Biology:Tropheryma whipplei
| "Tropheryma whipplei" | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | Actinobacteria
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| Order: | |
| Family: | "Tropherymataceae" Nouioui et al. 2018[1]
|
| Genus: | "Tropheryma"[2] La Scola et al. 2001[3]
|
| Species: | "T. whipplei"
|
| Binomial name | |
| "Tropheryma whipplei" La Scola et al. 2001[3]
| |
| Synonyms | |
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"Tropheryma whippelii" Relman et al. 1992 | |
"Tropheryma whipplei", formerly called "Tropheryma whippelii",[4] is a bacterium and the causative organism of Whipple's disease,[3] and rarely, endocarditis.
While "T. whipplei" is categorized with the Gram-positive Actinobacteria, the organism is commonly found to be Gram-positive or Gram-indeterminate when stained in the laboratory.[3] Whipple himself probably observed the organisms as rod-shaped structures with silver stain in his original case.[5]
History of the name
No name was given to the organism until 1991, when the name "Tropheryma whippelii" was proposed after sections of the bacterial genome were sequenced.[6] The name was changed to Tropheryma whipplei in 2001 (correcting the spelling of Whipple's name) when the organism was deposited in bacterial collections.[3]
Pathogenesis
Genome structure
Several strains of "T. whipplei" have been sequenced.[7][8]
Genomes of intracellular or parasitic bacteria undergo massive reduction compared to their free-living relatives. With a genome size of less than 1 Mb, T. whipplei is a prime example of genome reduction among Actinobacteria. Other such examples include Mycoplasma for Firmicutes (the low G+C content Gram-positive), Rickettsia for alpha proteobacteria, and Wigglesworthia and Buchnera for gamma proteobacteria.[9]
Some of the largest virions like Megavirus chilensis, Pandoravirus, Pithovirus and mimivirus are comparable in size to miniature bacteria like T. whipplei and Rickettsia conorii.
References
- ↑ Nouioui I, Carro L, García-López M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk H-P, Goodfellow M, Markus Göker M. (2018). "Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria". Front. Microbiol. 9: 2007. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02007. PMID 30186281.
- ↑ From Greek τροφή trophê, "nourishment, food" and ἔρυμα eruma, "fence, a defence against, barrier".
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Description of Tropheryma whipplei gen. nov., sp. nov., the Whipple's disease bacillus". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51 (Pt 4): 1471–9. July 2001. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-4-1471. PMID 11491348. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11491348.
- ↑ "Monoclonal antibodies to immunodominant epitope of Tropheryma whipplei". Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 9 (1): 156–9. January 2002. doi:10.1128/CDLI.9.1.156-159.2002. PMID 11777846.
- ↑ Whipple GH. (1907). "A hitherto undescribed disease characterized anatomically by deposits of fat and fatty acids in the intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic tissues". Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull 18: 382–91.
- ↑ "Identification of the uncultured bacillus of Whipple's disease". N Engl J Med 327 (5): 293–301. 1992. doi:10.1056/NEJM199207303270501. PMID 1377787.
- ↑ Raoult D et al. (2003). "Tropheryma whipplei Twist: a human pathogenic Actinobacteria with a reduced genome". Genome Res 13 (8): 1800–9. doi:10.1101/gr.1474603. PMID 12902375. PMC 403771. http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12902375. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ↑ Bentley, SD.; Maiwald, M.; Murphy, LD.; Pallen, MJ.; Yeats, CA.; Dover, LG.; Norbertczak, HT.; Besra, GS. et al. (Feb 2003). "Sequencing and analysis of the genome of the Whipple's disease bacterium Tropheryma whipplei". Lancet 361 (9358): 637–44. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12597-4. PMID 12606174.
- ↑ https://genome.cshlp.org/content/13/8/1800.full
Wikidata ☰ Q2703876 entry
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