012). "Scary Nintendo Memories - Fatal Frame". Nintendo World Report. http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/feature/32312/scary-nintendo-memories-fatal-frame. 
  39. ↑ Orry, James (6 February 2006). "Project Zero 3 Q&A". VideoGamer.com. http://www.videogamer.com/ps2/project_zero_3_the_tormented/news/project_zero_3_q_and_a.html. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Smith, David (5 March 2002). "Fatal Frame Review". http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/03/05/fatal-frame-2. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 McMahon, Conor (30 September 2015). "First Impressions: Taking A Shot At Fatal Frame: Maiden Of Black Water". http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2015/09/first_impressions_taking_a_shot_at_fatal_frame_maiden_of_black_water. 
  42. ↑ Lichi, Albert (30 September 2014). "Zero: Tsukihami no Kamen (Wii) Review". Cubed3. http://www.cubed3.com/review/1589/1/zero-tsukihami-no-kamen-nintendo-wii.html. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Nutt, Christian (22 August 2005). "Fatal Frame III: The Tormented Interview". GameSpy. http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/fatal-frame-3/644109p1.html. 
  44. ↑ . Koei. 29 November 2014. pp. 170–171. ISBN 978-4775809433. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 . Koei. 29 November 2014. ISBN 978-4775809433. 
  46. ↑ . October 2005. ISBN 978-4757724983.  Translation
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". Zero Japanese Website. 2002. http://www.tecmo.co.jp/product/zero/zero_staff_id1.htm. 
  48. ↑ Shibata, Makoto (1 May 2013). "Fatal Frame: Behind the Lens of the PS2 Horror Classic". PlayStation Blog. http://blog.us.playstation.com/2013/05/01/fatal-frame-behind-the-lens-of-the-ps2-horror-classic/. 
  49. ↑ Boulding, Aaron (23 October 2002). "Finding Fatal Frame". http://uk.ign.com/articles/2002/10/23/finding-fatal-frame. 
  50. ↑ Shibata, Makoto (2 May 2013). "Fatal Frame 2 Hits PSN Tuesday, Series Director Speaks". PlayStation Blog. http://blog.us.playstation.com/2013/05/02/fatal-frame-2-hits-psn-tuesday-series-director-speaks/. 
  51. ↑ Shibata, Makoto (1 October 2013). "Fatal Frame III: The Tormented Reemerges Today on PSN". PlayStation Blog. http://blog.us.playstation.com/2013/10/01/fatal-frame-iii-the-tormented-reemerges-today-on-psn/. 
  52. ↑ Bozon (30 January 2008). "Fatal Frame IV Preview". http://uk.ign.com/articles/2008/01/30/fatal-frame-4-preview. 
  53. ↑ (in ja)Famitsu Weekly (Enterbrain) (1347): 92–93. 25 September 2014. 
  54. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". Zero: Crimson Butterfly Official Website. 2003. http://www.tecmo.co.jp/product/zero2/kaihatu1.htm.  Translation
  55. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ja). Famitsu. 21 June 2012. http://www.famitsu.com/news/201206/21016584.html.  Translation
  56. ↑ "Fatal Frame Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/fatal-frame/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-2. 
  57. ↑ "Fatal Frame Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/fatal-frame/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox. 
  58. ↑ "Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/fatal-frame-ii-crimson-butterfly/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-2. 
  59. ↑ "Project Zero 2: Wii Edition Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/project-zero-2-wii-edition/critic-reviews/?platform=wii. 
  60. ↑ "Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly Director's Cut Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/fatal-frame-ii-crimson-butterfly-directors-cut/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox. 
  61. ↑ "Fatal Frame III: The Tormented Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/fatal-frame-iii-the-tormented/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-2. 
  62. ↑ "Fatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/fatal-frame-mask-of-the-lunar-eclipse/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch. 
  63. ↑ "Fatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/fatal-frame-mask-of-the-lunar-eclipse/critic-reviews/?platform=pc. 
  64. ↑ "Fatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/fatal-frame-mask-of-the-lunar-eclipse/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-5. 
  65. ↑ "Fatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/fatal-frame-mask-of-the-lunar-eclipse/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-series-x. 
  66. ↑ "Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir/critic-reviews/?platform=3ds. 
  67. ↑ "Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/fatal-frame-maiden-of-black-water/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch. 
  68. ↑ "Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/fatal-frame-maiden-of-black-water/critic-reviews/?platform=pc. 
  69. ↑ "Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/fatal-frame-maiden-of-black-water/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4. 
  70. ↑ "Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/fatal-frame-maiden-of-black-water/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-5. 
  71. ↑ "Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/fatal-frame-maiden-of-black-water/critic-reviews/?platform=wii-u. 
  72. ↑ "Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water Reviews". https://www.metacritic.com/game/fatal-frame-maiden-of-black-water/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-series-x. 
  73. ↑ Richards, Brian (1 October 2014). "Image: Japanese Fatal Frame sales comparison". Nintendo Everything. http://nintendoeverything.com/image-japanese-fatal-frame-sales-comparison/. 
  74. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". Japan Cinema Today. 22 April 2014. http://www.cinematoday.jp/page/N0062343. 
  75. ↑ Barraza, Clara (1 September 2008). "The Evolution of the Survival Horror Genre". http://uk.ign.com/articles/2008/09/01/the-evolution-of-the-survival-horror-genre. 
  76. ↑ Fahs, Travis (30 October 2009). "IGN Presents The History of Survival Horror". p. 6. http://uk.ign.com/articles/2009/10/30/ign-presents-the-history-of-survival-horror. 
  77. ↑ Scimeca, Dennis (19 October 2015). "Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water is a creepy return to classic survival horror". The Daily Dot. http://www.dailydot.com/geek/fatal-frame-maiden-of-black-water-review/. 
  78. ↑ Eisenbeis, Richard (10 October 2014). "Why Fatal Frame is My Favorite Horror Series". http://kotaku.com/why-fatal-frame-is-my-favorite-horror-series-1644687552. 
  79. ↑ "F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin Interview". Gamewatcher. 17 December 2008. http://www.gamewatcher.com/interviews/f-e-a-r-2-project-origin-interview/11422. 
  80. ↑ Turi, Tim (29 December 2014). "28 Developers Share Their Picks For Best Horror Games Ever". Game Informer. http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2014/09/29/28-developers-share-their-picks-for-best-horror-games-ever.aspx. Retrieved 21 October 2015. 
  81. ↑ Workman, Robert (31 October 2014). "The 50 Scariest Video Games of All Time: 10-1". Prima Games. http://www.primagames.com/games/dead-space/feature/Top-50-scariest-video-games-10-1. 
  82. ↑ "The Top Ten Survival Horror Games". 22 August 2014. http://uk.ign.com/articles/2014/08/22/the-top-10-survival-horror-games. 
  83. ↑ Jarvis, Matthew (11 August 2014). "Interview: Neil Druckmann on 'shooting for the insane' with The Last of Us". MCV. http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/interview-neil-druckmann-on-shooting-for-the-insane-with-the-last-of-us/0136656. Retrieved 21 October 2015. 
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