Unsolved:Back-footed being
A back-footed being is a category of legendary creature that has backwards-facing feet or legs, from having clubfoot to being fully backward. A folkloric motif, back-footed beings are common across the world's folklore, particularly in Latin American folklore.[1]
Prevalence
Back-footed beings are largely mythic humanoids. Back-footed beings are part of folklore traditions through the Americas and Afro-Eurasia. Ancient Greek historian Megasthenes wrote of back-footed "Nuli" in India in the 4th century BCE. The motif of back-footed beings as identified in the Motif-Index of Folk-Literature includes backwards feet, backwards toes, and those that can temporarily reverse their legs and feet.[2]
The origin of stories of back-footed beings, particularly cryptids, may come from the mis-identification of animal tracks.[2]
Folkloristics
French folklore scholar Henri Gaidoz in the late 18th century noted the preponderance of back-footed beings in folklore worldwide in a set of articles in the journal Melusine. Gaidoz framed back-footedness as the expression of a base human belief that physical disabilities were malevolent, hence why many back-footed beings are antagonistic in their stories. A.T. Crawford Cree ({{{2}}}) in 1905 rejected Gaidoz' claim, pointing to benevolent back-footed beings like Cú Chulainn, Hephaestus, and Leabharcham. Cree instead conjectured that back-footed beings stem from theriomorphism - humanoid gods with animal features - and particularly from avian humanoid (ornithomorphic spirit
) legends; he claimed that backwards legs evoke avian qualities in a "less violent combination" compared to winged humanoids.[3]
Cultural anthropologist Ramón Sarró ({{{2}}}) wrote in 2008 that back-footed beings evoke digitigrade legs of animals, while retaining other human qualities, making the back-footed being distinct from both human and animal. Slovenian folklorist Monika Kropej in 2015 identified back-footed beings as an example of the 'backwards' fairy-like creatures of the Otherworld, comparable to other folkloric beings with backwards body features. Slovenian folklorist Barbara Ivančič Kutin ({{{2}}}) wrote in Folklore in 2018 that "Depictions of creatures with backward-pointing feet can, given the fact that they extend across many different parts of the world, essentially be regarded as archetypal."[1]
List of back-footed beings
| Name | Country of origin | Continent | Notes | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abarimon | India | Asia (South Asia) | Attested to by Pliny the Elder | [3] |
| Chirionossos | South America | Mythical tribe | [3] | |
| Chinigua | Margarita, Venezuela | North America (Caribbean) | [1] | |
| Churel | India | Asia (South Asia) | [3] | |
| Ciguapa | Dominican Republic | North America (Caribbean) | [1] | |
| Cú Chulainn | Ireland | Europe (British Isles) | Temporary transformation, while fighting | [3] |
| Curupira | Brazil | South America | [3] | |
| The Devil | Europe | Sometimes described with backwards knees | [3][1] | |
| Douen | throughout | North America (Caribbean) | [1] | |
| Hephaestus | Greece | Europe | Typically clubfoot, sometimes depicted with backward feet | [3] |
| Krivopeta | Slovenia | Europe | [1] | |
| Leabharcham | Ireland | Europe (British Isles) | Temporary transformation, granting running prowess | [3] |
| Masisikiri | Venezuela | South America | [1] | |
| Nuli | India | Asia (South Asia) | Attested to by Megasthenes | [2] |
| Orang Pendek | Indonesia | Asia (Southeast Asia) | [2] | |
| Siguanaba | Guatemala | North America (Central America) | [1] | |
| Sisimito | Guatemala | North America (Central America) | [2] | |
| Xəlvəlik | Armenia | Asia (West Asia) | Demon that does everything backwards, with backwards feet | [1] |
| Yeti | Himalayas | Asia | [2] |
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Kutin, Barbara Ivančič (2016). ""Krivopete": Wild Women with Backward-facing Feet in Slovenian Folk Narrative Tradition". Folklore 127 (2): 173–195. ISSN 0015-587X. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24774383.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Kirtley, Bacil F. (1964). "Unknown Hominids and New World Legends". Western Folklore 23 (2): 77–90. doi:10.2307/1498256. ISSN 0043-373X. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1498256.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Cree, A. T. Crawford (1906). "Back-Footed Beings". Folklore 17 (2): 131–140. ISSN 0015-587X. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1254331.
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