Unsolved:Grape seed extract
Grape seed extract is an industrial derivative of whole grape seeds. The extract contains proanthocyanidins.[1] Grape seed extract quality is measured by the content of procyanidins which are formed from proanthocyanidins.[2] Generally, grape seed extract quality contains 95% procyanidins, but potency varies among products.[3] Eating foods or beverages high in procyanidin results in an astringent sensation in the mouth.[4]
Extraction method
The properties of grape seed extract depend on the extraction process used to obtain it and how the grapes were grown. The classic method incorporates extraction with organic solvents such as acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and methanol.[5] Other methods using hot water have been used, but they are not as effective at maximizing extract production in both quantity and efficiency. High performance liquid chromatography seems to be the most effective analysis along with proton NMR spectroscopy with principal component analysis to ensure accurate composition.[5]
Research
A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials concluded that grape seed extract, in a dose of under 800 milligrams per day over at least 8 weeks, significantly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure, although the amounts were small (3–6 mmHg) and occurred only in obese people under age 50 with existing metabolic syndrome and hypertension.[6] An earlier meta-analysis reported lower systolic blood pressure and heart rate, with no effect on blood lipids or C-reactive protein levels.[7]
The US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health reported that oral administration of grape seed extract (dose and frequency unreported) was well tolerated in people over 14 weeks.[1] Side effects may include itchy scalp, dizziness, headache, high blood pressure, and nausea.[1] Grape seed extract is sold as a dietary supplement, but there is insufficient medical evidence it provides any effect on human health.[1]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Grape Seed Extract, Herbs at a Glance". US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health. September 2016. https://nccih.nih.gov/health/grapeseed/ataglance.htm.
- ↑ Rue, Emily A.; Rush, Michael D.; van Breemen, Richard B. (9 May 2017). "Procyanidins: a comprehensive review encompassing structure elucidation via mass spectrometry". Phytochemistry Reviews 17 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1007/s11101-017-9507-3. PMID 29651231.
- ↑ Wanwimolruk, S; Phopin, K; Prachayasittikul, V (2014). "Cytochrome P450 enzyme mediated herbal drug interactions (Part 2).". EXCLI Journal 13: 869–96. PMID 26417310.
- ↑ Payne, Caroline; Bowyer, Paul K.; Herderich, Markus; Bastian, Susan E.P. (15 July 2009). "Interaction of astringent grape seed procyanidins with oral epithelial cells" (in en). Food Chemistry 115 (2): 551–557. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.061. ISSN 0308-8146.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Zhu, Lei; Zhang, Yali; Lu, Jiang (14 March 2012). "Phenolic Contents and Compositions in Skins of Red Wine Grape Cultivars among Various Genetic Backgrounds and Originations". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13 (3): 3492–3510. doi:10.3390/ijms13033492. ISSN 1422-0067. PMID 22489164.
- ↑ "The impact of grape seed extract treatment on blood pressure changes: A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials". Medicine (Baltimore) 95 (33): e4247. 2016. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004247. PMID 27537554.
- ↑ Feringa, Harm H.H.; Laskey, Dayne A.; Dickson, Justine E.; Coleman, Craig I. (2011). "The effect of grape seed extract on cardiovascular risk markers: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111 (8): 1173–81. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.05.015. PMID 21802563.
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