Biology:Arum italicum: Difference between revisions

From HandWiki
(over-write)
 
(link)
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Species of flowering plant in the family Araceae}}
{{Short description|Species of plant in family Araceae}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|image = Flor de Arum italicum.jpg
|image = Flor de Arum italicum.jpg
Line 5: Line 5:
|genus = Arum
|genus = Arum
|species = italicum
|species = italicum
|authority = Mill.
|authority = Mill.<ref name=powo/>
|subdivision_ref = <ref name=powo/>
|subdivision =
{{Collapsible list | {{Species list
| Arum italicum subsp. albispathum | (Steven ex Ledeb.) Prime
| Arum italicum subsp. canariense | (Webb & Berthel.) P.C.Boyce
| Arum italicum subsp. italicum |
| Arum italicum subsp. neglectum | (F.Towns.) Prime
}}}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=powo/>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=powo/>
|synonyms = *''Arum maculatum'' var. ''italicum'' <small>(Mill.) O.Targ.Tozz.</small>
|synonyms =  
*''Arisarum italicum'' <small>(Mill.) Raf.</small>
{{Collapsible list | title = Species |
  {{Species list
  | Arisarum italicum | (Mill.) [[Biography:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]
  | Arum maculatum var. italicum | (Mill.) O.Targ.Tozz.
  }}
}}
{{Collapsible list | title = subsp. ''albispathum'' |
  {{Species list
  | Arum albispathum | Steven ex Ledeb.
  | Arum orientale var. albispathum | (Steven ex Ledeb.) Engl.
  | Arum orientale subsp. albispathum | (Steven ex Ledeb.) Nyman
  }}
}}
{{Collapsible list | title = subsp. ''canariense'' |
  {{Species list
  | Arum canariense | Webb & Berthel.
  | Arum italicum var. canariense | (Webb & Berthel.) Engl.
  }}
}}
{{Collapsible list | title = subsp. ''italicum'' |
  {{Species list
  | Arum divaricatum | Dulac
  | Arum facchinii | Porta ex Hruby
  | Arum italicum var. concolor | Beck
  | Arum italicum var. facchinii | (Porta ex Hruby) Engl.
  | Arum italicum subsp. gaibolense | Mattei
  | Arum italicum var. hercegovinum | Beck
  | Arum italicum subvar. immaculatum | (DC.) Engl.
  | Arum italicum var. immaculatum | DC.
  | Arum italicum var. intermedium | Mutel
  | Arum italicum var. maculatum | Hoschedé
  | Arum italicum subsp. majoricense | ([[Biography:Robert Hippolyte Chodat|Chodat]]) [[Biography:Oriol de Bolòs|O.Bolòs]], Masalles & Vigo
  | Arum italicum f. majoricense | (Chodat) Mus, Pericás & Rosselló
  | Arum italicum var. parvulum | Borhidi
  | Arum italicum f. purpurascens | Pamp.
  | Arum italicum var. yvesii | Briq.
  | Arum maculatum f. parvulum | (Borhidi) Terpó
  | Arum majoricense | Chodat
  | Arum modicense | Sprenger
  | Arum numidicum | [[Biography:Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]]
  | Arum ponticum | Schott
  | Arum provinciale | Sommier ex Hruby
  }}
}}
{{Collapsible list | title = subsp. ''neglectum'' |
  {{Species list
  | Arum italicum subvar. foucaudii | ([[Biography:Louis Corbière|Corb.]]) Engl.
  | Arum italicum subvar. obtusilobum | Engl.
  | Arum italicum subvar. punctatum | Engl.
  | Arum italicum var. foucaudii | Corb.
  | Arum italicum var. neglectum | F.Towns.
  | Arum neglectum | (F.Towns.) Ridl.
  }}
}}
}}
}}


'''''Arum italicum''''' is a [[Biology:Species|species]] of flowering herbaceous [[Biology:Perennial plant|perennial plant]] in the family [[Biology:Araceae|Araceae]], also known as '''Italian arum''' and '''Italian lords-and-ladies'''.<ref name="mbg">[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/y760/arum-italicum.aspx MBG- hort.] . accessed 11.1.2011</ref> It is native to the [[Place:British Isles|British Isles]]<ref name=Stroh>{{cite web |title=''Arum italicum'' Mill. |work=BSBI Online Plant Atlas 2020 |editor=P.A. Stroh |editor2=T. A. Humphrey |editor3=R.J. Burkmar |editor4=O.L. Pescott |editor5=D.B. Roy |editor6=K.J. Walker |url=https://plantatlas2020.org/atlas/2cd4p9h.ycz |access-date=1 May 2023 }}</ref> and much of the Mediterranean region, the [[Earth:Caucasus|Caucasus]], Canary Islands, Madeira and northern Africa. It is also naturalized in Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, {{wipe|Argentina}}, North Island [[Earth:New Zealand|New Zealand]] and scattered locations in North America.<ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=''Arum italicum'' Mill. |work=Plants of the World Online|publisher =Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:86047-1 }}</ref><ref>Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref><ref>Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2008). Flora Iberica 18: 1-420. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.</ref><ref>Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Arum%20italicum.png Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map]</ref>
'''''Arum italicum''''' is a [[Biology:Species|species]] of flowering herbaceous [[Biology:Perennial plant|perennial plant]] in the family [[Biology:Araceae|Araceae]], also known as '''Italian arum''' and '''Italian lords-and-ladies'''.<ref name="mbg">{{Cite web |title=Arum italicum - Plant Finder |url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=y760 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org}}</ref> It is native to the [[Place:British Isles|British Isles]]<ref name=Stroh>{{cite web |title=''Arum italicum'' Mill. |work=BSBI Online Plant Atlas 2020 |editor=P.A. Stroh |editor2=T. A. Humphrey |editor3=R.J. Burkmar |editor4=O.L. Pescott |editor5=D.B. Roy |editor6=K.J. Walker |url=https://plantatlas2020.org/atlas/2cd4p9h.ycz |access-date=1 May 2023 }}</ref> and much of the Mediterranean region, the [[Earth:Caucasus|Caucasus]], Canary Islands, Madeira and northern Africa. It is also naturalized in Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, Argentina, North Island New Zealand and scattered locations in North America.<ref name=powo>{{Cite POWO | id = 86047-1 | title=''Arum italicum'' Mill. | access-date = 28 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref><ref>Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2008). Flora Iberica 18: 1-420. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.</ref><ref>Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map |url=http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Arum%20italicum.png |website=bonap.net}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
It grows {{convert|1|-|1.5|ft|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} high, with equal spread. It blooms in spring with white flowers that turn to showy red fruit.<ref name="mbg"/> It is cultivated as an ornamental plant for traditional and [[Biology:Woodland|woodland]] shade gardens.<ref name="mbg"/> [[Biology:Subspecies|Subspecies]] ''[[Biology:Arum italicum subsp. italicum|italicum]]'' (the one normally grown in [[Earth:Horticulture|horticulture]]) has distinctive pale [[Biology:Leaf#Veins|vein]]s on the leaves, whilst subspecies ''neglectum'' (known as late cuckoo pint<ref>
''Arum italicum'' grows {{convert|1|-|1.5|ft|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} high, with equal spread. It blooms in spring with white flowers that turn to showy red fruit.<ref name="mbg"/>  
[https://www.aphotoflora.com/mon_arum_italicum_neglectum_late_cuckoo_pint.html ''Late cuckoo pint''] at aphotoflora.com: retrieved 3 October 2020</ref>) has faint pale veins, and the leaves may have dark spots.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://archive.bsbi.org.uk/Wats5p106.pdf |title=Taxonomy and Nomenclature in Some Species of the Genus ''Arum'' L |author=C T Prime |journal=Watsonia |volume=5 |number=2 |year=1961 |pages=106–9}}</ref> Nonetheless, intermediates between these two subspecies also occur, and their distinctiveness has been questioned.<ref name=cha>{{cite journal|title=Arum - a Decade of Change|last1=Boyce|first1=P.C.|year=2002 |journal=Aroideana|volume=29 |pages=132–139}}</ref><ref name="pm">{{cite journal|title=New Observations on ''Arum italicum''|last1=Boyce|first1=P.C.|year=2006 |journal=The Plantsman|volume=5 |issue=1|pages=36–39}}</ref> Some gardeners use this arum to underplant with ''[[Biology:Hosta|Hosta]]'', as they produce foliage sequentially: when the ''Hosta'' withers away, the arum replaces it in early winter, maintaining ground-cover.<ref name=wis/> Numerous cultivars have been developed for garden use, of which ''A. italicum'' subsp. ''italicum'' 'Marmoratum' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Arum italicum'' subsp. ''italicum'' 'Marmoratum'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/92886/Arum-italicum-subsp-italicum-Marmoratum/Details | access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
 
By relative inflorescence height, ''Arum'' species are divided into "cryptic" species, whose inflorescences are borne on a short peduncle amid or below the leaves, and "flag" species, whose inflorescences are above leaf level at the end of long peduncles. ''A. italicum'' is a cryptic species.{{sfn|Gibernau|Macquart|Przetak|2004|p=152}}
 
In 1778, Lamarck noticed that the [[Biology:Inflorescence|inflorescence]] of this plant produces heat.<ref>Meeuse, B.J.D. 1975.  Films of liquid crystals as an aid in pollination studies.  In ''Pollination and Dispersal'', ed N.B.M. Brantjes, H.F. Linskens, pp 19-20.  Nijmegen. The Netherlands: Dep. Botany, Univ. Nijmegen.</ref><ref name="googb">{{Cite book |last=Pfeffer |first=W. (Wilhelm) |url=https://archive.org/details/physiologyofplan03pfef/page/372 |title=The physiology of plants; a treatise upon the metabolism and sources of energy in plants |last2=Ewart |first2=Alfred J. (Alfred James) |date=1906 |publisher=Oxford, Clarendon press |others=MBLWHOI Library}}</ref>
 
''A. italicum'' generally has a chromosome count of 2n = 84, except that a few subspecies (such as subsp. ''albispathum'') have 2n = 56.<ref name=GA/>


''Arum italicum'' can be [[Earth:Invasive species|invasive]] in some areas.<ref name=wis>[http://ext100.wsu.edu/clark/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2014/02/ArumItalicum.pdf Clark County Master Gardeners] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705134419/http://ext100.wsu.edu/clark/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2014/02/ArumItalicum.pdf |date=July 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=nps>[http://www.nps.gov/cue/epmt/products/Arum%20italicum%202012%20NCREPMT.pdf National Park Service, Exotic Plant Management Team]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Invasive Italian arum|url=https://wmswcd.org/species/italian-arum/|access-date=2021-02-13|website=West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District|language=en-US}}</ref>
==Taxonomy==
Within the genus, ''A. italicum'' belongs to subgenus ''Arum'', section ''Arum''.<ref name=GA>{{Cite book |last=Boyce|first=Peter |year=1993 |title=The Genus Arum |location=London |publisher=HMSO |isbn=0-11-250085-4 }}</ref>


''Arum italicum'' may hybridize with ''[[Biology:Arum maculatum|Arum maculatum]]''.<ref name=Plantsman>Plantsman v13:3, p142, September 2014; Royal Horticultural Society</ref> The status of two subspecies currently included in ''Arum italicum'', subsp. ''[[Biology:Arum italicum subsp. albispathum|albispathum]]'' (Crimea to the Caucasus) and subsp. ''[[Biology:Arum italicum subsp. canariense|canariense]]'' (Macaronesia), is uncertain and they may represent independent species.<ref name=cha/>
''Arum italicum'' may hybridize with ''[[Biology:Arum maculatum|Arum maculatum]]''.<ref name=Plantsman>Plantsman v13:3, p142, September 2014; Royal Horticultural Society</ref> The status of two subspecies currently included in ''Arum italicum'', subsp. ''[[Biology:Arum italicum subsp. albispathum|albispathum]]'' (Crimea to the Caucasus) and subsp. ''[[Biology:Arum italicum subsp. canariense|canariense]]'' (Macaronesia), is uncertain and they may represent independent species.<ref name=cha/>


In 1778, Lamarck noticed that the [[Biology:Inflorescence|inflorescence]] of this plant produces heat.<ref>Meeuse, B.J.D.  1975.  Films of liquid crystals as an aid in pollination studies. In ''Pollination and Dispersal'', ed N.B.M. Brantjes, H.F. Linskens, pp 19-20. Nijmegen. The Netherlands: Dep. Botany, Univ. Nijmegen.</ref><ref name=googb>[https://archive.org/details/physiologyofplan03pfef/page/372 <!-- quote=Lamarck "arum italicum". --> Wilhelm Pfeffer, The Physiology of Plants: A Treatise Upon the Metabolism and ..., Volume 3]</ref>
==Distribution and habitat==
''Arum italicum'' nativity by subspecies is as follows:<ref name=powo/>
* ''A. italicum'' subsp. ''italicum'' is native to Albania, Algeria, Baleares, Bulgaria, Corse, Cyprus, France, Greece, Iraq, Italy, Kriti, Krym, Morocco, Portugal, Sardegna, Sicilia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, and Yugoslavia.
* ''A. italicum'' subsp. ''albispathum'' is native to Krym, North Caucasus, Transcaucasus, and Turkey.
* ''A. italicum'' subsp. ''canariense'' is native to Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira.
* ''A. italicum'' subsp. ''neglectum'' is native to Algeria, France, Great Britain, Morocco, and Spain.


Leaves, fruits and rhizomes contain compounds that make them poisonous. Notably, leaves are rich in [[Chemistry:Oxalic acid|oxalic acid]]; other active principles are present in other parts. The ingestion of berries, which are showy and red, can be fatal for babies and young children, as well as dogs.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
Subspecies ''italicum'' has a multi-continental introduced presence, including in northeast Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, north New Zealand, and the U.S. states of Illinois, Maryland, Missouri, New York, and North Carolina.<ref name=powo/>
 
==Invasive species==
''Arum italicum'' can be [[Earth:Invasive species|invasive]] in some areas, particularly in the [[Place:Pacific Northwest|Pacific Northwest]] of the United States.<ref name="wis">{{Cite web |title=Garden Mastery Tips from Clark County Master Gardeners - Arum italicum |url=http://ext100.wsu.edu/clark/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2014/02/ArumItalicum.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705134419/http://ext100.wsu.edu/clark/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2014/02/ArumItalicum.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-05 |website=ext100.wsu.edu}}</ref><ref name="nps">{{Cite web |title=Natural Resources & Science - Resource Stewardship & Science - Region 1 NCA (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1027/nr.htm |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Invasive Italian arum|url=https://wmswcd.org/species/italian-arum/|access-date=2021-02-13|website=West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District|language=en-US}}</ref> It is very difficult to control once established. Herbicides kill the foliage of the plant, but may not affect the tuber. Manual control may spread the plants through the dissemination of soil contaminated with bulb and root fragments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Control Options for Italian Arum |url=https://www.whatcomcounty.us/DocumentCenter/View/27070/Italian-Arum-Management#:~:text=Herbicides%20which%20contain%20the%20active,may%20not%20affect%20the%20tuber. |website=Whatcom County, Washington |publisher=Whatcom County Noxious Weed Board |access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref>
 
==Uses==
In Croatia, its corms were eaten in times of famine.{{sfn|Grlić|1986}}{{sfn|Łuczaj|Pieroni|Tardío|Pardo-de-Santayana|2012|p=360}}{{sfn|Łuczaj|Pieroni|2016|p=36}}
 
==Toxicity==
Leaves, fruits and rhizomes contain compounds that make them poisonous. Notably, the plants are rich in oxalates. The ingestion of the tuber may be fatal, as it affects the kidneys, digestive tract, and brain.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prakash Raju |first1=K. N. J. |last2=Goel |first2=Kishen |last3=Anandhi |first3=D. |last4=Pandit |first4=Vinay R. |last5=Surendar |first5=R. |last6=Sasikumar |first6=M. |title=Wild tuber poisoning: Arum maculatum – A rare case report |journal=International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science |date=2018 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=111–114 |doi=10.4103/IJCIIS.IJCIIS_9_18 |doi-access=free |pmid=29963416 |pmc=6018264 |issn=2229-5151}}</ref>
 
==Cultivation==
It is cultivated as an ornamental plant for traditional and [[Biology:Woodland|woodland]] shade gardens.<ref name="mbg"/> [[Biology:Subspecies|Subspecies]] ''[[Biology:Arum italicum subsp. italicum|italicum]]'' (the one normally grown in [[Earth:Horticulture|horticulture]]) has distinctive pale [[Biology:Leaf#Veins|vein]]s on the leaves, whilst subspecies ''neglectum'' (known as late cuckoo pint<ref>
{{Cite web |date= |title=Arum italicum subspecies neglectum - Late Cuckoo Pint (Araceae Images) |url=https://www.aphotoflora.com/mon_arum_italicum_neglectum_late_cuckoo_pint.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127204755/https://www.aphotoflora.com/mon_arum_italicum_neglectum_late_cuckoo_pint.html |archive-date=2023-01-27 |access-date= |url-status=usurped|website=www.aphotoflora.com}}</ref>) has faint pale veins, and the leaves may have dark spots.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://archive.bsbi.org.uk/Wats5p106.pdf |title=Taxonomy and Nomenclature in Some Species of the Genus ''Arum'' L |author=C T Prime |journal=Watsonia |volume=5 |number=2 |year=1961 |pages=106–9}}</ref> Nonetheless, intermediates between these two subspecies also occur, and their distinctiveness has been questioned.<ref name=cha>{{cite journal|title=Arum - a Decade of Change|last1=Boyce|first1=P.C.|year=2002 |journal=Aroideana|volume=29 |pages=132–139}}</ref><ref name="pm">{{cite journal|title=New Observations on ''Arum italicum''|last1=Boyce|first1=P.C.|year=2006 |journal=The Plantsman|volume=5 |issue=1|pages=36–39}}</ref> Some gardeners use this arum to underplant with ''[[Biology:Hosta|Hosta]]'', as they produce foliage sequentially: when the ''Hosta'' withers away, the arum replaces it in early winter, maintaining ground-cover.<ref name=wis/> Numerous cultivars have been developed for garden use, of which ''A. italicum'' subsp. ''italicum'' 'Marmoratum' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Arum italicum'' subsp. ''italicum'' 'Marmoratum'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/92886/Arum-italicum-subsp-italicum-Marmoratum/Details | access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Arum italicum bulbus.jpg|Bulbs
Arum italicum bulbus.jpg|Corms
Cuckoo Pint Arum italicum Leaves 2000px.jpg|Mature leaves
Cuckoo Pint Arum italicum Leaves 2000px.jpg|Mature leaves
Arum italicum Mallorca 003.jpg|Spathe
Arum italicum Mallorca 003.jpg|Spathe
Aronfrucht3962.jpg|Ripe berries
Flowering-fruiting Arum Italicum in the Greek coastal suburbs of Thessaly.jpg|Maturing fruit
Aronfrucht3962.jpg|Ripe fruit
Estructura floral del Arum - Manuel García González.jpg|Botanical illustration
Estructura floral del Arum - Manuel García González.jpg|Botanical illustration
Cuckoo Pint Arum italicum Young Plant 2874px.jpg|Leaves of cultivar 'Marmoratum'
Cuckoo Pint Arum italicum Young Plant 2874px.jpg|Leaves of cultivar 'Marmoratum'
</gallery>
</gallery>
==Taxonomy==
Within the genus, ''A. italicum'' belongs to subgenus ''Arum'', section ''Arum''.<ref name=GA>{{Cite book |last=Boyce|first=Peter |year=1993 |title=The Genus Arum |location=London |publisher=HMSO |isbn=0-11-250085-4 }}</ref>
''A. italicum'' generally has a chromosome count of 2n = 84, except that a few subspecies (such as subsp. ''albispathum'') have 2n = 56.<ref name=GA/>


== References ==
== References ==
* {{ITIS
| id = 42544
| taxon = Arum italicum
| access-date = September 25, 2006
}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
{{div col}}
* {{cite journal |date=2025-02-13 |first1=Łukasz |last1=Łuczaj |first2=Gizem |last2=Emre |title=Lords-and-Ladies (Arum) as Food in Eurasia: A Review |page=577 |doi=10.3390/plants14040577 |journal=Plants |eissn=2223-7747 |volume=14 |issue=4|doi-access=free |bibcode=2025Plnts..14..577L|pmc=11859539 }}
* {{cite book |date=2020-06-27 |first1=Rainer W. |last1=Bussmann |first2=Ketevan |last2=Batsatsashvili |first3=Zaal |last3=Kikvidze |first4=Narel Y. |last4=Paniagua-Zambrana |first5=Manana |last5=Khutsishvili |first6=Inesa |last6=Maisaia |first7=Shalva |last7=Sikharulidze |first8=David |last8=Tchelidze  |chapter=Arum italicum subsp. albispathum. Ethnobotany of the mountain regions of far Eastern Europe: Ural, Northern Caucasus, Turkey, and Iran |pages=147–152 |url=https://www.academia.edu/70537232 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-28940-9_17 |title=Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Far Eastern Europe: Ural, Northern Caucasus, Turkey, and Iran |isbn=978-3-030-28940-9}}
* {{cite journal |date=2020-02-21 |first1=Esra |last1=Demir |first2=Nezahat |last2=Turfan |first3=Harun |last3=Özer |first4=Nebahat Şule |last4=Üstün |first5=Aysun |last5=Pekşen |title=Nutrient and bioactive substance contents of edible plants grown naturally in Salipazari (Samsun) |pages=151–160 |url=https://czasopisma.up.lublin.pl/asphc/article/view/1405 |doi=10.24326/asphc.2020.1.14 |journal=Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus |eissn=2545-1405 |volume=19 |issue=1|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |date=2017-11-27 |first1=Elisa |last1=Petrussa |first2=Francesco |last2=Boscutti |first3=Angelo |last3=Vianello |first4=Valentino |last4=Casolo |title="Last In–First Out": seasonal variations of non-structural carbohydrates, glucose-6-phosphate and ATP in tubers of two Arum species |pages=346–356 |doi=10.1111/plb.12673 |journal=Plant Biology |eissn=1438-8677 |volume=20 |issue=2}}
* {{cite book |date=2016-12-23 |first1=Munir |last1=Oztürk |first2=Volkan |last2=Altay |first3=Salih |last3=Gücel |first4=Çakir |last4=Altundağ Çakır |chapter=Plant diversity of the drylands in Southeastern Anatolia-Turkey: role in human health and food security |pages=84–124 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305148899 |doi=10.1079/9781780646947.00 |title=Plant Biodiversity: Monitoring, Assessment and Conservation |isbn=978-1-78064-695-4}}
* {{cite book |date=2016-04-12 |first1=Łukasz |last1=Łuczaj |first2=Andrea |last2=Pieroni |chapter=Nutritional ethnobotany in Europe: from emergency foods to healthy folk cuisines and contemporary foraging trends |pages=33–56 |chapter-url=http://www.andreapieroni.eu/Luczaj%20and%20Pieroni,%202016.pdf |doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-3329-7_3 |title=Mediterranean Wild Edible Plants: Ethnobotany and Food Composition Tables |isbn=978-1-4939-3329-7}}
* {{cite journal |first1=Łukasz |last1=Łuczaj |first2=Andrea |last2=Pieroni |first3=Javier |last3=Tardío |first4=Manuel |last4=Pardo-de-Santayana |first5=Renata |last5=Sõukand |first6=Ingvar |last6=Svanberg |first7=Raivo |last7=Kalle |date=2012-11-19 |title=Wild food plant use in 21st century Europe: the disappearance of old traditions and the search for new cuisines involving wild edibles |pages=359–370 |url=https://pbsociety.org.pl/journals/index.php/asbp/article/view/asbp.2012.031/0 |doi=10.5586/asbp.2012.031 |journal=Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae |eissn=2083-9480 |volume=81 |issue=4|hdl=10278/3695496 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |date=2007-05-05 |first1=Serap |last1=Salik |first2=Kerim |last2=Alpinar |first3=Sedat |last3=Imre |title=Fatty acid composition of the seed oil of Arum italicum Miller |pages=95–103 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-4522.2002.tb00212.x |journal=Journal of Food Lipids |issn=1065-7258 |volume=9 |issue=2}}
* {{cite journal |date=2006-06-30 |first1=A. P. |last1=Harrison |first2=E. M. |last2=Bartels |title=A Modern Appraisal of Ancient Etruscan Herbal Practices |pages=26–29 |url=https://thescipub.com/abstract/ajptsp.2006.26.29 |doi=10.3844/ajptsp.2006.26.29 |journal=American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology |eissn=1557-4970 |volume=1 |issue=2}}<!--This article is uncritically relied on by the reference work "Bioactive Compounds and Biological Activities of Arum L."-->
* {{cite journal |date=2004 |first1=Marc |last1=Gibernau |first2=David |last2=Macquart |first3=Gilles |last3=Przetak |title=Pollination in the genus Arum – a review |pages=148–166 |url=https://www.aroid.org/gallery/gibernau/aroideana/0270009.pdf |journal=Aroideana |issn=0197-4033 |volume=27}}
* {{cite journal |date=2000-05-01 |first1=Angelo |last1=Bonora |first2=Simonetta |last2=Pancaldi |first3=Rita |last3=Gualandri |first4=Maria |last4=Palmira Fasulo |title=Carotenoid and ultrastructure variations in plastids of Arum italicum Miller fruit during maturation and ripening Get access Arrow |pages=873–884 |doi=10.1093/jexbot/51.346.873 |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |issn=0022-0957 |volume=51 |issue=346}}
* {{cite book |date=2000 |first=Geoffrey C. |last=Kite |display-authors=0 |chapter=Inflorescence odours and pollinators of Arum and Amorphophallus (Araceae) |pages=295–315 |chapter-url=https://www.aroid.org/gallery/boyce/Inflorescence%20odours%20%26%20pollinators%20Arum%20%26%20Amoprphophallus%20-%20%5BReproductive%20Biology%2C%20ed.%20Owens%20%26%20Rudall%20295-315%5D%20-%20Kite%20et%20al.%201998.pdf |title=Reproductive Biology in Systematics, Conservation and Economic Botany |isbn=1900347628}}
* {{cite journal |date=January 1995 |first1=J. V. |last1=Dring |first2=G. C. |last2=Kite |first3=R. J. |last3=Nash |first4=T. |last4=Reynolds |title=Chemicals in aroids: a survey, including new results for polyhydroxy alkaloids and alkylresorcinols |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1995.tb02373.x |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |issn=0024-4074 |volume=117 |issue=1}}
* {{cite journal |date=February 1994 |first1=Marina |last1=Della Greca |first2=Antonio |last2=Molinaro |first3=Pietro |last3=Monaco |first4=Lucio |last4=Previtera |title=Lignans from Arum italicum |pages=777–779 |url=https://www.academia.edu/98167255 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90604-6 |journal=Phytochemistry |issn=0031-9422 |volume=35 |issue=3}}
* {{cite journal |date=1993 |orig-date=published 1992-11-03 |first1=Marina |last1=Della Greca |first2=Antonio |last2=Fiorentino |first3=Antonio |last3=Molinaro |first4=Pietro |last4=Monaco |first5=Lucio |last5=Previtera |title=Steroidal 5, 6-epoxides from Arum italicum |pages=27–32 |doi=10.1080/10575639308043450 |journal=Nature Product Letters |issn=1057-5634 |volume=2 |issue=1}}
* {{cite book |date=1986 |first=Ljubiša |last=Grlić |publisher=August Cesarec |title=Enciklopedija samoniklog jestivog bilja |edition=1st |location=Zagreb |language=sh |trans-title=Encyclopedia of Wild Edible Plants}}
** {{cite book |date=1990 |first=Ljubiša |last=Grlić |author-mask=1 |publisher=August Cesarec |title=Enciklopedija samoniklog jestivog bilja |edition=2nd |isbn=86-393-0172-7 |series=Biblioteka Priručnici |location=Zagreb |language=sh |trans-title=Encyclopedia of Wild Edible Plants}}
** {{cite book |date=2005 |first=Ljubiša |last=Grlić |author-mask=1 |publisher=Ex libris |title=Enciklopedija samoniklog jestivog bilja |edition=3rd |isbn=953-6932-23-7 |series=Biblioteka Natura |location=Rijeka |language=sh |trans-title=Encyclopedia of Wild Edible Plants}}
* {{cite journal |date=1912 |first=Johann |last=Hruby |title=Le genre Arum: Aperçu systématique avec considérations spéciales sur les relations phylogénétiques des formes |pages=113–160 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5212689 |journal=Bulletin de la Société botanique de Genève II |issn=0366-3108 |issue=4 |location=Geneva |language=fr |trans-title=The Genus Arum: A Systematic Overview with Special Considerations on the Phylogenetic Relations of its Forms}}
{{div col end}}


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 09:25, 10 June 2025

Short description: Species of plant in family Araceae

Arum italicum
Flor de Arum italicum.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Genus: Arum
Species:
A. italicum
Binomial name
Arum italicum
Mill.[1]
Subspecies[1]
Synonyms[1]

Arum italicum is a species of flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the family Araceae, also known as Italian arum and Italian lords-and-ladies.[2] It is native to the British Isles[3] and much of the Mediterranean region, the Caucasus, Canary Islands, Madeira and northern Africa. It is also naturalized in Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, Argentina, North Island New Zealand and scattered locations in North America.[1][4][5][6][7]

Description

Arum italicum grows 30–46 cm (1–1.5 ft) high, with equal spread. It blooms in spring with white flowers that turn to showy red fruit.[2]

By relative inflorescence height, Arum species are divided into "cryptic" species, whose inflorescences are borne on a short peduncle amid or below the leaves, and "flag" species, whose inflorescences are above leaf level at the end of long peduncles. A. italicum is a cryptic species.[8]

In 1778, Lamarck noticed that the inflorescence of this plant produces heat.[9][10]

A. italicum generally has a chromosome count of 2n = 84, except that a few subspecies (such as subsp. albispathum) have 2n = 56.[11]

Taxonomy

Within the genus, A. italicum belongs to subgenus Arum, section Arum.[11]

Arum italicum may hybridize with Arum maculatum.[12] The status of two subspecies currently included in Arum italicum, subsp. albispathum (Crimea to the Caucasus) and subsp. canariense (Macaronesia), is uncertain and they may represent independent species.[13]

Distribution and habitat

Arum italicum nativity by subspecies is as follows:[1]

  • A. italicum subsp. italicum is native to Albania, Algeria, Baleares, Bulgaria, Corse, Cyprus, France, Greece, Iraq, Italy, Kriti, Krym, Morocco, Portugal, Sardegna, Sicilia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, and Yugoslavia.
  • A. italicum subsp. albispathum is native to Krym, North Caucasus, Transcaucasus, and Turkey.
  • A. italicum subsp. canariense is native to Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira.
  • A. italicum subsp. neglectum is native to Algeria, France, Great Britain, Morocco, and Spain.

Subspecies italicum has a multi-continental introduced presence, including in northeast Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, north New Zealand, and the U.S. states of Illinois, Maryland, Missouri, New York, and North Carolina.[1]

Invasive species

Arum italicum can be invasive in some areas, particularly in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.[14][15][16] It is very difficult to control once established. Herbicides kill the foliage of the plant, but may not affect the tuber. Manual control may spread the plants through the dissemination of soil contaminated with bulb and root fragments.[17]

Uses

In Croatia, its corms were eaten in times of famine.[18][19][20]

Toxicity

Leaves, fruits and rhizomes contain compounds that make them poisonous. Notably, the plants are rich in oxalates. The ingestion of the tuber may be fatal, as it affects the kidneys, digestive tract, and brain.[21]

Cultivation

It is cultivated as an ornamental plant for traditional and woodland shade gardens.[2] Subspecies italicum (the one normally grown in horticulture) has distinctive pale veins on the leaves, whilst subspecies neglectum (known as late cuckoo pint[22]) has faint pale veins, and the leaves may have dark spots.[23] Nonetheless, intermediates between these two subspecies also occur, and their distinctiveness has been questioned.[13][24] Some gardeners use this arum to underplant with Hosta, as they produce foliage sequentially: when the Hosta withers away, the arum replaces it in early winter, maintaining ground-cover.[14] Numerous cultivars have been developed for garden use, of which A. italicum subsp. italicum 'Marmoratum' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[25]

Gallery

  • Corms

  • Mature leaves

  • Spathe

  • Maturing fruit

  • Ripe fruit

  • Botanical illustration

  • Leaves of cultivar 'Marmoratum'

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Arum italicum Mill." (in en). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/86047-1. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Arum italicum - Plant Finder". https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=y760. 
  3. ↑ P.A. Stroh; T. A. Humphrey; R.J. Burkmar et al., eds. "Arum italicum Mill.". BSBI Online Plant Atlas 2020. https://plantatlas2020.org/atlas/2cd4p9h.ycz. 
  4. ↑ Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  5. ↑ Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2008). Flora Iberica 18: 1-420. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.
  6. ↑ Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  7. ↑ "Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map". http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Arum%20italicum.png. 
  8. ↑ Gibernau, Macquart & Przetak 2004, p. 152.
  9. ↑ Meeuse, B.J.D. 1975. Films of liquid crystals as an aid in pollination studies. In Pollination and Dispersal, ed N.B.M. Brantjes, H.F. Linskens, pp 19-20. Nijmegen. The Netherlands: Dep. Botany, Univ. Nijmegen.
  10. ↑ Pfeffer, W. (Wilhelm); Ewart, Alfred J. (Alfred James) (1906). The physiology of plants; a treatise upon the metabolism and sources of energy in plants. MBLWHOI Library. Oxford, Clarendon press. https://archive.org/details/physiologyofplan03pfef/page/372. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Boyce, Peter (1993). The Genus Arum. London: HMSO. ISBN 0-11-250085-4. 
  12. ↑ Plantsman v13:3, p142, September 2014; Royal Horticultural Society
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Boyce, P.C. (2002). "Arum - a Decade of Change". Aroideana 29: 132–139. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Garden Mastery Tips from Clark County Master Gardeners - Arum italicum". http://ext100.wsu.edu/clark/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2014/02/ArumItalicum.pdf. 
  15. ↑ "Natural Resources & Science - Resource Stewardship & Science - Region 1 NCA (U.S. National Park Service)" (in en). https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1027/nr.htm. 
  16. ↑ "Invasive Italian arum" (in en-US). https://wmswcd.org/species/italian-arum/. 
  17. ↑ "Control Options for Italian Arum". Whatcom County Noxious Weed Board. https://www.whatcomcounty.us/DocumentCenter/View/27070/Italian-Arum-Management#:~:text=Herbicides%20which%20contain%20the%20active,may%20not%20affect%20the%20tuber.. 
  18. ↑ Grlić 1986.
  19. ↑ Łuczaj et al. 2012, p. 360.
  20. ↑ Łuczaj & Pieroni 2016, p. 36.
  21. ↑ Prakash Raju, K. N. J.; Goel, Kishen; Anandhi, D.; Pandit, Vinay R.; Surendar, R.; Sasikumar, M. (2018). "Wild tuber poisoning: Arum maculatum – A rare case report". International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science 8 (2): 111–114. doi:10.4103/IJCIIS.IJCIIS_9_18. ISSN 2229-5151. PMID 29963416. 
  22. ↑ "Arum italicum subspecies neglectum - Late Cuckoo Pint (Araceae Images)". https://www.aphotoflora.com/mon_arum_italicum_neglectum_late_cuckoo_pint.html. 
  23. ↑ C T Prime (1961). "Taxonomy and Nomenclature in Some Species of the Genus Arum L". Watsonia 5 (2): 106–9. http://archive.bsbi.org.uk/Wats5p106.pdf. 
  24. ↑ Boyce, P.C. (2006). "New Observations on Arum italicum". The Plantsman 5 (1): 36–39. 
  25. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Arum italicum subsp. italicum 'Marmoratum'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/92886/Arum-italicum-subsp-italicum-Marmoratum/Details. 

Bibliography


External links

Wikidata ☰ Q30968 entry



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Arum_italicum&oldid=3740389"