Stanhope Demonstrator
The Stanhope Demonstrator was the first machine to solve problems in logic.[1] It was designed by Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope to demonstrate consequences in logic symbolically.
The first model was constructed in 1775. It consisted of two slides coloured red and gray mounted in a square brass frame. This could be used to demonstrate the solution to a syllogistic type of problem in which objects might have two different properties and the question was how many would have both properties. Scales marked zero to ten were used to set the numbers or proportions of objects with the two properties.[2][3][4] This form of inference anticipated the numerically definite syllogism which Augustus De Morgan laid out in his book, Formal Logic, in 1847.[5]
Construction
The device was a brass plate about four inches square which was mounted on a piece of mahogany which was three-quarters of an inch thick. There was a opening with a depression in the wood about one and a half inches square and half an inch deep. This opening was called the holon, meaning whole, and represented the full set of objects under consideration.[3]
A slide of red translucent glass could be inserted from the right across the holon. A slide of gray wood could be slid under the red slide. When the device was used for the "Rule for the Logic of Certainty", the gray slider was inserted from the left. When it was used for the "Rule for the Logic of Probability", the gray slider was inserted from above. The red and the gray sliders represented the two affirmative propositions which were being combined. Stanhope called these ho and los.[3]
At least four of the devices with this square style were built.[3] In 1879, Robert Harley wrote that he had one which he had been given by Stanhope's great-grandson, Arthur, who had kept one.[3][6] The other two were owned by General Babbage – the son of Charles Babbage, who continued his work on the Analytical Engine.[3] One of the devices was donated to the Science Museum, London by the last Earl in 1953.[7] Other styles, such as circular models, were constructed, but these were less convenient.[3][8]
See also
- Logical piano
- Venn diagram
References
- ↑ Martin Gardner (March 1952). "Logic Machines". Scientific American 186 (3): 68–69. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0352-68. Bibcode: 1952SciAm.186c..68G. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24950629. Retrieved 20 February 2023. "...the first true logic machine, the Stanhope Demonstrator".
- ↑ F. M. Beatty (March 1955). "The Scientific Work of the Third Earl Stanhope". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 11 (2): 206–208. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1955.0008. https://www.jstor.org/stable/530960. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Robert Harley (April 1879). "The Stanhope Demonstrator". Mind (Oxford University Press) 4 (14): 192–210. doi:10.1093/mind/os-4.14.192. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2246667. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ↑ David Levy (2005), Robots Unlimited, CRC Press, p. 9–11, ISBN 9781439865637
- ↑ William Stanley Jevons (1877), The Principles of Science, Macmillan, pp. ix–x
- ↑ "Obituary notices of fellows deceased". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A 91 (623): i–v. November 1914. doi:10.1098/rspa.1914.0097.
- ↑ Stanhope square demonstrator, c.1805., The Science Museum, https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co60500/stanhope-square-demonstrator-c-1805-logic-demonstrator, retrieved 17 February 2023
- ↑ Jane Wess (July 1997), "The logic demonstrators of the 3rd Earl Stanhope (1753–1816)", Annals of Science 54 (4): 375–395, doi:10.1080/00033799700200291
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