Triptych
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A triptych (/ˈtrɪptɪk/ TRIP-tik) is a work of art (usually a panel painting) that is divided into three sections, or three carved panels that are hinged together and can be folded shut or displayed open. It is therefore a type of polyptych, the term for all multi-panel works. The middle panel is typically the largest and it is flanked by two smaller related works, although there are triptychs of equal-sized panels. The form can also be used for pendant jewelry.
Beyond its association with art, the term is sometimes used more generally to connote anything with three parts, particularly if integrated into a single unit.[1]
Etymology
The word triptych was formed in English by compounding the prefix tri- with the word diptych.[2] Diptych is borrowed from the Latin diptycha, which itself is derived from the Late Greek δίπτυχα (díptycha) 'pair of writing tablets'. δίπτυχα is the neuter plural of δίπτυχος (díptychos) 'double-folded'.[3]
In art
The triptych form appears in early Christian art, and was a popular standard format for altar paintings from the Middle Ages onwards. Its geographical range was from the eastern Byzantine churches to the Celtic churches in the west. During the Byzantine period, triptychs were often used for private devotional use, along with other relics such as icons.[4] Renaissance painters such as Hans Memling and Hieronymus Bosch used the form. Sculptors also used it. Triptych forms also allow ease of transport.
From the Gothic period onward, both in Europe and elsewhere, altarpieces in churches and cathedrals were often in triptych form. One such cathedral with an altarpiece triptych is Llandaff Cathedral. The Cathedral of Our Lady in Antwerp, Belgium, contains two examples by Rubens, and Notre Dame de Paris is another example of the use of triptych in architecture. The form is echoed by the structure of many ecclesiastical stained glass windows.
The triptych form's transportability was exploited during World War Two when a private citizens' committee in the United States commissioned painters and sculptors to create portable three-panel hinged altarpieces for use by Christian and Jewish U.S. troops for religious services.[5] By the end of the war, 70 artists had created 460 triptychs. Among the most prolific were Violet Oakley, Nina Barr Wheeler, and Hildreth Meiere.[6]
The triptych format has been used in non-Christian faiths, including, Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism. For example: the triptych Hilje-j-Sherif displayed at the National Museum of Oriental Art, Rome, Italy, and a page of the Qur'an at the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts in Istanbul, Turkey, exemplify Ottoman religious art adapting the motif.[7] Likewise, Tibetan Buddhists have used it in traditional altars.[8]
Although strongly identified as a religious altarpiece form, triptychs outside that context have been created, some of the best-known examples being works by Max Beckmann and Francis Bacon. When Bacon's 1969 triptych, Three Studies of Lucian Freud, was sold in 2013 for $142.4 million,[9] it was the highest price ever paid for an artwork at auction at that time.[10] That record was broken in May 2015 by $179.4 million for Pablo Picasso's 1955 painting Les Femmes d’Alger.[11]
In photography
A photographic triptych is a common style used in modern commercial artwork. The photographs are usually arranged with a plain border between them. The work may consist of separate images that are variants on a theme, or may be one larger image split into three.[12][13][14]
Examples
- Stefaneschi Triptych by Giotto, c. 1330
- Annunciation with St. Margaret and St. Ansanus by Simone Martini, 1333
- The Mérode Altarpiece by Robert Campin, late 1420's
- The Garden of Earthly Delights, Triptych of the Temptation of St. Anthony and The Haywain Triptych by Hieronymus Bosch
- The Portinari Altarpiece by Hugo van der Goes, c. 1475
- The Buhl Altarpiece, c. 1495
- The Raising of the Cross by Peter Paul Rubens, 1610 or 1611
- The Aino Myth triptych by Akseli Gallen-Kallela, 1891
- The Pioneer by Frederick McCubbin, 1904
- Departure by Max Beckmann, 1932–33
- Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion by Francis Bacon, 1944
Gallery
Master of Frankfurt, Sagrada Familia con ángel músico, Santa Catalina de Alejandría, Santa Bárbara, 1510–1520, Museo del Prado, Madrid
The Verdun Altar in Klosterneuburg Monastery
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See also
- Diptych
- Polyptych
- Polyvision
- Three hares – Motif of three hares in threefold rotational symmetry
References
- ↑ "Triptych". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/triptych. "Although triptych originally described a specific type of Roman writing tablet that had three hinged sections, it is not surprising that the idea was generalized first to a type of painting, and then to anything composed of three parts."
- ↑ triptych, n. (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=triptych%2C+n. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ diptych, n. (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=diptych%2C+n. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ 2014. History of the World in 1,000 Objects.London, New York. D.K. Publishing.
- ↑ Brawer, Catherine Coleman; Skolnick, Kathrine Murphy (2014). The Art Deco murals of Hildreth Meière (First ed.). New York: Andrea Monfried Editions. ISBN 978-0-9910263-0-2.
- ↑ Richmond-Moll, Jeffrey (Spring 2018). "Triptychs at War: Violet Oakley's Victory". Archives of American Art Journal 57 (1): 22–43. doi:10.1086/698334. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/698334.
- ↑ Museum With No Frontiers (2007). Discover Islamic Art in the Mediterranean. Brussels, Belgium, Beirut, Lebanon: Museum With No Frontiers, Arab Institute for Research and Publishing. p. 258. ISBN 9789953369570. https://books.google.com/books?id=gA3dSlLBG38C&q=islamic+triptych&pg=PA258. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
- ↑ Wise, Tad; Beers, Robert; Carter, David A. (August 25, 2004). Tibetan Buddhist Altars: A Pop-Up Gallery of Traditional Art and Wisdom (Hardcover). New World Library. ISBN 978-1577314677.
- ↑ "2013 Live Auction 2791 Post-War and Contemporary Evening Sale". Christie's. November 11, 2013. https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5755778.
- ↑ Vogel, Carol (November 12, 2013). "Bacon's Study of Freud Sells for $142.4 Million". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/13/arts/design/bacons-study-of-freud-sells-for-more-than-142-million.html.
- ↑ A History Of Insane Art Prices Digg.com Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ↑ Photo Answers Magazine 9 April 2009, Michael Topham
- ↑ Digital Photography School: Diptychs & Triptychs – 5 Prime Examples Elizabeth Halford
- ↑ Kay, Nate (3 January 2017), Triptych Photography Examples and Ideas, The Photo Argus, http://www.thephotoargus.com/triptych-photography-examples-and-ideas/, retrieved 28 June 2017
- ↑ Marcin Latka. "Triptych with Legend of Saint Stanislaus from Pławno". artinpl. https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/418905202840589837.
External links
- The Institution of the Eucharist at the Last Supper with St. Peter and St. Paul, Metropolitan Museum of Art
- On the triptych as a writing instrument
- Example of triptych features and restoration
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