View source for Earth:Taupō Volcanic Zone

{{Short description|Active volcanic zone in New Zealand}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox landform
| name              = Taupō Volcanic Zone
| other_name        = 
| native_name       = 
| type              = [[Earth:Volcano|Volcanic area]]
| photo             = Taupo.Volcanic.Zone.North.Island.NZ.JPG
| photo_width       = 
| photo_alt         = 
| photo_caption     = Volcano and historic lake/caldera locations in the Taupō Volcanic Zone. The distance between the town of Rotorua and the town of Taupō is 80 km. (White Island is not shown.)
| map               = New Zealand#North Island
| map_width         = 
| map_caption       = Location of Taupō Volcanic Zone in [[Earth:New Zealand|New Zealand]]
| map_alt           = 
| relief            = yes
| label             = 
| label_position    = top
| mark              = 
| marker_size       = 
| location          = North Island
| coordinates       = {{Coord|38|40|00|S|176|01|00|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} 
| coordinates_ref   = 
| range             = 
| part_of           = 
| water_bodies      = 
| elevation_ft      = <!-- or |elevation_m = -->
| elevation_ref     = 
| surface_elevation_ft = <!-- or |surface_elevation_m = -->
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| highest_point     = [[Earth:Mount Ruapehu|Mount Ruapehu]]
| highest_elevation = {{convert|2797|m|abbr=on}}
| highest_coords    = {{coord|39|17|S|175|34|E|type:mountain_region:NZ_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline}}
| length            = 
| width             = 
| area              = <!-- {{Convert|NN|ha|acres}} -->
| depth             = 
| drop              = 
| formed_by         = Volcanic action
| geology           = see [[Earth:Taupō Rift|Taupō Rift]]
| age               = Miocene - [[Earth:Holocene|Holocene]]
| orogeny           = 
| topo              = 
| operator          = 
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| website           = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
}}

The '''Taupō Volcanic Zone''' ('''TVZ''') is a [[Earth:Volcano|volcanic]] area in the North Island of [[Earth:New Zealand|New Zealand]] that has been active for at least the past two million years and is still highly active. 
[[Earth:Mount Ruapehu|Mount Ruapehu]] marks its south-western end and the zone runs north-eastward through the Taupō and Rotorua areas and offshore into the Bay of Plenty. It is part of the larger Central Volcanic Region that extends further westward through the western Bay of Plenty to the eastern side of the Coromandel Peninsula and has been active for four million years.<ref name=Cole1995>{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=J.W. |last2=Darby |first2=D.J. |last3=Stern |first3=T.A. |year=1995 |chapter=Taupo Volcanic Zone and Central Volcanic Region: Backarc Structures of North Island, New Zealand |editor-last=Taylor |editor-first=Brian |title=Backarc Basins: Tectonics and Magmatism |location=New York |publisher=Plenum |page=3 |isbn=978-1-4615-1843-3}}</ref> At Taupō the [[Earth:Rift|rift]] volcanic zone is widening east–west at the rate of about 8&nbsp;mm per year while at Mount Ruapehu it is only 2–4&nbsp;mm per year but this increases at the north eastern end at the Bay of Plenty coast to 10–15&nbsp;mm per year.<ref name="Rifting">{{Cite journal |last1=Villimor |first1=P. |last2=Berryman |first2=K. R. |last3=Ellis |first3=S. M. |last4=Schreurs |first4=G. |last5=Wallace |first5=L. M. |last6=Leonard |first6=G. S. |last7=Langridge |first7=R. M. |last8=Ries |first8=W. F. |date=2017-10-04 |title=Rapid Evolution of Subduction-Related Continental Intraarc Rifts: The Taupo Rift, New Zealand |journal=Tectonics |language=en |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=2250–2272 |bibcode=2017Tecto..36.2250V |doi=10.1002/2017TC004715 |s2cid=56356050|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is named after [[Earth:Lake Taupō|Lake Taupō]], the flooded [[Earth:Caldera|caldera]] of the largest volcano in the zone, the [[Earth:Taupō Volcano|Taupō Volcano]] and contains a large central [[Earth:North Island Volcanic Plateau|volcanic plateau]] as well as other landforms associated with its containing [[Earth:Tectonics|tectonic]] intra-arc continental [[Earth:Taupō Rift|Taupō Rift]].

==Activity==
[[File:MountNgauruhoe.jpg|thumb|left|Mount Ngauruhoe]]
last1=Kósik|
first1=Szabolcs|
last2=Nemeth|
first2=Karoly|
last3=Danisik|
first3=Martin|
last4=Procter|
first4=Jonathan|
last5=Schmitt|
first5=Axel|
last6=Friedrichs|
first6=Bjarne|
last7=Stewart|
first7=Robert|
date=2021-01-19|
title=Shallow subaqueous to emergent intra-caldera silicic volcanism of the Motuoapa Peninsula, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand – New constraints from geologic mapping, sedimentology and zircon geochronology|
volume=411|
doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107180|
journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|
page=107180|
s2cid=233771486|
url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348594991
}}</ref> Both the [[Earth:Taupō Volcano|Taupō Volcano]] and the Ōkataina Caldera have had multiple eruptions in the last 25,000 years. The zone's largest eruption since the arrival of Europeans was that of [[Earth:Mount Tarawera|Mount Tarawera]] (within the Ōkataina Caldera) in 1886, which killed over 100&nbsp;people. Early Māori would also have been affected by the much larger Kaharoa eruption from Tarawera around 1315 CE.<ref name="Bonadonna 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Bonadonna |first1=C. |last2=Connor |first2=C. B. |last3=Houghton |first3=B. F. |last4=Connor |first4=L. |last5=Byrne |first5=M. |last6=Laing |first6=A. |last7=Hincks |first7=T.K. |title=Probabilistic modeling of tephra dispersal: Hazard assessment of a multiphase rhyolitic eruption at Tarawera, New Zealand |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |date=2005-03-15 |volume=110 |issue=B3 |doi=10.1029/2003JB002896 |bibcode=2005JGRB..110.3203B |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2003JB002896}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=David |first=Lowe |chapter=Polynesian settlement and impacts of volcanism on early Maori society |pages=50–55 |editor-last=Lowe |editor-first=D.J. |chapter-url=http://earth.waikato.ac.nz/staff/lowe/download/Rotorua_Land_and_Lakes_field_trip_NZSSS-1_Dec_06-web.pdf |title=Guidebook for 'Land and Lakes' field trip, New Zealand Society of Soil Science Biennial Conference, Rotorua, held in 27–30 November 2006|year=2006 |publisher=New Zealand Society of Soil Science |place=Lincoln }}</ref>

The last major eruption from Lake Taupō, the [[Earth:Hatepe eruption|Hatepe eruption]], occurred in 232&nbsp;CE.<ref name="Illsley-Kemp 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Illsley-Kemp |first1=Finnigan |last2=Barker |first2=Simon J. |last3=Wilson |first3=Colin J. N. |last4=Chamberlain |first4=Calum J.|last5=Hreinsdóttir |first5=Sigrún|last6=Ellis |first6=Susan|last7=Hamling |first7=Ian J. |last8=Savage |first8=Martha K.|last9=Mestel |first9=Eleanor R. H. |last10=Wadsworth |first10=Fabian B. |title=Volcanic Unrest at Taupō Volcano in 2019: Causes, Mechanisms and Implications|journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems|date=2021-06-01 |volume=22|issue=6 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1029/2021GC009803|bibcode=2021GGG....2209803I |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is believed to have first emptied the lake, then followed that feat with a pyroclastic flow that covered about {{convert|20000|km2|abbr=on}} of land with [[Earth:Volcanic ash|volcanic ash]]. A total of {{convert|120|km3|abbr=on}} of material expressed as [[Earth:Dense-rock equivalent|dense-rock equivalent]] (DRE) is believed to have been ejected, and over {{convert|30|km3|abbr=on}} of material is estimated to have been ejected in just a few minutes. The date of this activity was previously thought to be 186 AD as the ash expulsion was thought to be sufficiently large to turn the sky red over [[Place:Rome|Rome]] and {{wipe|China}} (as documented in Hou Han Shu), but this has since been disproven.<ref name="Illsley-Kemp 2021" />

Whakaari / White Island had a major, edifice failure collapse of its volcano dated to 946&nbsp;BCE ± 52 years. It has been suggested that this was the cause of the tsunami tens of metres tall that went up to {{convert|7|km}} inland in the Bay of Plenty at about this time. Although significant tsunami's can be associated with volcanic eruptions, it is unknown if the cause was a relatively small eruption of Whakaari or another cause such as a large local earthquake<ref name="de Lange 2016">{{cite book |last1=de Lange |first1=Willem |last2=Moon |first2=Vicki |title=Volcanic generation of tsunamis: Two New Zealand palaeo-events in Submarine Mass Movements and their Consequences |year=2016 |at=56 |url=https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10289/11788/deLange+Moon-V5%20(2).pdf?sequence=42}}</ref>

Taupō erupted an estimated {{convert|1170|km3|abbr=on}} of DRE material in its [[Earth:Oruanui eruption|Oruanui eruption]] 25,580&nbsp;years ago.<ref name="Dunbar 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dunbar |first1=Nelia W. |last2=Iverson |first2=Nels A. |last3=Van Eaton |first3=Alexa R. |last4=Sigl |first4=Michael |last5=Alloway |first5=Brent V. |last6=Kurbatov |first6=Andrei V. |last7=Mastin |first7=Larry G. |last8=McConnell |first8=Joseph R. |last9=Wilson |first9=Colin J. N. |title=New Zealand supereruption provides time marker for the Last Glacial Maximum in Antarctica |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2017-09-25 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=12238 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-11758-0 |pmid=28947829 |pmc=5613013 |bibcode=2017NatSR...712238D }}</ref> This was Earth's most recent eruption reaching VEI-8, the highest level on the [[Earth:Volcanic Explosivity Index|Volcanic Explosivity Index]].

The Rotorua caldera has been dormant longer, with its main eruption occurring about 225,000&nbsp;years ago, although [[Earth:Lava dome|lava dome]] extrusion has occurred within the last 25,000 years.<ref name="Milner2001">{{cite thesis|last1=Milner |first1=David M |title=The structure and eruptive history of Rotorua Caldera, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand |url=https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/handle/10092/12722 |year=2001}}</ref><ref name="gvp">{{cite gvp | vn =241816 | title =Rotorua | access-date = 2010-08-31 }}</ref>

==Extent and geological context==
[[File:White Island cropped.jpg|thumb|left|Whakaari / White Island]]
[[File:Lady Knox Geyser.jpg|thumb|left|Lady Knox Geyser, Waiotapu geothermal area]]
The Taupō volcanic zone is approximately {{convert|350|km|0}} long by {{convert|50|km|0}} wide. Mount Ruapehu marks its southwestern end, while Whakaari / White Island is considered its northeastern limit.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/00288306.1993.9514588 |last1=Gamble |first1=J. A. |first2=I. C. |last2=Wright |first3=J. A. |last3=Baker |year=1993 |url=http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjgg/1993/40.php |title=Seafloor geology and petrology in the oceanic to continental transition zone of the Kermadec-Havre-Taupo Volcanic Zone arc system, New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |volume=36 |pages=417–435 |issue=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122075312/http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjgg/1993/40.php |archive-date=2008-11-22 }}</ref>

It forms a southern portion of the active [[Earth:Lau Basin|Lau-Havre-Taupō]] [[Earth:Back-arc basin|back-arc basin]], which lies behind the Kermadec-Tonga Subduction Zone.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2019 |title=Early evolution of a young back-arc basin in the Havre Trough |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=12 |pages=856–862 |doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0439-y |first1=F. |last1=Caratori Tontini |first2=D. |last2=Bassett |first3=C. E. J. |last3=de Ronde |first4=C. |last4=Timm |first5=R. |last5=Wysoczanski|s2cid=202580942 |issue=10 |bibcode=2019NatGe..12..856C |url=http://oceanrep.geomar.de/47797/13/pm_2019_44_plattenbewegung-NZ.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |year=1996 |title=The Lau-Havre-Taupo back-arc basin: A southward-propagating, multi-stage evolution from rifting to spreading |journal=Tectonophysics |volume=263 |issue=1–4 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00029-7 |first1=L. M. |last1=Parson |first2=I. C. |last2=Wright |bibcode=1996Tectp.263....1P}}</ref> Mayor Island and Mount Taranaki are recently active back arc volcanoes on the New Zealand extension of this arc. Mayor Island / Tūhua is the northern-most shield volcano adjacent to the New Zealand coast, and is believed to have been active in the last 1000 years.<ref name="Houghton1995">{{Cite journal |last1 = Houghton|first1 = B.F. |last2=Wilson |first2= J. N. C|last3=Weaver|first3=S.D.|last4=Lanphere |first4= M.A.|last5= Barclay |first5=J|year= 1995|title = Mayor Island Geology|journal = Volcanic Hazards at Mayor Island. [Palmerston North, NZ]: Ministry of Civil Defence. Volcanic Hazards Information Series 6. |pages = 1–23 |url= https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Volcanoes/New-Zealand-Volcanoes/Volcano-Geology-and-Hazards/Mayor-Island-Geology}}</ref>  It is formed from [[Earth:Rhyolite|rhyolite]] magma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Houghton| first1 = Bruce F. |last2=Weaver |first2=S.D. |last3=Wilson |first3= J. N.|last4=Lanphere |first4= M.A.|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/037702739290124V|title = Evolution of a quaternary peralkaline volcano: Mayor Island, New Zealand.| journal = Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research| volume= 51 | issue = 3 |pages = 217–236 |year = 1992|doi = 10.1016/0377-0273(92)90124-V| bibcode = 1992JVGR...51..217H }}</ref> It has a quite complex eruptive history but only with one definite significant [[Earth:Plinian eruption|Plinian eruption]].<ref name="Houghton1995"/> [[Earth:Mount Taranaki|Mount Taranaki]] is an [[Earth:Andesite|andesite]] cone and the most recent of four Taranaki volcanoes about {{convert|140|km|abbr=on}} west of the Taupō Volcanic Zone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Price|first1=R. C.  |last2=Stewart |first2=R. B. |last3=Woodhead|first3=J. D.|last4= Smith |first4= I. E. M. |title = Petrogenesis of High-K Arc Magmas: Evidence from Egmont Volcano, North Island, New Zealand|journal= Journal of Petrology|volume = 40|issue = 1|year = 1999|pages=167–197 |url=https://academic.oup.com/petrology/article/40/1/167/1572845  |doi = 10.1093/petroj/40.1.167|doi-access= free}}</ref>

Within the Taupō volcanic zone, intra-arc extension is expressed as normal faulting within a zone known as the [[Earth:Taupō Rift|Taupō Rift]].<ref name="Holden2015">{{Cite journal |date=2015-07-28 |last1 =Holden|first1 =Lucas|last2 =Wallace|first2= L.|last3 = Beavan|first3 =J.|last4 =Fournier|first4 =Nico|last5 = Cas|first5 = Raymond|last6= Ailleres|first6 = Laurent|last7 = Silcock|first7 = David.|title =Contemporary ground deformation in the Taupo Rift and Okataina Volcanic Centre from 1998 to 2011, measured using GPS.|journal =Geophysical Journal International|volume = 202|issue =3|pages =2082–2105|url =https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/202/3/2082/609241|doi =10.1093/gji/ggv243|doi-access = free}}</ref> Volcanic activity continues to the north-northeast, along the line of the Taupō Volcanic Zone, through several undersea volcanoes in the South Kermadec Ridge Seamounts, then shifts eastward to the parallel [[Earth:Volcanic arc|volcanic arc]] of the Kermadec Islands and Tonga. Although the back-arc basin continues to propagate to the southwest, with the South [[Earth:Wanganui Basin|Wanganui Basin]] forming an initial back-arc basin, volcanic activity has not yet begun in this region.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/00288306.2006.9515145 |first1=P. |last1=Villamor |first2=K. R. |last2=Berryman |year=2006 |title=Evolution of the southern termination of the Taupo Rift, New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |volume=49 |pages=23–37 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

South of Kaikōura the plate boundary changes to a transform boundary with oblique [[Earth:Continental collision|continental collision]] uplifting the Southern Alps in the South Island. A subduction zone reappears southwest of Fiordland, at the southwestern corner of the South Island, although here the subduction is in the opposite direction. Solander Island / Hautere is an extinct volcano associated with this subduction zone, and the only one that protrudes above the sea.
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  at:01/01/1835 shift:(265,-5) textcolor:red text: 5 4 3 2 1
  at:01/01/2035 shift:(20,-4) text: Recent eruptions Taupō Volcanic Zone
  at:01/01/2033 shift:(240,-4) textcolor:red text: Eruptive Index
  at:01/01/2031 shift:(265,-4) textcolor:red text: 5 4 3 2 1
  at:01/01/2033 shift:(30,-4) textcolor:tan2 text: NOTE - most E.I. from https://volcano.si.edu
  at:01/01/2031 shift:(30,-4) textcolor:tan2 text: Corrected E.I. from https://www.gns.cri.nz
  at:01/06/1836 shift:(10,-5) textcolor:tan2 fontsize:XS text: 1836&nbsp;Whakaari
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  at:01/01/1862 shift:(100,-3) fontsize:XS text: Jan 1862&nbsp;Tongariro
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  at:10/06/1886 shift:(100,-3) fontsize:XS text: 10 Jun 1886&nbsp;Tarawera
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  bar:test at:01/06/1897 mark:(line,magenta)
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  bar:test at:01/01/1898 mark:(line,magenta)
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  at:01/06/1905 shift:(190,-8) textcolor:tan2 fontsize:XS text: 1905&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
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  at:01/03/1906 shift:(100,-5) fontsize:XS text: Mar 1906&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/03/1906 mark:(line,coral)
  at:15/03/1906 shift:(10,-4) fontsize:XS text: 15 Mar 1906&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:15/03/1906 mark:(line,red)
  at:01/02/1907 shift:(190,-3) fontsize:XS text: Feb 1907&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/02/1907 mark:(line,coral)
  at:01/11/1907 shift:(100,-4) fontsize:XS text: Nov 1907&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/11/1907 mark:(line,coral)
  at:01/10/1908 shift:(10,-8) fontsize:XS text: 1 Oct 1908&nbsp;Okataina
  bar:test at:01/10/1908 mark:(line,orange)
  at:28/11/1908 shift:(190,-4) textcolor:tan2 fontsize:XS text: 28 Nov 1908&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:28/11/1908 mark:(line,pink)	
  at:01/03/1909 shift:(100,-2) fontsize:XS text: Mar 1909&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/03/1909 mark:(line,coral)
  at:13/05/1909 shift:(10,-4) fontsize:XS text: 13 May 1909&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:13/05/1909 mark:(line,pink)	
  at:01/01/1910 shift:(190,-2) fontsize:XS text: Jan 1910&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/01/1910 mark:(line,coral)
  at:24/07/1910  shift:(100,-1) fontsize:XS text: 24 Jul 1910&nbsp;Okataina
  bar:test at:24/07/1910 mark:(line,orange)
  at:01/10/1910 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text: Oct 1910&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/10/1910 mark:(line,coral)
  at:01/04/1912 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text: Apr 1912&nbsp;Okataina
  bar:test at:01/04/1912 mark:(line,orange)
  at:01/01/1913 shift:(190,-6) fontsize:XS text: Jan 1913&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/01/1913 mark:(line,coral)
  at:27/01/1913 shift:(100,-6) fontsize:XS text: 27 Jan 1913&nbsp;Okataina
  bar:test at:27/01/1913 mark:(line,orange)
  at:01/05/1913 shift:(190,-2) fontsize:XS text: May 1913&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/05/1913 mark:(line,coral)
  at:28/01/1914 shift:(100,-3) fontsize:XS text: 28 Jan 1914&nbsp;Okataina
  bar:test at:28/01/1914 mark:(line,orange)
  at:01/09/1914 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text: Sep 1914&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/09/1914 mark:(line,coral)
  at:04/02/1915 shift:(190,-3) fontsize:XS text: 4 Feb 1915&nbsp;Okataina
  bar:test at:04/02/1915 mark:(line,orange)
  at:05/11/1915 shift:(100,-3) fontsize:XS text: 5 Nov 1915&nbsp;Okataina
  bar:test at:05/11/1915 mark:(line,orange)
  at:24/03/1917 shift:(10,-3) textcolor:tan2 fontsize:XS text: 1918&nbsp;Okataina
  bar:test at:24/03/1917 mark:(line,orange)
  at:01/10/1917 shift:(190,-3) fontsize:XS text: Oct 1917&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/10/1917 mark:(line,coral)
  at:01/09/1918 shift:(100,-3) fontsize:XS text: 1918&nbsp;Okataina
  bar:test at:01/09/1918 mark:(line,orange)
  at:29/06/1918 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text: 29 Jun 1918&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:29/06/1918 mark:(line,red)
  at:01/10/1921 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text: Oct 1921&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:01/10/1921 mark:(line,red)
  at:01/06/1922 shift:(190,-6) textcolor:tan2 fontsize:XS text: 1922&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:01/06/1922 mark:(line,pink)	
  at:01/09/1924 shift:(100,-12) fontsize:XS text: 1924&nbsp;Okataina
  bar:test at:01/09/1924 mark:(line,orange)
  at:01/03/1924 shift:(10,-7) fontsize:XS text: 1924&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:01/03/1924 mark:(line,pink)	
  at:09/01/1924 shift:(190,-6) fontsize:XS text: 9 Jan 1924&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:09/01/1924 mark:(line,coral)
  at:22/05/1924 shift:(100,-4) fontsize:XS text: 22 May 1924&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:22/05/1924 mark:(line,coral)
  at:01/10/1924 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text: Oct 1924&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/10/1924 mark:(line,coral)
  at:22/01/1925 shift:(190,-4) fontsize:XS text: 22 Jan 1925&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:22/01/1925 mark:(line,red)
  at:01/11/1925 shift:(100,-2) fontsize:XS text: Nov 1925&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/11/1925 mark:(line,coral)
  at:03/02/1926 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text: 3 Feb 1926&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:03/02/1926 mark:(line,pink)	
  at:16/04/1926 shift:(190,-2) fontsize:XS text: 16 Apr 1926&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:16/04/1926 mark:(line,coral)
  at:17/11/1926  shift:(100,-1) fontsize:XS text: 17 Nov 1926&nbsp;Okataina
  bar:test at:17/11/1926 mark:(line,orange)
  at:21/12/1926 shift:(10,1) fontsize:XS text: 21 Dec 1926&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:21/12/1926 mark:(line,coral)
  at:01/06/1927 shift:(190,-1) textcolor:tan2 fontsize:XS text: 1927&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/06/1927 mark:(line,coral)
  at:03/03/1928 shift:(100,1) fontsize:XS text: 3 Mar 1928&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:03/03/1928 mark:(line,coral)
  at:01/07/1928 shift:(10,1) fontsize:XS text: Jul 1928&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/07/1928 mark:(line,coral)
  at:01/09/1928 shift:(190,0) fontsize:XS text: 1 Sep 1928&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:01/09/1928 mark:(line,pink)	
  at:16/03/1930 shift:(100,-1) fontsize:XS text: 16 Mar 1930&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:16/03/1930 mark:(line,pink)	
  at:01/02/1931 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text: Feb 1931&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/02/1931 mark:(line,coral)
  at:02/04/1933 shift:(10,-5) fontsize:XS text: 2 Apr 1933&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:02/04/1933 mark:(line,pink)	
  at:01/06/1934 shift:(190,-6) fontsize:XS text: Jun 1934&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/06/1934 mark:(line,coral)
  at:11/08/1934 shift:(100,-3) fontsize:XS text: Aug 1934&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:11/08/1934 mark:(line,red)
  at:31/12/1934 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text: Dec 1934&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/12/1934 mark:(line,coral)
  at:01/12/1934 shift:(190,-1) fontsize:XS text: Dec 1934&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:01/12/1934 mark:(line,red)
  at:09/05/1936 shift:(100,-3) fontsize:XS text: 9 May 1936&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:09/05/1936 mark:(line,red)
  at:01/01/1937 shift:(10,-4) fontsize:XS text: Jan 1937&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/01/1937 mark:(line,coral)
  at:01/08/1939 shift:(10,-5) fontsize:XS text: Aug 1939&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/08/1939 mark:(line,coral)
  at:01/04/1940 shift:(100,-3) fontsize:XS text: Apr 1940&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:01/04/1940 mark:(line,red)
  at:01/09/1940 shift:(10,-2) fontsize:XS text: Sep 1940&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/09/1940 mark:(line,coral)
  at:10/08/1942 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text: 10 Aug 1942&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:10/08/1942 mark:(line,red)
  at:01/10/1944 shift:(190,-3) fontsize:XS text: Oct 1944&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:01/10/1944 mark:(line,red)
  at:08/03/1945 shift:(100,-3) fontsize:XS text: 8 Mar 1945&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:08/03/1945 mark:(line,red)
  at:02/04/1946 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text: Apr 1946&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:02/04/1946 mark:(line,red)
  at:21/11/1946 shift:(190,-4) fontsize:XS text: 21 Nov 1946&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:21/11/1946 mark:(line,red)
  at:02/01/1947 shift:(100,-3) fontsize:XS text: Jan 1947&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:02/01/1947 mark:(line,pink)
  at:30/04/1948 shift:(10,-6) fontsize:XS text: 30 Apr 1948&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:30/04/1948 mark:(line,coral)
  at:01/05/1948 shift:(190,-4) fontsize:XS text: 1 May 1948&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:01/05/1948 mark:(line,red)
  at:01/09/1948 shift:(100,-3) fontsize:XS text: Sep 1948&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/09/1948 mark:(line,coral)
  at:09/02/1949 shift:(10,-2) fontsize:XS text: 9 Feb 1949&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:09/02/1949 mark:(line,coral)
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  bar:test at:16/06/1950 mark:(line,coral)
  at:26/06/1950 shift:(100,-4) fontsize:XS text: 26 Jun 1950&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:26/06/1950 mark:(line,red)
  at:19/03/1951 shift:(10,-4) fontsize:XS text: 19 Mar 1951&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:19/03/1951 mark:(line,red)
  at:16/05/1951 shift:(190,-3) fontsize:XS text: 16 May 1951&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:16/05/1951  mark:(line,coral)
  at:16/06/1951 shift:(100,-2) fontsize:XS text: 16 Jun 1951&nbsp;Okataina
  bar:test at:16/06/1951 mark:(line,orange)
  at:16/07/1952 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text: 16 Jul 1952&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:16/07/1952 mark:(line,red)
  at:29/11/1952 shift:(190,-3) fontsize:XS text: 29 Nov 1952&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:29/11/1952  mark:(line,coral)
  at:28/12/1953 shift:(100,-4) fontsize:XS text: 28 Dec 1953&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:28/12/1953   mark:(line,coral)
  at:13/05/1954 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text: 13 May 1954&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:13/05/1954  mark:(line,coral)
  at:16/01/1955 shift:(190,-4) fontsize:XS text: 16 Jan 1955&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:16/01/1955 mark:(line,pink)
  at:11/01/1956 shift:(100,-4) fontsize:XS text: 11 Jan 1956&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:11/01/1956  mark:(line,coral)
  at:18/11/1956 shift:(10,-4) fontsize:XS text: 18 Nov 1956&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:18/11/1956 mark:(line,red)
  at:11/12/1957 shift:(190,-6) fontsize:XS text: 11 Dec 1957&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:11/12/1957 mark:(line,pink)
  at:05/11/1958 shift:(100,-6) fontsize:XS text: 5 Nov 1958&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:05/11/1958  mark:(line,coral)
  at:16/12/1958 shift:(10,-6) fontsize:XS text: 16 Dec 1958&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:16/12/1958 mark:(line,pink)
  at:21/05/1959 shift:(190,-2) fontsize:XS text: 21 May 1959&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:21/05/1959 mark:(line,red)
  at:01/06/1959 shift:(100,-2) fontsize:XS text: 1 Jun 1959&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:01/06/1959  mark:(line,coral)
  at:14/12/1959 shift:(10,-2) fontsize:XS text: 14 Dec 1959&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:14/12/1959 mark:(line,pink)
  at:24/05/1962 shift:(100,-3) fontsize:XS text: 24 May 1962&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:24/05/1962  mark:(line,coral)
  at:15/12/1962 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text: 15 Dec 1962&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:15/12/1962 mark:(line,pink)
  at:04/04/1966 shift:(190,-7) fontsize:XS text: 4 Apr 1966&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:04/04/1966 mark:(line,red) 
  at:13/11/1966 shift:(100,-10) fontsize:XS text: 13 Nov 1966&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:13/11/1966 mark:(line,pink)
  at:22/07/1967 shift:(10,-11) fontsize:XS text: 22 Jul 1967&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:22/07/1967 mark:(line,red) 
  at:27/01/1968 shift:(190,-9) fontsize:XS text: 27 Jan 1968&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:27/01/1968 mark:(line,pink)
  at:06/04/1968 shift:(100,-9) fontsize:XS text: 6 Apr 1968&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:06/04/1968 mark:(line,red) 
  at:18/08/1968 shift:(10,-9) fontsize:XS text: 18 Aug 1968&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:18/08/1968  mark:(line,coral)
  at:21/01/1969 shift:(190,-6) fontsize:XS text: 21 Jan 19692&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:21/01/1969  mark:(line,coral)
  at:22/06/1969 shift:(100,-8) fontsize:XS text: 22 Jun 1969&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:22/06/1969 mark:(line,red) 
  at:16/08/1969 shift:(10,-6) fontsize:XS text: 16 Aug 1969&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:16/08/1969 mark:(line,pink)
  at:30/06/1970 shift:(190,-5) fontsize:XS text: 30 Jun 1970&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:30/06/1970 mark:(line,pink)
  at:16/09/1970 shift:(100,-8) fontsize:XS text: 16 Sep 1970&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:16/09/1970 mark:(line,red) 
  at:03/04/1971 shift:(10,-7) fontsize:XS text: 3 Apr 1971&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:03/04/1971 mark:(line,red) 
  at:09/04/1971 shift:(190,-3) fontsize:XS text: 9 Apr 1971&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:09/04/1971 mark:(line,pink)
  at:19/07/1971 shift:(100,-5) fontsize:XS text: 19 Jul 1971&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:19/07/1971 mark:(line,pink)
  at:19/03/1972 shift:(10,-4) fontsize:XS text: 19 Mar 1972&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:19/03/1972  mark:(line,coral)
  at:22/10/1972 shift:(190,-4) fontsize:XS text: 22 Oct 1972&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:22/10/1972 mark:(line,red) 
  at:22/11/1972 shift:(100,-4) fontsize:XS text: 22 Nov 1972&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:22/11/1972 mark:(line,coral)
  at:22/02/1973 shift:(10,-1) fontsize:XS text: 22 Feb 1973&nbsp;Okataina
  bar:test at:22/02/1973 mark:(line,orange)
  at:31/10/1973 shift:(190,-2) fontsize:XS text: 31 Oct 1973&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:31/10/1973 mark:(line,red) 
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  bar:test at:08/09/1974 mark:(line,pink)
  at:12/02/1975 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text: 12 Feb 1975&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:12/02/1975 mark:(line,coral)
  at:24/04/1975 shift:(190,-2) fontsize:XS text: 24 Apr 1975&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:24/04/1975 mark:(line,red) 
  at:17/10/1975 shift:(100,-3) fontsize:XS text: 17 Oct 1975&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:17/10/1975 mark:(line,red) 
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  bar:test at:06/03/1976 mark:(line,red) 
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  bar:test at:23/08/1976 mark:(line,coral)
  at:12/09/1976 shift:(100,0) fontsize:XS text: 12 Sep 1976&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:12/09/1976 mark:(line,red) 
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  bar:test at:18/12/1976 mark:(line,pink)
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  bar:test at:16/07/1977 mark:(line,red) 
  at:04/07/1977 shift:(100,4) fontsize:XS text: 4 Jul 1977&nbsp;Ngauruhoe
  bar:test at:04/07/1977 mark:(line,coral)
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  bar:test at:23/02/1978 mark:(line,orange)
  at:30/06/1979 shift:(190,2) fontsize:XS text: 30 Jun 1979&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:30/06/1979 mark:(line,red) 
  at:15/01/1980 shift:(100,1) fontsize:XS text: 15 Jan 1980&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:15/01/1980 mark:(line,red) 
  at:18/10/1980 shift:(10,-1) fontsize:XS text: 18 Oct 1980&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:18/10/1980 mark:(line,red) 
  at:16/05/1981 shift:(190,1) fontsize:XS text: 16 May 1981&nbsp;Okataina
  bar:test at:16/05/1981 mark:(line,orange)
  at:25/10/1981 shift:(100,1) fontsize:XS text: 25 Oct 1981&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:25/10/1981 mark:(line,red) 
  at:26/12/1983 shift:(10,-5) fontsize:XS text: 26 Dec 1983&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:26/12/1983 mark:(line,pink)
  at:02/04/1984 shift:(190,-3) fontsize:XS text: 2 Apr 1984&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:02/04/1984 mark:(line,red) 
  at:25/10/1984 shift:(100,-3) fontsize:XS text: 25 Oct 1984&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:25/10/1984 mark:(line,red) 
  at:21/05/1985 shift:(10,-2) fontsize:XS text: 21 May 1985&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:21/05/1985 mark:(line,red) 
  at:15/11/1985 shift:(190,-3) fontsize:XS text: 15 Nov 1985&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:15/11/1985 mark:(line,red) 
  at:01/02/1986 shift:(100,0) fontsize:XS text: 1 Feb 1986&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:01/02/1986 mark:(line,pink)
  at:08/02/1986 shift:(10,4) fontsize:XS text: 8 Feb 1986&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:08/02/1986 mark:(line,red) 
  at:24/08/1987 shift:(190,-2) fontsize:XS text: 24 Aug 1987&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:24/08/1987 mark:(line,red) 
  at:20/03/1988 shift:(100,0) fontsize:XS text: 20 Mar 1988&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:20/03/1988 mark:(line,red) 
  at:08/12/1988 shift:(10,1) fontsize:XS text: 8 Dec 1988&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:08/12/1988 mark:(line,red) 
  at:01/07/1989 shift:(190,-2) fontsize:XS text: 1 Jul 1989&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:01/07/1989 mark:(line,red) 
  at:07/01/1990 shift:(100,1) fontsize:XS text: 7 Jan 1990&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:07/01/1990 mark:(line,red) 
  at:17/06/1990 shift:(10,1) fontsize:XS text: 17 Jun 1990&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:17/06/1990 mark:(line,red) 
  at:05/07/1991 shift:(190,-2) fontsize:XS text: 5 Jul 1991&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:05/07/1991 mark:(line,red) 
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  bar:test at:08/02/1992 mark:(line,red) 
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  bar:test at:12/02/1994 mark:(line,red)
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  bar:test at:11/01/1995 mark:(line,red)
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  bar:test at:28/06/1995 mark:(line,pink)
  at:21/03/1996 shift:(10,-5) fontsize:XS text: 21 Mar 1996&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:21/03/1996 mark:(line,red)
  at:16/06/1996 shift:(100,-3) fontsize:XS text: 16 Jun 1996&nbsp;Ruapehu ?
  bar:test at:16/06/1996 mark:(line,red)
  at:09/10/1997 shift:(10,-5) fontsize:XS text: 9 Oct 1997&nbsp;Ruapehu
  bar:test at:09/10/1997 mark:(line,red)
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  bar:test at:28/03/1998 mark:(line,pink)
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  bar:test at:22/08/1998 mark:(line,pink)
  at:07/03/2000 shift:(100,-4) fontsize:XS text: 7 Mar 2000&nbsp;Whakaari
  bar:test at:07/03/2000 mark:(line,pink)
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  bar:test at:19/07/2001 mark:(line,pink)
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  bar:test at:04/10/2006 mark:(line,red)
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  bar:test at:25/09/2007 mark:(line,red)
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  bar:test at:07/08/2012 mark:(line,pink)
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  bar:test at:21/12/2012 mark:(line,magenta)
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  bar:test at:27/04/2016 mark:(line,pink)
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  bar:test at:13/09/2016 mark:(line,pink)
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  bar:test at:09/12/2019 mark:(line,pink)
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 </timeline>
</div>

==Scientific study==
===Tectonics===
{{main|Earth:Taupō Rift}}
Recent scientific work indicates that the Earth's crust below the Taupō Volcanic Zone may be as little as 16&nbsp;kilometres thick.  A film of [[Biology:Magma|magma]] 50&nbsp;kilometres (30&nbsp;mi) wide and 160&nbsp;kilometres (100&nbsp;mi) long lies 10&nbsp;kilometres under the surface.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4202557a11.html |title=Central North Island sitting on magma film |first=Paul |last=Easton |publisher=The Dominion Post |date=15 September 2007 |access-date=16 March 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |first1=W. |last1=Heise |first2=H.M. |last2=Bibby |first3=T.G. |last3=Caldwell |year=2007 |url=http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2007/01311/EGU2007-J-01311.pdf?PHPSESSID=e |title=Imaging magmatic Processes in the Taupo Volcanic Zone (New Zealand) with Magnetotellurics |journal=Geophysical Research Abstracts |volume=9}} 01311.</ref> The geological record indicates that some of the volcanoes in the area erupt infrequently but have large, violent and destructive eruptions when they do.

Technically the zone is in the continental intraarc Taupō Rift. This has had three active stages of faulting in the last 2 million years with the modern Taupō rift evolving in the last 25,000 years after the massive [[Earth:Oruanui eruption|Oruanui eruption]] being within two essentially inactive rift systems. These are the surrounding limits of the young Taupō Rift between 25,000 and 350,000 years and old Taupō Rift system whose northern boundary is now located well to the north of the other two being created before 350,000 years ago.<ref name="Rifting" />

The [[Earth:Tauranga Volcanic Centre|Tauranga Volcanic Centre]] which was active between 2.95 to 1.9 million years ago, and was previously classified as part of the Central Volcanic Region,<ref name=Cole1995/> appears now to be in a tectonic continuum with the Taupō Volcanic Zone. Recent ocean floor tephra studies off the east coast of the North Island have shown an abrupt compositional change in these, from about 4.5 million years ago, that has been suggested to distinguish [[Earth:Coromandel Volcanic Zone|Coromandel Volcanic Zone]] activity from that of the Taupō Volcanic Zone.<ref name=Pank2023>{{cite journal| last1=Pank| first1=K|last2= Kutterolf| first2=S| last3=Hopkins| first3=JL| last4=Wang| first4=KL| last5=Lee| first5=HY| last6=Schmitt| first6=AK| title=Advances in New Zealand's tephrochronostratigraphy using marine drill sites: The Neogene| journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems| year=2023| volume=24| issue=8| at=e2023GC010866 |doi=10.1029/2023GC010866| doi-access=free}}</ref> Further the distinctive Waiteariki ignimbrite that erupted 2.1 million years ago in a supereruption, presumably from the gravity anomaly defined [[Earth:Omanawa Caldera|Omanawa Caldera]],<ref name=Stagpoole2021>{{cite journal|last1=Stagpoole |first1=V|last2= Miller |first2=C|last3= Caratori |first3=Tontini F|last4= Brakenrig |first4=T |last5=Macdonald |first5=N |year=2021 |title= A two million-year history of rifting and caldera volcanism imprinted in new gravity anomaly compilation of the Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics| volume= 64| issue= 2–3| pages=358–371 | doi=10.1080/00288306.2020.1848882 |s2cid=230527523| url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00288306.2020.1848882 }}</ref> is within the postulated borders of the old Taupō Rift.<ref name=Prentice2022>{{cite journal|first1=Marlena |last1=Prentice |first2= Adrian |last2=Pittari |first3= David J. |last3=Lowe |first4= Geoff |last4=Kilgour |first5= Peter J.J. |last5=Kamp |first6= Miriam | last6=Namaliu |title=Linking proximal ignimbrites and coeval distal tephra deposits to establish a record of voluminous Early Quaternary (2.4–1.9 Ma) volcanism of the Tauranga Volcanic Centre, New Zealand |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |volume =429 |year=2022 |issue=107595 |page=107595 |issn=0377-0273 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107595 |s2cid=249264293 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027322001263 }}</ref>

====Faults====
The multiple intra-rift [[Earth:Fault (geology)|fault]]s are some of the most active in the country and some have the potential to create over magnitude 7 events. The fault structures are perhaps most well characterised related to the Ruapehu and Tongariro [[Earth:Graben|graben]]s. The recent deposits from major eruptions and lake features mean many potentially significant faults are uncharacterised, either completely (for example the 6.5 MW 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake resulted in the mapping of the Edgecumbe fault for the first time) or frequency of events and their likely magnitude are not understood. It can not be assumed that just because the rate of expansion of the rift is greatest near the coast that this is where most significant tectonic earthquakes in terms of human risk will be. The Waihi Fault Zone south of Lake Taupō and associated with the Tongariro graben has a particular risk of inducing massive landslips which has caused significant loss of life and appears to be more active than many other faults in the zone.

===Volcanism===
[[File:Inside the Tarawera rift.jpg|thumb|left|In 1886, Mount Tarawera produced New Zealand's largest historic eruption since European colonisation]]
The north (Whakatane Graben – Bay of Plenty) part of the zone is predominantly formed from andesitic [[Biology:Magma|magma]]<ref name="Cole2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=J. W. |last2=Spinks |first2=K. D. |s2cid=131562598 |year=2009 |title=Caldera volcanism and rift structure in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand |publisher=Geological Society |place=London |journal=Special Publications |volume=327 |pages=9–29 |doi=10.1144/SP327.2 |url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/327/1/9 |issue=1|bibcode = 2009GSLSP.327....9C }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hiess |first1=J |last2=Cole |first2=JW |last3=Spinks |first3=KD |year=2007 |title=High-Alumina Basalts of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Influence of the Crust and Crustal Structure |page=36 |url=http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/10092/3172/1/12605971_Hiess%20%202007%20final.pdf |via=Part of a BSc Project by Hiess, J. (University of Canterbury).}}</ref> and represented by the continuously active Whakaari / White Island [[Earth:Andesite|andesite]]–[[Earth:Dacite|dacite]] stratovolcano. Although [[Earth:Strombolian eruption|Strombolian]] activity has occurred the [[Earth:Explosive eruption|explosive eruption]]s are typically [[Earth:Phreatic eruption|phreatic]] or [[Earth:Phreatomagmatic eruption|phreatomagmatic]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 1976–1982 Strombolian and phreatomagmatic eruptions of White Island, New Zealand: eruptive and depositional mechanisms at a 'wet' volcano|journal=Bulletin of Volcanology|volume=54|issue=1|pages=25–49|date=1 December 1991|doi=10.1007/BF00278204|last1=Houghton|first1=B. F.|last2=Nairn|first2=I. A.|bibcode=1991BVol...54...25H|s2cid=128897275}}</ref> The active emergent summit tops  the larger, {{convert|16|km}} × {{convert|18|km}}, submarine volcano with a total volume of {{convert|78|km3|cumi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ColeOthers2000a">Cole, J.W., Thordarson, T. and Burt, R.M., 2000. ''Magma origin and evolution of White Island (Whakaari) volcano, Bay of plenty, New Zealand''. ''Journal of Petrology'', 41(6), pp.867–895.</ref><ref name="MoonOthers2009a">Moon, V., Bradshaw, J. and de Lange, W., 2009. ''Geomorphic development of White Island Volcano based on slope stability modelling.'' ''Engineering Geology'', 104(1–2), pp.16–30.</ref><ref name="Jimenez2015">Jimenez, C., 2015. ''Magmatic-hydrothermal system at White Island volcano, North Island, New Zealand''. in M. Calder, ed., pp. 35–46, ''JCU SEG Student Chapter New Zealand, North Island Field Trip 2015 Guide Book.'' Queensland, Australia: James Cook University SEG Student Chapter, Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.</ref><ref name="Duncan1970a">{{cite thesis|last1=Duncan |first1=A.R. |year= 1970 |title=The petrology and petrochemistry of andesite volcanoes in Eastern Bay of Plenty, New Zealand |publisher= Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand |at=362 |url=https://openaccess.wgtn.ac.nz/articles/thesis/The_Petrology_and_Petrochemistry_of_Andesite_and_Dacite_Volcanoes_in_Eastern_Bay_of_Plenty_New_Zealand/16949062/1/files/31360624.pdf}}</ref>

The central part of the zone is composed of eight caldera centres the oldest of which is the Mangakino caldera which was active more than a million years ago (1.62–0.91 Ma).<ref name="Cole2009"/> This produced ignimbrite that {{convert|170|km|abbr=on}} away in Auckland is up to {{convert|9|m|abbr=on}} thick.<ref name="NZSSS2006">{{cite web |url=https://sciencedocbox.com/Geology/79493941-Land-and-lakes-guidebook-for-land-and-lakes-field-trip-tuesday-28-th-november-2006.html|title = GUIDEBOOK FOR LAND AND LAKES FIELD TRIP |date=2006-11-28 |publisher=New Zealand Society of Soil Science }}</ref>  Other than the now buried Kapenga caldera there are five caldera centres, Rotorua, Ohakuri, Reporoa, Ōkataina and Taupō. These have resulted from massive infrequent eruptions of gaseous very viscous [[Earth:Rhyolite|rhyolite]] magma which is rich in [[Chemistry:Silicon|silicon]], [[Chemistry:Potassium|potassium]], and [[Chemistry:Sodium|sodium]] and created the ignimbrite sheets of the [[Earth:North Island Volcanic Plateau|North Island Volcanic Plateau]]. The detailed composition suggests [[Earth:Subduction erosion|subduction erosion]] might play a predominant role in producing this rhyolite,<ref>{{cite thesis|last1=Santa Cruz| first1=Carlos Rodolfo Corella |title= Subduction cycling and its controls on hyperactive volcanism in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Science| publisher= Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand| year=2023 |url=https://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/20052}}</ref>{{rp|loc=abstract}} as later assimilation and fractional crystallization of primary basalt magma, is difficult to model to explain the composition and volumes erupted.<ref name=SantaCruz2023>{{cite journal| last1=Santa Cruz|first1= CRC| last2=Zellmer| first2=GF| last3=Stirling| first3=CH| last4=Straub| first4=SM| last5=Brenna| first5=M| last6=Reid| first6=MR| last7=Németh| first7=K| last8=Barr| first8=D| title=Transcrustal and source processes affecting the chemical characteristics of magmas in a hyperactive volcanic zone| journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta| date=1 July 2023| volume=352| pages=86–106 | doi=10.1016/j.gca.2023.05.003 }}</ref> This central zone has had  the largest number of very large silicic caldera-forming eruptions recently on earth.<ref name="Gualda2018">{{Cite journal|title=Climbing the crustal ladder: Magma storage-depth evolution during a volcanic flare-up |first1=Guilherme A. R. |last1=Gualda |first2= Darren M. |last2=Gravley |first3= Michelle |last3=Connor| first4= Brooke |last4=Hollmann |first5= Ayla S. |last5=Pamukcu |first6= Florence |last6=Bégué |first7= Mark S. |last7=Ghiorso |first8=Chad D. |last8=Deering|journal=Science Advances |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=eaap7567 |year=2018|doi= 10.1126/sciadv.aap7567 |pmid=30324132 |pmc=6179376 |doi-access=free }}</ref>  During a period of less than 100,000 years commencing with the massive Whakamaru eruption about 335,000 years ago of greater than {{convert|2000|km3|abbr=on}} [[Earth:Dense-rock equivalent|dense-rock equivalent]] of material, just to the north of the present [[Earth:Lake Taupō|Lake Taupō]], over {{convert|4000|km3|abbr=on}} total was erupted. These eruptions essentially defined the limits of the present [[Earth:North Island Volcanic Plateau|central volcanic plateau]], although its current central landscape is mainly a product of later smaller events over the last 200,000 years than the Whakamaru eruption. The other volcanic plateau defining eruptions were to the west, the {{convert|150|km3|abbr=on}} Matahina eruption of about 280,000 years ago, the mainly tephra {{convert|50|km3|abbr=on}} Chimp (Chimpanzee) eruption between 320 and 275 ka, the central {{convert|50|km3|abbr=on}} Pokai eruption of about 275 ka, and the paired Mamaku to the north and east central Ohakuri eruptions of about 240,000 years ago that together produced more than {{convert|245|km3|abbr=on}} dense-rock equivalent of material.<ref name="Gualda2018"/> The southern [[Earth:Taupō Volcano|Taupō Volcano]] [[Earth:Oruanui eruption|Oruanui eruption]] about 25,600 years ago produced  {{convert|530|km3|abbr=on}} dense-rock equivalent of material and its recent [[Earth:Hatepe eruption|Hatepe eruption]] of 232 CE ± 10 years had {{convert|120|km3|abbr=on}} dense-rock equivalent.<ref name="Illsley-Kemp 2021"/> 

Less gaseous [[Earth:Rhyolite|rhyolite]] magma dome building effusive eruptions have built features such as the Horomatangi Reefs or Motutaiko Island in [[Earth:Lake Taupō|Lake Taupō]] or the lava dome of [[Earth:Mount Tarawera|Mount Tarawera]]. This later as part of the Ōkataina caldera complex is the highest risk volcanic field in New Zealand to man.<ref name="Doherty2009">{{Cite web|last1=Doherty|first1=Angela Louise |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/35460853.pdf| title=Blue‐sky eruptions, do they exist? Implications for monitoring New Zealand's volcanoes. |year=2009 |publisher=University of Canterbury|access-date=2022-06-07 }}</ref> Mount Tauhara adjacent to Lake Taupō is actually a dacitic dome <ref>[http://www.gns.cri.nz/what/earthact/volcanoes/nzvolcanoes/taupoprint.htm Volcanic Hazards Working Group of the Civil Defence Scientific Advisory Committee, which includes scientists from the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences and the Universities, Number seven "Taupo Volcanic Centre"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006170713/http://www.gns.cri.nz/what/earthact/volcanoes/nzvolcanoes/taupoprint.htm |date=2006-10-06 }}</ref> and so intermediate in composition between [[Earth:Andesite|andesite]] and [[Earth:Rhyolite|rhyolite]] but still more viscous than [[Earth:Basalt|basalt]] which is rarely found in the zone.<ref name="Bertrand2022">{{cite journal| first1=E.A. |last1=Bertrand |first2= P. |last2=Kannberg |first3= T.G. |last3=Caldwell |first4=W. |last4=Heise |first5= S. |last5=Constable |first6= B. |last6=Scott |first7= S. |last7=Bannister |first8= G. |last8=Kilgour |first9= S.L. |last9=Bennie |first10= R. |last10=Hart |first11= N. |last11=Palmer |title=Inferring the magmatic roots of volcano-geothermal systems in the Rotorua Caldera and Okataina Volcanic Centre from magnetotelluric models |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |volume=431 |year=2022 |issue=107645 |page=107645 |issn=0377-0273 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107645 |s2cid=251526385 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027322001767 }}</ref>

The southern part of the zone contain classic volcanic cone structure formed from andesite magma in [[Earth:Effusive eruption|effusive eruption]]s that cool to form dark grey [[Earth:Lava|lava]] if gas-poor or [[Earth:Scoria|scoria]] if gas-rich of this part of the zone. Mount Ruapehu, the tallest mountain in the North Island, is a {{convert|150|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} andesite cone surrounded by a {{convert|150|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} ring-plain.<ref name="RuapehuTongariro2021Review">{{Cite journal|last1= Leonard|first1=Graham S.|last2=Cole|first2=Rosie P.|last3=Christenson|first3=Bruce W. |last4 = Conway|first4=Chris E.|last5=Cronin|first5=Shane J.|last6=Gamble|first6=John A.|last7=Hurst|first7=Tony|last8=Kennedy|first8=Ben M.|last9= Miller |first9=Craig A.|last10=Procter|first10=Jonathan N.|last11=Pure|first11=Leo R.|last12=Townsend|first12=JDougal B.|last13=White|first13=James D. L.|last14=Wilson|first14=Colin J. N.|date=2021-05-02|title=Ruapehu and Tongariro stratovolcanoes: a review of current understanding|journal= New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |language=en |volume=64|pages=389–420 |doi=10.1080/00288306.2021.1909080|issue=2–3|s2cid=235502116 |doi-access=free|hdl=10468/11258|hdl-access=free}}</ref> This ring plain is formed from numerous volcanic deposits created by slope failure, eruptions, or [[Earth:Lahar|lahar]]s. Northwest of Ruapehu is Hauhungatahi, the oldest recorded volcano in the south of the plateau,<ref name="RuapehuTongariro2021Review"/> with to the north the two prominent volcanic mountains in the Tongariro volcanic centre being [[Earth:Mount Tongariro|Tongariro]] and [[Earth:Mount Ngauruhoe|Ngauruhoe]] which are part of a single composite [[Earth:Stratovolcano|stratovolcano]].

===Risks===
[[File:MountTarawera3.jpg|thumb|left|Southwest side of Mount Tarawera, Mount Edgecumbe on the background.]]
The most likely risk is earthquake associated with multiple active faults,<ref name="RotoruaRisk">{{cite web|year=2010 |title=Villamor, P.; Ries, W.; Zajac, A. Rotorua District Council Hazard Studies: Active fault hazards. GNS Science Consultancy Report |url=https://www.rotorualakescouncil.nz/repository/libraries/id:2e3idno3317q9sihrv36/hierarchy/our-services/planningservices/districtplan/districtplan/documents/proposed-district-plan/research/Final-report-CR-2010-182-Active-Fault-hazard.pdf }}</ref> such as within the Taupō Fault Belt, but many faults will be uncharacterised as was the case with the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake.<ref name=Franks1989>{{cite journal |last1=Franks |first1=C.A.M. |last2=Beetham |first2=R.D. |last3=Salt |first3=G.A. |year=1989 |title=Ground damage and seismic response resulting from the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake, New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=135–44 |doi=10.1080/00288306.1989.10421397 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Earthquakes can be associated with landslides and inland or coastal [[Tsunami|tsunami]] that can result in great loss of life and both have happened on the Waihi Fault Zone.<ref name="Tongariro faults">{{cite journal|
last1=Gómez‐Vasconcelos |first1=Martha |last2=Villamor |first2=Pilar |last3=Procter |first3=Jon |last4=Palmer |first4=Alan |last5=Cronin |first5=Shane |last6=Wallace |first6=Clel |last7=Townsend |first7=Dougal |last8=Leonard |first8=Graham|year=2018 |title=Characterisation of faults as earthquake sources from geomorphic data in the Tongariro Volcanic Complex, New Zealand
|doi=10.1080/00288306.2018.1548495 |journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |volume=62 |pages=131–142 |s2cid=134094861 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329382912 }}</ref> The relative low grade volcanic activity of the andesite volcanoes at each end of the zone has resulted in recorded history in both direct loss of life and disrupted transport and tourism. The only high grade eruption in recorded history was atypically basaltic from [[Earth:Mount Tarawera|Mount Tarawera]] and although very destructive is not likely to be a perfect model for the more typical and often larger rhyolitic events associated with the [[Earth:Taupō Volcano|Taupō Volcano]] and the Ōkataina Caldera.<ref name="Darragh2004">{{cite thesis|first1=Miles Benson |last1=Darragh |year=2004 |title= Eruption Processes of the Okareka and Rerewhakaaitu eruption episodes; Tarawera Volcano, New Zealand |url=https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/104014/Darragh_thesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref> As mentioned earlier the Ōkataina caldera complex is the highest risk volcanic field risk in New Zealand to man<ref name="Doherty2009"/> and the recent frequency of rhyolitic events there is not reassuring, along with the timescale of likely warning of such an event.<ref name="Darragh2004"/> These eruptions are associated with tephra production that results in deep ash fall over wide areas (e.g. the Whakatane eruption of ~ 5500 years ago had {{convert|5|mm|abbr=on}} ashfall {{convert|900|km|abbr=on}} away on the [[Earth:Chatham Islands|Chatham Islands]]) `<ref name="Holt2011">{{cite journal|first1=Katherine A. |last1=Holt |first2=David J. |last2=Lowe |first3=Alan G. |last3=Hogg |first4=R. Clel |last4=Wallace |title=Distal occurrence of mid-Holocene Whakatane Tephra on the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, and potential for cryptotephra studies |journal=Quaternary International |volume=246 |issue=1–2 |year=2011 |pages=344–351 |issn=1040-6182 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.026 |hdl=10289/5454 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618211003454 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> pyroclastic flows and surges, which rarely have covered large areas of the North Island in [[Earth:Ignimbrite|ignimbrite]] sheets, earthquakes, lake tsunamis, prolonged lava dome growth and associated block and ash flows with post-eruption lahars and flooding.<ref name="Darragh2004"/>
<div style="float:right;">
<!--Sources Smithsonian volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=241070 and Lowe et al 2017 with other detail from references quoted in this article. The latest corrected data is from Lowe's group eg https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368275732_Pre-conference_tephra_data_workshop_-_Hands-on_session_II_tephra_excursion_Okareka_Loop_Road_29_January_2023 
eruptive volumes from Wilson, C. J. N.; Gravley, D. M.; Leonard, G. S.; Rowland, J. V. (2009). Thordarson, T.; Self, S.; Larsen, G.; Rowland, S. K.; Hoskuldsson, A. (eds.). Volcanism in the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: tempo, styles and controls. Geological Society of London. pp. 226–231. Poihihi from https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/116162/1/Allan et al Oruanui paper revised manuscript clean and complete%28002%29.pdf
Timings of Tarawera eruptions up dated from:
Shane 2006 Pyroclastic stratigraphy and eruption dynamics of the 21.9 ka Okareka and 17.6 ka Rerewhakaaitu eruption episodes from Tarawera Volcano, Okataina Volcanic Centre, New Zealand | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00288306.2006.9515170
Shane 2007 Multiple rhyolite magmas and basalt injection in the 17.7 ka Rerewhakaaitu eruption episode from Tarawera volcanic complex, New Zealand

This table has hopefully been corrected for the base used for BP(before present) of the year 1950. Many of the timings for the period 2000 BP and earlier are being refined since 2000 CE odd and the default source Smithsonian Volcano has not kept up. Where there is a descripancy an original more recent source has likely been discovered.
---->
<!---Excludes Tuhua Tephra (from Mayor Island approximately 6200 BCE) and Okupata  Tepra from Taranaki  9750 BCE---->
<timeline>
ImageSize  = width:320 height:2000
PlotArea   = right:50 top:10 left:50 bottom:10
DateFormat = yyyy
TimeAxis   = orientation:vertical
Period     = from:-30000 till:2500
AlignBars  = early
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1000 start:-30000
Colors     = 
  id:canvas value:rgb(1,1,0.85) 
BackgroundColors = canvas:canvas
PlotData =
  width:15 color:white
  bar:test from:-30000 till:2500 #
PlotData = 
  at:-29999 shift:(0,-5) text: Selected eruptions Taupō Volcanic Zone
  at:2500 shift:(0,-4) text: Selected eruptions Taupō Volcanic Zone
  at:-29750 shift:(40,-5) fontsize:XS text: Note - The further back in time, the larger an eruption
  at:-29600 shift:(40,-5) fontsize:XS text: must be, to be detected. Accordingly interpret with caution
  at:-29450 shift:(40,-3) fontsize:XS text: as eruptive indices are based for many eruptions on tepra
  at:-29300 shift:(40,-3) fontsize:XS text: deposits alone and DRE volume is not the same.
  at:-29050 shift:(195,-5) textcolor:red text: (DRE volume)
  at:-28900 shift:(195,-5) textcolor:red text: Eruptive Index
  at:-28750 shift:(195,-5) textcolor:red text: 8&nbsp;7&nbsp;6&nbsp;5&nbsp;4&nbsp;3&nbsp;2&nbsp;1
  at:2450 shift:(195,-4) textcolor:red text: Eruptive Index
  at:2300 shift:(195,-4) textcolor:red text: 8&nbsp;7&nbsp;6&nbsp;5&nbsp;4&nbsp;3&nbsp;2&nbsp;1
  at:2150 shift:(195,-4) textcolor:red text: (DRE volume)
  at:-26435 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|26400&nbsp;BCE Taupō Poihipi]]
  bar:test at:-26435 mark:(line,red)
  at:-26435 shift:(217,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(1.5 km  )
  at:-26435 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:-25580 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Oruanui eruption|25580&nbsp;BCE Taupō Oruanui eruption]]  
  at:-25580 shift:(215,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(530 km  )
  at:-25580 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  bar:test at:-25580 mark:(line,red)
  at:-25171 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text:25171&nbsp;BCE Te Rere eruption  
  at:-25171 shift:(212,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(11.5 km)
  at:-25171 shift:(255,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  bar:test at:-25171 mark:(line,red)
  at:-23535	shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Mount Tarawera|23535&nbsp;BCE Ōkataina Okareka]] 
  bar:test at:-23535 mark:(line,red)
  at:-23535 shift:(226,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(5 km  )
  at:-23535 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:-17496  shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Mount Tarawera|17496&nbsp;BCE Ōkataina Rerewhakaaitu]]
  bar:test at:-17496 mark:(line,red)
  at:-17496 shift:(226,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(8 km  )
  at:-17496 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:-15635	shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text:15635&nbsp;BCE Ōkataina Rotorua
  bar:test at:-15635 mark:(line,red) 
  at:-15635 shift:(226,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(4 km  )
  at:-15635 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:-14009	shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Mount Tarawera|14009&nbsp;BCE Ōkataina Waiohau]]
  bar:test at:-14009 mark:(line,red)
  at:-14009 shift:(220,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(11 km  )
  at:-14009	shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3 
  at:-9460 shift:(10,-8) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|9460&nbsp;BCE Taupō East/Central Unit B]]
  bar:test at:-9460 mark:(line,red)
  at:-9460 shift:(217,-16) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(0.5 km  )
  at:-9460 shift:(253,-14) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:-9240 shift:(10,1) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|9240&nbsp;BCE Taupō Te Kohaiakatu Pt  Unit C]]
  bar:test at:-9240 mark:(line,red)
  at:-9240 shift:(217,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(0.3 km  )
  at:-9240 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:-9210 shift:(10,-8) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|9210&nbsp;BCE Acacia Bay Unit D]]
  bar:test at:-9210 mark:(line,red)
  at:-8130 shift:(10,-2) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|8130&nbsp;BCE Taupō East/Central Unit E]]
  bar:test at:-8130 mark:(line,red)
  at:-8130 shift:(226,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(2 km  )
  at:-8130 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:-9423 shift:(10,-2) fontsize:XS text:9423&nbsp;BCE Ōkataina Rotoma
  bar:test at:-9423 mark:(line,red)
  at:-9423 shift:(226,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(8 km  )
  at:-9423 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:-7940 shift:(10,-2) fontsize:XS text:7940&nbsp;BCE Ōkataina Mamaku
  bar:test at:-7940 mark:(line,red)
  at:-7940 shift:(212,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(17.5 km  )
  at:-7940 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:-5100 shift:(10,-2) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|5100&nbsp;BCE Taupō Motutaiko Island Unit F]]
  bar:test at:-5100 mark:(line,red)
  at:-5100 shift:(212,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(0.07 km  )
  at:-5100 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:-4700 shift:(10,-2) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|4700&nbsp;BCE Taupō East/Central Unit G]]
  bar:test at:-4700 mark:(line,red)
  at:-4700 shift:(217,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(0.2 km  )
  at:-4700 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:-4100 shift:(10,-3) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|4100&nbsp;BCE Taupō Te Kohaiakatu Pt Unit H]]
  bar:test at:-4100 mark:(line,red)
  at:-4100 shift:(212,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(0.08 km  )
  at:-4100 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:-4000 shift:(10,-2) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|4000&nbsp;BCE Taupō Unit I]]
  bar:test at:-4000 mark:(line,red)
  at:-5526 shift:(10,-4) fontsize:XS text:5526&nbsp;BCE Ōkataina Whakatane
  bar:test at:-5526 mark:(line,red)
  at:-5526 shift:(220,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(17 km  )
  at:-5526 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:-3420 shift:(10,-4) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|3420&nbsp;BCE Taupō Unit J]]
  bar:test at:-3420 mark:(line,red)
  at:-3170 shift:(10,-11) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|3170&nbsp;BCE Taupō Te Kohaiakatu Pt Unit K]]
  bar:test at:-3170 mark:(line,red)
  at:-3120 shift:(10,-6) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|3120&nbsp;BCE Taupō Te Kohaiakatu Pt Unit L]]
  bar:test at:-3120 mark:(line,red)  
  at:-3070 shift:(10,-2) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|3070&nbsp;BCE Taupō Te Kohaiakatu Pt Unit M]]
  bar:test at:-3070 mark:(line,red)  
  at:-2900 shift:(10,-5) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|2900&nbsp;BCE Taupō Te Kohaiakatu Pt Unit N]]
  bar:test at:-2900 mark:(line,red)  
  at:-2850 shift:(10,0) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|2850&nbsp;BCE Taupō Te Tuhi Pt Unit O]]
  bar:test at:-2850 mark:(line,red) 
  at:-2800 shift:(10,5) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|2800&nbsp;BCE Taupō Unit P]] 
  bar:test at:-2800 mark:(line,red)
  at:-2600 shift:(10,1) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|2600&nbsp;BCE Taupō Te Kohaiakatu Pt Unit Q]]
  bar:test at:-2600 mark:(line,red)
  at:-2500 shift:(10,3) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|2500&nbsp;BCE Taupō Motutaiko Island Unit R]]
  bar:test at:-2500 mark:(line,red) 
  at:-1460 shift:(10,-5) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|1460&nbsp;BCE Taupō Horomatangi Unit S]]
  bar:test at:-1460 mark:(line,red)
  at:-1460 shift:(217,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(7.5 km  )
  at:-1460 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:-1250 shift:(10,-5) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|1250&nbsp;BCE Taupō Te Kohaiakatu Pt Unit T]]
  bar:test at:-1250 mark:(line,red)
  at:-1050 shift:(10,-6) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|1050&nbsp;BCE Taupō Motutaiko Island Unit U]]
  bar:test at:-1050 mark:(line,red)  
  at:-1010 shift:(10,0) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|1010&nbsp;BCE Taupō Te Kohaiakatu Pt Unit V]]
  bar:test at:-1010 mark:(line,red)  
  at:-800 shift:(10,0) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|800&nbsp;BCE Taupō Ouaha Hills Unit W]]
  bar:test at:-800 mark:(line,red) 
  at:-200 shift:(10,-5) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|200&nbsp;BCE Taupō Te Kohaiakatu Pt Unit X]]
  bar:test at:-200 mark:(line,red)
  at:-200 shift:(212,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(0.28 km  )
  at:-200 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:233 shift:(10,-6) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Hatepe eruption|233 Taupō Hatepe eruption Unit Y]]
  bar:test at:233 mark:(line,red)
  at:233 shift:(214,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(120 km  )
  at:233 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:260 shift:(10,1) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|260 Taupō Eastern lake]]
  bar:test at:260 mark:(line,red) 
  at:1200 shift:(10,-6) fontsize:XS text: Māori in NZ 
  bar:test at:1200 mark:(line,black) 
  at:1314 shift:(10,-4) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Mount Tarawera|1314 Ōkataina Kaharoa]]
  at:1314 shift:(226,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(5 km  )
  at:1314 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  bar:test at:1314 mark:(line,red)
  at:1840 shift:(10,-11) fontsize:XS  text: European colonisation
  bar:test at:1840 mark:(line,black)
  at:1886 shift:(10,-5) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera|1886 Okataina Tarawera]]
  bar:test at:1886 mark:(line,red)
  at:1886 shift:(226,-11) textcolor:red fontsize:S text:(1 km  )
  at:1886 shift:(253,-9) textcolor:red fontsize:XS text:3
  at:1945 shift:(10,0) fontsize:XS text:[[Earth:Mount Ruapehu|1945 Ruapehu]]
  bar:test at:1945 mark:(line,red)  
LineData =
  at:1945 frompos:300 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:1886 frompos:280 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:1314 frompos:290 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:260 frompos:315 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:233 frompos:260 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:-200 frompos:280 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:-800 frompos:300 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
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  at:-1050 frompos:280 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:-1250 frompos:290 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
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  at:-2500 frompos:290 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
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  at:-5526 frompos:270 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:-4000 frompos:290 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:-4100 frompos:280 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:-4700 frompos:280 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:-5100 frompos:290 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
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  at:-9423 frompos:260 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:-8130 frompos:270 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:-9210 frompos:280 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:-9240 frompos:270 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:-9460 frompos:270 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
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  at:-23535 frompos:270 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:-25171 frompos:270 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:-25580 frompos:240 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
  at:-26435 frompos:270 tillpos:320 color:red width:2
 </timeline>
</div>

==Volcanoes, lakes and geothermal fields==

{{GeoGroup}}
{{maplink|frame=yes
|frame-align=right
|text=Map of selected volcanic features as rectangular symbols for the Taupō Volcanic Zone. Volcanoes classified as active are shown as red, other notable volcanoes (there are many more) are shown as orange, geothermal areas as light blue and if active hydrothermal eruptions as blue. It is possible by clicking on the map to get a full screen view that enables mouseover to show a label (often wiki-linked) for each symbol. 
|raw={{Wikipedia:Map data/Taupō Volcanic Zone}}
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|frame-height=360 
|frame-lat=-38.2 
|frame-long=176.3 
|zoom=7
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{{maplink|frame=yes
|frame-align=right
|text=Map of selected surface volcanic deposits centered on the Taupō Volcanic Zone, allowing wider volcanic context. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcanic deposits name/wikilink and ages before present.  The key to the shading of the volcanics that are shown is rhyolite - violet, ignimbrite - lighter shades of violet, dacite - purple, [[Earth:Basalt|basalt]] - brown, [[Earth:Monogenetic volcanic field|monogenetic]] basalts - dark brown, undifferentiated basalts of the Tangihua Complex in Northland Allochthon - light brown, arc basalts - deep orange brown, arc ring basalts -orange brown, [[Earth:Andesite|andesite]] - red,  basaltic andesite`- light red, and plutonic - gray. White shading has been used for postulated calderas (usually subsurface now).  
|raw={{Wikipedia:Map data/Northern North Island Volcanics}}
|frame-width=300 
|frame-height=360 
|frame-lat=-38.2
|frame-long=176.3
|icon=no
|zoom=7
}}
The following Volcanic Centres belong to the modern Taupō Volcanic Zone in what proved to be an evolving classification scheme:
[[File:Rotorua.Caldera.Mount.Tarawera.JPG|thumb|Satellite view of the Lake Rotorua Caldera. Mount Tarawera is in the lower right corner.]]
[[File:Lake taupo landsat & volcanic features.jpg|thumb|Recent major volcanic features Lake Taupō showing relationship to recent volcanic vents in red and present active geothermal systems in light blue.]]
[[File:MtRuapehu 23oct2002.jpg|thumb|Composite satellite image of Mount Ruapehu]]

Rotorua, Ōkataina, Maroa, Taupō, Tongariro and Mangakino.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF00268925 |last=Cole |first=J.W. |s2cid=129091056 |title=Structural control and origin of volcanism in the Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand |year=1990 |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |volume=52 |pages=445–459 |bibcode=1990BVol...52..445C |issue=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/australia/new_zealand/ |title=New Zealand}}</ref> The old zone almost certainly contains volcanoes in the [[Earth:Tauranga Volcanic Centre|Tauranga Volcanic Centre]].<ref name="Pittari2021">{{cite journal|first1=Adrian |last1=Pittari |first2=Marlena L. |last2=Prentice |first3= Oliver E. |last3=McLeod |first4= Elham Yousef|last4=Zadeh |first5= Peter J. J. |last5=Kamp |first6= Martin |last6=Danišík |first7=Kirsty A. |last7=Vincent |year=2021 |title= Inception of the modern North Island (New Zealand) volcanic setting: spatio-temporal patterns of volcanism between 3.0 and 0.9 Ma |journal= New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |volume=64 |issue=2–3 |pages= 250–272 | doi=10.1080/00288306.2021.1915343|s2cid=235736318 |url=https://fl-nzgs-media.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2021/08/Ref.6C-c_North-Island-NZ-VolcanicSettingBetween3.00.9MaPittari-et-al.-2021_.pdf }}</ref>
*'''[[Earth:Tauranga Volcanic Centre|Tauranga Volcanic Centre]] – Bay of Plenty'''
**Activity commenced here over two million years ago and is now extinct.
**Submarine Whakatāne Seamount {{coord|36.8|S|177.5|E|format=dms|type:mountain|name=Whakatane}}
**Mayor Island / Tūhua {{coord|37|17|S|176|15|E|format=dms|region:NZ_type:isle|name=Mayor Island}}
**[[Earth:Moutohora Island|Moutohora Island]] {{coord|37|51|23|S|176|58|24|E|format=dms|region:NZ_type:isle|name=Whale Island}}
**Whakaari / White Island {{coord|37.52|S|177.18|E|format=dms|region:NZ_type:isle|name=White Island}}
***Te Paepae o Aotea
**[[Earth:Putauaki|Putauaki]] {{coord|38.1|S|176.8|E|format=dms|type:mountain|name=Mount Edgecumbe}}
**Geothermal field
***Kawerau Power Station {{coord|-38.0631|176.7271|format=dms|region:NZ_type:landmark|name=Kawerau Power Station}}
**Rotorua Caldera, size: 22&nbsp;km wide {{coord|38.08|S|176.27|E|format=dms|type:mountain|name=Rotorua Caldera}}<ref name="largeeruptions">{{Cite web |title=Large Holocene Eruptions |url=https://volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415150234/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm |archive-date=2012-04-15 |website=Global Volcanism Program}}</ref>
**Mount Ngongotahā {{coord|-38.118973|176.198095|display=inline}}
**Lakes
***[[Earth:Lake Rotorua|Lake Rotorua]] {{coord|38.08|S|176.27|E|format=dms|region:NZ_type:waterbody|name=Lake Rotorua}}
****[[Earth:Mokoia Island|Mokoia Island]] {{coord|38|05|S|176|18|E|format=dms|region:NZ_type:isle|name=Mokoia Island}}
**Geothermal fields
***Tikitere/Hell's Gate {{coord|-38.065|176.361|region:NZ-BOP|display=inline}}
***Whakarewarewa {{coord|38|9|44|S|176|15|23|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:NZ_source:dewiki|name=Whakarewarewa}}
****Pōhutu Geyser (Te Puia)
**Ōkataina Caldera, size: roughly 27 x 20&nbsp;km {{coord|38.22|S|176.5|E|format=dms|type:mountain|name=Okataina Caldera}}<ref>[http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/img_tarawera.html Okataina Volcanic Center, New Zealand]</ref>
***Haroharo volcanic complex, northern end of the Okataina Volcanic Centre<ref name="largeeruptions" /> with infilling of several sub-caldera's from caldera forming eruptions:
****Rotoiti Caldera
****Matahina Caldera
****Utu Caldera
****[[Earth:Mount Tarawera|Mount Tarawera]] and Tarawera volcanic complex {{coord|38.22|S|176.5|E|format=dms|type:mountain|name=Mount Tarawera}}
*****Okareka vent<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nairn |first=I.A. |year=2002 |title=Geology of the Okatania Volcanic Centre |publisher=Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences |series=Geological Map 25 |page=156 }}</ref>
****Puhipuhi Embayment
****Ōkareka Embayment {{coord|-38.20215|176.348291|type:mountain|format=dms|display=inline}}
****Rotomā Caldera<ref name="Plenty">{{Cite journal |last1=Hodgson |first1=K. A. |last2=Nairn |first2=I. A. |date=August 2004 |title=The Sedimentation and Drainage History of Haroharo Caldera and The Tarawera River System, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand |journal=Operations Publication 2004/03 |publisher=Environment Bay of Plenty |issn=1176-5550 |page=7 |url=http://www.envbop.govt.nz/Reports/Report-0408-TheSedimentationAndDrainageHistoryOfHaroharoCalderaAndTheTaraweraRiverSystemTaupoVolcanicZoneNewZealand.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522220029/http://www.envbop.govt.nz/Reports/Report-0408-TheSedimentationAndDrainageHistoryOfHaroharoCalderaAndTheTaraweraRiverSystemTaupoVolcanicZoneNewZealand.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-05-22 }}</ref> {{coord|38|05|S|176|35|E|format=dms|display=inline}}
**Lakes
***[[Earth:Lake Ōkataina|Lake Ōkataina]] {{coord|38|07|S|176|25|E|format=dms|region:NZ_type:waterbody|name=Lake Okataina}}
***[[Earth:Lake Tarawera|Lake Tarawera]] {{coord|38|12|S|176|27|E|format=dms|region:NZ_type:waterbody|name=Lake Tarawera}}
***[[Earth:Lake Rotokākahi|Lake Rotokākahi]] (Green Lake) {{coord|38|13|S|176|20|E|format=dms|region:NZ_type:waterbody|name=Lake Rotokakahi}}
***[[Earth:Lake Tikitapu|Lake Tikitapu]] (Blue Lake) {{coord|38|12|S|176|20|E|format=dms|region:NZ_type:waterbody|name=Lake Tikitapu}}
***Lake Ōkāreka {{coord|38|10|S|176|22|E|format=dms|region:NZ_type:waterbody|name=Lake Okareka}}
***[[Earth:Lake Rotomahana|Lake Rotomahana]] {{coord|38|16|S|176|27|E|format=dms|region:NZ_type:waterbody|name=Lake Rotomahana}}
***Lake Rotoiti {{coord|-38.0390|176.4277|format=dms|region:NZ-BOP_type:waterbody|name=Lake Rotoiti}}
***[[Earth:Lake Rotomā|Lake Rotomā]] {{coord|-38.0476|176.5878|format=dms|region:NZ-BOP_type:waterbody|name=Lake Rotoma}}
***[[Earth:Lake Rotoehu|Lake Rotoehu]] {{coord|38|1|S|176|32|E|format=dms|region:NZ_source:frwiki_type:waterbody|name=Lake Rotoehu}}
**Geothermal fields
***Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley {{coord|38|16|57|S|176|23|56|E|format=dms|type:landmark|name=Waimangu}}
****Frying Pan Lake {{coord|38.283586|S|176.394866|E|format=dms|type:landmark|name=Frying Pan Lake}} 
**Ohakuri Caldera {{coord|-38.378|176.019|format=dms|display=inline}}
**Maroa Caldera, size: 16 x 25&nbsp;km {{coord|38.42|S|176.08|E|format=dms|type:mountain|name=Maroa Caldera}}<ref name="largeeruptions" />
***Puketarata volcanic complex {{coord|-38.550573 |176.054519 |format=dms |display=inline}}<ref name="Kósik2019">{{cite journal|first1=S. |last1=Kósik |first2= K. |last2=Németh |first3= J. |last3=Lexa |first4= J.N. |last4=Procter |title=Understanding the evolution of a small-volume silicic fissure eruption: Puketerata Volcanic Complex, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |volume=383 |year=2019 |pages=28–46 |issn=0377-0273 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.12.008 |s2cid=134914216 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027317302457 }}</ref>
**Reporoa Caldera, size: 10 x 15&nbsp;km {{coord|38|25|S|176|20|E|format=dms|type:mountain|name=Reporoa Caldera}}<ref name="largeeruptions" />
**Whakamaru Caldera, size: 30 x 40&nbsp;km<ref name="largeeruptions" /> {{coord|38.42|S|175.80|E|display=inline}}
**Geothermal fields
***Waiotapu {{coord|38|21|34|S|176|22|11|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:NZ|name=Waiotapu}}
***Wairakei {{coord|-38.626686|176.103491 |format=dms|type:landmark_region:NZ|name=Wairakei}}
****Craters of the Moon (Karapiti) {{Coord|38|38.8|S|176|4.1|E|display=inline}}
***Orakei Korako {{coord|38|28|24|S|176|8|54|E |format=dms|type:landmark_scale:1000_region:NZ-WKO|name=Orakei Korako}}
***Ngatamariki {{coord|38|32|50|S|176|11|45|E|region:NZ_type:landmark|display=inline}}
***Rotokaua {{coord|38.627975|S|176.192191|E|region:NZ_type:landmark|display=inline}}
***Ohaaki Power Station {{coord|-38.527|176.292|format=dms|type:landmark_region:NZ|name=Ohaaki Power Station}}
*[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|'''Taupō Volcanic Center''']]
**[[Earth:Lake Taupō|Taupō Caldera]], size: roughly 35&nbsp;km wide {{coord|38.82|S|176.00|E|format=dms|type:mountain|name=Taupo Caldera}}<ref name="largeeruptions"/>
***Mount Tauhara {{coord|38|41|40|S|176|9|46|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline}}
**Ben Lomond rhyolite dome (contains obsidian) {{coord|38|35.7|S|175|57.2|E|format=dms|type:mountain|name=Ben Lomond}}
**Lake Taupō {{coord|38.82|S|176.00|E|format=dms|region:NZ_type:waterbody|name=Lake Taupō}}
***Horomatangi Reefs {{Coord|-38.8|176.00|display=inline}}
***Motutaiko Island {{coord|-38.854|175.942|display=inline}}
**Geothermal fields
***Tauhara-Taupō {{coord|-38.967863|175.763380|display=inline}}
**Kakaramea-Tihia Massif {{coord|38|59|20|S|175|42|30|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline}}
**Pihanga {{coord|39|02|28.75|S|175|46|7|E|format=dms|region:NZ_type:mountain_source:GNS-enwiki|name=Pihanga}}
**[[Earth:Mount Tongariro|Mount Tongariro]] and Tongariro volcanic complex {{coord|39|8|S|175|39|E|format=dms|type:mountain|name=Mount Tongariro}}
***[[Earth:Mount Ngauruhoe|Mount Ngauruhoe]], a main Tongariro vent {{coord|39|9|24.6|S|175|37|55.8|E|format=dms|type:mountain_region:NZ|name=Mount Ngauruhoe}}
***[[Earth:Tama Lakes|Tama crater lakes]], main Tongariro vents
****Upper Tama {{coord|-39.1854|175.6223|format=dms|region:NZ-WKO_type:waterbody|name=Upper Tama}}
****Lower Tama {{coord|-39.2025|175.6068|format=dms|region:NZ-WKO_type:waterbody|name=Lower Tama}}
**[[Earth:Mount Ruapehu|Mount Ruapehu]] {{coord|39.18|S|175.35|E|format=dms|type:mountain|name=Mount Ruapehu}}
***Hauhungatahi {{coord|39.23|S|175.44|E|format=dms|type:mountain_region:NZ|name=Hauhungatahi}}
**Lakes
***Lake Rotoaira {{coord|-39.0545|175.7143|format=dms|region:NZ-WKO_type:waterbody|name=Lake Rotoaira}}
***Lake Rotopounamu {{coord|-39.0267|175.7382|format=dms|region:NZ-WKO_type:waterbody|name=Lake Rotopounamu}}
**Geothermal fields
***Ketetahi Springs {{coord|-39.107477|175.647665|format=dms|display=inline}}
*'''[[Earth:Mangakino caldera complex|Mangakino Volcanic Centre]]''': The Mangakino Volcanic Centre is the westernmost extinct rhyolitic caldera volcano in the Taupō Volcanic Zone and activity commenced at least 1.62 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/00288306.1998.9514803 |last1=Krippner |first1=Stephen J. P. |last2=Briggs |first2=Roger M. |last3=Wilson |first3=Colin J. N. |last4=Cole |first4=James W. |year=1998 |title=Petrography and geochemistry of lithic fragments in ignimbrites from the Mangakino Volcanic Centre: implications for the composition of the subvolcanic crust in western Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |volume=41 |pages=187–199 |issue=2 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The course of the Waikato River crosses this area, between the artificial Lake Ohakuri ({{coord|38.42273|S|176.125474|E|format=dms|region:NZ_type:waterbody|name=Lake Ohakuri}}), the town of Mangakino ({{coord|38|23|S|175|47|E|format=dms|region:NZ_type:city|name=Mangakino}}) and Hamilton.
**Artificial Lake Maraetai

Other important features of the TVZ include the Ngakuru and Ruapehu [[Earth:Graben|graben]]s.

===Note===

<!-- {{Location map many|New Zealand North Island   
|label      = Reporoa
  |label_size = 70
  |pos   = right
  |lat_deg=38|lat_min=25|lat_dir=S
  |lon_deg=176|lon_min=20|lon_dir=E
  |marksize   = 5
|label2      = Maroa
  |label2_size = 70
  |pos2   = bottom 
  |lat2        = -38.42
  |long2       = 176.08
  |mark2size   = 7
|label3      = Okataina
  |label3_size = 70
  |pos3   = right 
  |lat3        = -38.22
  |long3       = 176.5
  |mark3size   = 9
|label4      = Mangakino
  |label4_size = 70
  |pos4   = left
  |lat4_deg=38|lat4_min=23|lat4_dir=S
  |lon4_deg=175|lon4_min=47|lon4_dir=E
  |mark4size   = 9
|border     = none
|caption    = Caldera centers, <BR />Taupō and Rotorua lakes
|float      = right
|width      = 210
}} -->
[[File:CratersOfTheMoon1.jpg|thumb|right|Craters of the Moon geothermal area]]
There is more recent, somewhat different classification, by some of the same authors, that uses the term caldera complex:<ref name="Cole2009"/>
*Central part:
**West of the main fault zone:
***[[Earth:Mangakino caldera complex|Mangakino caldera complex]]; may be transitional between Coromandel Volcanic Zone (CVZ) and Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ) (1.62 – 0.91 mio. years old)
***Kapenga caldera; lies between the Maroa caldera and the Rotorua caldera, it is completely buried under more recent tephra (circa 700,000 years old)
****Okareka Embayment, lies inside the northern end of the Kapenga caldera, but is now usually regarded as part of the recently active Okataina caldera complex<ref name="Plenty" />
***Rotorua single event caldera; Mamaku Ignimbrite (circa 225,000 years old)
**Main fault zone:
***Ōkataina caldera complex
****Haroharo caldera complex
****[[Earth:Mount Tarawera|Tarawera volcanic complex]]
****Maroa caldera
***Ohakuri single event caldera
***[[Earth:Taupō Volcano|Taupō caldera complex]]
**East of the main fault zone:
***Reporoa single event caldera; Kaingaroa Ignimbrite (circa 240,000 years old)

{{Wide image|Tauporama1.jpg|1024px|{{center|Panorama across Lake Taupō}}}}

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* List of volcanoes in New Zealand
* {{annotated link|Earth:North Island Volcanic Plateau}}
* Rotorua Caldera
* [[Earth:Taupō Volcano|Taupō Volcano]]
* Volcanology of New Zealand
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312071957/https://www.laketauponz.com/aboutlaketaupo.cfm?method=displaysubsection&sectionid=73dea3d0-efad-ba3f-9d50-1c4db6b33ec3 Further information on Taupō volcanics]
*[http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/australia/new_zealand/new_zealand.html Tectonic plate information]
*[http://www.envbop.govt.nz/CD/Earthquake.asp Earthquake risks]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061006170713/http://www.gns.cri.nz/what/earthact/volcanoes/nzvolcanoes/taupoprint.htm New Zealand's volcanoes: The Taupō Volcanic Centre]
*[http://www.gns.cri.nz/what/earthact/volcanoes/nzvolcanoes/okatbookprint.htm New Zealand's volcanoes: The Okataina Volcanic Centre]
*Maps
**[http://www.ew.govt.nz/PageFiles/10668/volcanic%20centres%20map%20pdf.pdf Environment Waikato, Regional Council, map]
**{{Cite book |page=63 |editor-last=Lowe |editor-first=D.J. |url=http://earth.waikato.ac.nz/staff/lowe/download/Rotorua_Land_and_Lakes_field_trip_NZSSS-1_Dec_06-web.pdf |title=Guidebook for 'Land and Lakes' field trip, New Zealand Society of Soil Science Biennial Conference, Rotorua, held in 27–30 November 2006 |publisher=New Zealand Society of Soil Science |place=Lincoln }}
**{{cite book |last1=Hiess |first1=J |last2=Cole |first2=JW |last3=Spinks |first3=KD |year=2007 |title=High-Alumina Basalts of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Influence of the Crust and Crustal Structure |page=36 |url=http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/10092/3172/1/12605971_Hiess%20%202007%20final.pdf |ref=Part of a BSc Project by Hiess, J. (University of Canterbury) }} Map modified from: {{Cite journal |last1=Spinks |first1=Karl D |last2=Acocella |first2=Valerio |last3=Cole |first3=Jim W |last4=Bassett |first4=Kari N |date=2005-06-15 |title=Structural control of volcanism and caldera development in the transtensional Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |volume=144 |issue=1–4 |pages=7–22 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.014 |bibcode = 2005JVGR..144....7S }}
**[http://www.gsnz.org.nz/file_downloads/fieldtrip/MP123B_FT2.pdf Geological Society of New Zealand & New Zealand Geophysical Society - Fieldtrip 2]
** {{Cite book |last1=Houghton |first1 =Bruce F. |year=2007 |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~bhoughto/NZ_Field_Guide_Spring07.pdf |title=Field Guide - Taupo Volcanic Zone }}
**[http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/volcanoes/volc_images/australia/new_zealand/new_zealand.html New Zealand, Taupō and Coromandel volcanic zones]
**{{Cite journal |last1=Newhall |first1=Christopher G. |last2=Dzurisin |first2=Daniel |year=1988 |title=Historical unrest at large calderas of the world |journal=USGS Bulletin |volume=1855 |page=1108 |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/b/b1855 }}
**[http://www.maoriland.govt.nz/STATS/Geotherm.htm The Taupō Volcanic Zone with Māori Freehold Land (1995) - showing geothermal fields]


[[Category:Volcanic belts]]

{{Sourceattribution|Taupō Volcanic Zone}}