Biology:Maraschino cherry

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Short description: Preserved, sweetened cherry
Maraschino cherries
Two Luxardo-brand maraschino cherries are shown impaled on a cocktail pick atop a jar of more of the same cherries in syrup. Some high-end brands of maraschino cherries such as those pictured omit the ubiquitous bright red dye, opting for a darker colored product.
A whiskey sour garnished with two Luxardo-brand maraschino cherries in addition to other garnishes.
A Tequila Sunrise cocktail garnished with a maraschino cherry
Close-up, maraschino cherry

A maraschino cherry (/mærəˈskiːnoʊ/ marr-ə-SKEE-noh or /mærəˈʃiːnoʊ/ marr-ə-SHEE-noh) is a preserved, sweetened cherry, typically made from light-colored sweet cherries such as the Royal Ann,[1] Rainier, or Gold varieties. In their modern form, the cherries are first preserved in a brine solution usually containing sulfur dioxide and calcium chloride to bleach the fruit, then soaked in a suspension of food coloring (common red food dye is FD&C Red 40), sugar syrup, and other components.[2]

Maraschino cherries are an ingredient in many cocktails, giving them the nickname "cocktail cherries". As a garnish, they often are used to decorate frozen yogurt, baked ham, cakes, pastry, parfaits, milkshakes, ice cream sundaes, and ice cream sodas. They are an integral part of an American ice cream sundae. The term "cherry on top" refers to the Maraschino cherries on top of the ice cream sundae. They are frequently included in canned fruit cocktail.[3] Sometimes the cherries, along with some of the maraschino syrup, are put into a glass of Coca-Cola to make an old-fashioned or homemade "Cherry Coke".

Europe

The name maraschino originates from the Marasca cherry of Croatian origin[4] and the maraschino liqueur made from it, in which Marasca cherries were crushed and preserved after being pickled.[5] Whole cherries preserved in this liqueur were known as "maraschino cherries".[6] This had been a local means of preserving the fruit in Dalmatia.[5]

In the 19th century, these became popular in the rest of Europe, but the supply in Dalmatia was too small for the whole continent, so they came to be seen as a delicacy for royalty and the wealthy.

Because of the relative scarcity of the Marasca, other cherries came to be preserved in various ways and sold as "maraschino".

United States

The cherries were first introduced in the United States in the late 19th century, where they were served in fine bars and restaurants. Because they were scarce and expensive, by the turn of the century American producers were experimenting with other processes for preserving cherries, with flavors such as almond extract and substitute fruit like Queen Anne cherries. Among these, alcohol was already becoming less common.

In response, the USDA in 1912 defined "maraschino cherries" as "Marasca cherries preserved in maraschino" under the authority of the Food and Drugs Act of 1906. The artificially-colored and sweetened Royal Anne variety were required to be called "Imitation Maraschino Cherries" instead.[7] Food Inspection Decision 141 defined Marasca cherries and maraschino themselves.[8] It was signed on Feb. 17, 1912.[9]

During Prohibition in the United States as of 1920, the decreasingly popular alcoholic variety was illegal as well. Ernest H. Wiegand, a professor of horticulture at Oregon State University (OSU), developed the modern method of manufacturing maraschino cherries using a brine solution rather than alcohol.[2][10] Accordingly, most modern maraschino cherries have only a historical connection with maraschino liqueur.

According to Bob Cain, Cliff Samuels, and Hoya Yang, who worked with Wiegand at OSU, Prohibition had nothing to do with Wiegand's research: his intention was to develop a better brining process for cherries that would not soften them. When Wiegand began his research, there were several ways to preserve maraschino cherries without alcohol, long before Prohibition went into effect. Wiegand took a process that people had their own recipes for—"and who knows what they were putting in there" (frequently not alcohol)—and turned it into a science, something replicable.[11]

When Wiegand began his research, sodium metabisulfite was being used to preserve maraschino cherries. Some accounts indicate that this preservation method was being used long before Prohibition. Some manufacturers used maraschino or imitation liqueurs to flavor the cherries, but newspaper stories from the early part of the century suggest that many manufacturers stopped using alcohol and artificial dyes before Prohibition.

After Prohibition was repealed, lobbying by the non-alcoholic preserved cherry industry encouraged the Food and Drug Administration to revise federal policy toward canned cherries. It held a hearing in April 1939 to establish a new standard of identity. Since 1940, "maraschino cherries" have been defined as "cherries which have been dyed red, impregnated with sugar, and packed in a sugar syrup flavored with oil of bitter almonds or a similar flavor."[7]

FD&C Red Number 1 and 4, and FD&C Yellow Number 1 through 4 were removed from the approved list in 1960. The ban on Red Number 4 was lifted in 1965 to allow the coloring of maraschino cherries, which by then were considered mainly decorative and not a foodstuff.[12][full citation needed] In 1975, William F. Randolph of the FDA ruled that if an "artificial bitter almond flavor or any synthetic flavor is used, the product must be labeled artificial or artificially flavored."[13] The following year, the ban on Red No. 4 was reinstated.

As of 2010, modern American Maraschino cherries typically use FD&C Red 40 as a colorant.[14]

Pairing

Maraschino cherries are associated with ice cream sundaes and ice cream desserts.[15], and are commonly garnished on the Shirley Temple drink.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Murray, M.T.; Pizzorno, J.; Pizzorno, L. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Healing Foods. Atria Books. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-4391-0344-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=UKtAMVUT57EC&pg=PA264. Retrieved August 25, 2018. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Who Made That Maraschino Cherry?". New York Times Magazine. September 19, 2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/21/magazine/who-made-that-maraschino-cherry.html. Retrieved 2015-02-20. "In 1925, Wiegand discovered that adding calcium salts to the preserving brine firmed up the fruit." 
  3. ↑ USDA's Grading Manual for Canned Fruit Cocktail
  4. ↑ Verzemnieks, Inara (February 12, 2006). "The fruit that made Oregon famous! (in Maraschino Cherry History)". The Oregonian. https://whatscookingamerica.net/History/MaraschinoCherry.htm. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Blech, Z.Y. (2009). Kosher Food Production. Wiley. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-8138-0480-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=smFVSUWXTbkC&pg=PA266. Retrieved August 25, 2018. 
  6. ↑ Blech, Zushe Yosef (2009). Kosher Food Production. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 266. ISBN 0-8138-2093-6. https://archive.org/details/kosherfoodproduc00blec. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 U.S. FDA (1980-01-10). "Sec. 550.550 Maraschino Cherries". CPG 7110.11. https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/CompliancePolicyGuidanceManual/ucm074535.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-16. 
  8. ↑ USDA (July 1812). "Food Inspection Decision 141. The Labeling of Maraschino and Maraschino Cherries". California State Board of Health Monthly Bulletin (State Board of Health) 8 (1): 11–12. https://books.google.com/books?id=krTHhGoGJuEC&pg=RA1-PA11. 
  9. ↑ Wiley, Harvey W. (1976). "Chapter III: Rules and Regulations". The History of a Crime Against the Food Law. Ayer. http://www.soilandhealth.org/03sov/0303critic/030305wylie/030305ch3.html. Retrieved 2007-07-04. 
  10. ↑ Template:Oregon Encyclopedia
  11. ↑ Verzemnieks, Inara (2006-02-12). "The fruit that made Oregon famous". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070930040753/http://blog.oregonlive.com/oregoniantest/2007/04/the_fruit_that_made_oregon_fam.html. Retrieved 2007-07-04. 
  12. ↑ Pavia, Donald L. (2005). Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques: A Small Scale Approach (2nd ed.). 
  13. ↑ "U.S. Sets Up Limits for Processors of Maraschino Cherries". New York Times. April 2, 1975. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F04E4D8123CE034BC4A53DFB266838E669EDE. Retrieved 2015-02-20. "There are limits beyond which the processors of maraschino cherries may not go, the United States Food and Drug Administration has decided. ..." 
  14. ↑ "The Mystery of the Red Bees of Red Hook". New York Times. November 29, 2010. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/30/nyregion/30bigcity.html. Retrieved 2015-02-20. "... Red Dye No. 40, the same dye used in the maraschino cherry juice." 
  15. ↑ Ice Cream Trade Journal. Cutler-Williams Company. 1909. p. 30. https://books.google.com/books?id=0TJPAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA7-PA30. Retrieved August 26, 2018. 

Further reading

External links



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